Eminyuziyamu yesimanje kanye nezinqolobane, imibhalo yasendulo, imibhalo yesandla nezincwadi zigcinwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ezivumela ukuba zilondoloze ukubukeka kwazo kwangempela ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Ummeleli ophawuleka kakhulu wemibhalo yesandla engonakali uthathwa njengeMiqulu YasoLwandle Olufile (imibhalo yesandla yaseQumran), eyatholwa okokuqala emuva ngo-1947 futhi yahlehlela emuva ku-408 BC. e. Eminye yale miqulu iye yasinda yaba izingcezu kuphela, kodwa eminye ayizange ithintwe isikhathi. Futhi lapha kuphakama umbuzo osobala - abantu eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2000 edlule bakwazi kanjani ukudala imibhalo yesandla esiye yasinda kuze kube yilolu suku? Yilokhu kanye iMassachusetts Institute of Technology enqume ukukuthola. Yini eyatholwa ososayensi emiqulwini yasendulo futhi ibuphi ubuchwepheshe obasetshenziswa ukuze bayidale? Sifunda ngalokhu embikweni wabacwaningi. Hamba.
Isizinda Esimlando
Ngonyaka wakamuva ka-1947, abelusi abangamaBedouin uMuhammad ed-Dhib, uJuma Muhammad noKhalil Musa bahamba bayofuna imvu elahlekile, eyabaholela emigedeni yaseQumran. Umlando awusho ukuthi ngabe abelusi bathola i-artiodactyl elahlekile, kodwa bathola okuthile okubaluleke kakhulu ngokombono womlando - izimbiza zobumba ezimbalwa lapho imiqulu yasendulo yayifihlwe khona.
Imigede yaseQumran.
UMuhammad wakhipha imiqulu eminingi wayiletha endaweni yakhe ukuze ayibonise abantu bezizwe zakubo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, amaBedouin anquma ukunikeza umthengisi ogama lakhe lingu-Ibrahim Ija eBetlehema le miqulu, kodwa yena wayibheka njengezibi, okusikisela ukuthi yayiyebiwe esinagogeni. AmaBedouin awazange ayeke ukuzama ukuthengisa ayekutholile futhi aya kwenye imakethe, lapho umKristu waseSiriya acela ukuyithenga kuwo le miqulu. Ngenxa yalokho, uSheikh, ogama lakhe lingaziwa, wajoyina ingxoxo futhi wameluleka ukuthi axhumane nomthengisi wezinto zakudala uKhalil Eskander Shahin. Umphumela walokhu kusesha okuyinkimbinkimbi kancane kwemakethe kwaba ukuthengiswa kwemiqulu ngamapondo ayi-7 Jordanian (ngaphezudlwana kuka-$314).
Izimbiza okwatholakala kuzo imiqulu.
Imiqulu eyigugu kungenzeka ukuthi ibiqoqa uthuli emashalofini omthengisi wezinto zakudala ukube ayizange idonse ukunaka kukaDkt. John C. Traver we-American School of Oriental Research (ASOR), owaqhathanisa izifundo ezisemiquluni nezifanayo. kuyi-papyrus kaNash, umbhalo wesandla weBhayibheli omdala kunayo yonke owayaziwa ngaleso sikhathi, futhi wathola ukufana phakathi kwawo.
Umqulu ka-Isaya oqukethe cishe umbhalo ophelele weNcwadi yoMprofethi u-Isaya. Ubude bomqulu buyi-734 cm.
Ngo-March 1948, lapho iMpi Yama-Arab-Israel ishisa phansi, le miqulu yayiswa eBeirut (Lebanon). Ngo-April 11, 1948, inhloko ye-ASOR uMillar Burrows yamemezela ngokusemthethweni ukutholakala kwale miqulu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, kwaqala ukufuna ngokugcwele wona kanye lo mgede (owawubizwa ngokuthi umhume No. 1) lapho kwatholakala khona imiqulu yokuqala. Ngo-1949, uhulumeni waseJordani wakhipha imvume yokusesha endaweni yaseQumran. Futhi kakade ngoJanuwari 28, 1949, umhume watholwa yiBelgian United Nations ingqapheli uCaptain Philippe Lippens kanye nokaputeni we-Arab Legion Akkash el-Zebn.
Kusukela kwatholakala imiqulu yokuqala, kuye kwatholakala imibhalo yesandla engu-972, eminye yayo yayiphelele, futhi eminye yayo yaqoqwa iyizicucu ezihlukene kuphela. Izingcezu zazincane kakhulu, futhi inani lazo lalingaphezu kuka-15 000 (sikhuluma ngalawa atholakala emhumeni No. 4). Omunye wabacwaningi wazama ukuwahlanganisa waze washona ngo-1979, kodwa akazange akwazi ukuqeda umsebenzi wakhe.
Izingcezu zemiqulu.
Mayelana nokuqukethwe, imiQulu YasoLwandle Olufile yayiqukethe imibhalo yeBhayibheli, i-apocrypha ne-pseudepigrapha nezincwadi zabantu baseQumran. Ulimi lwemibhalo nalo beluhlukene: isiHebheru, isi-Aramu kanye nesiGreki.
Imibhalo yayilotshwe ngamalahle, futhi izinto zemiqulu zaziyizikhumba zembuzi nezezimvu; kwakukhona nemibhalo yesandla ye-papyrus. Ingxenye encane yemiqulu eyatholwa yenziwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokunamathisela umbhalo emakhasini amancane ethusi, abe esegoqwa afakwe ezitsheni. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqaqa imiqulu enjalo ngaphandle kokubhujiswa kwayo okungenakugwenywa ngenxa yokugqwala, ngakho abavubukuli bayinqamula yaba izingcezu, ezabe sezihlanganiswa zibe umbhalo owodwa.
Izingcezu zomqulu wethusi.
Uma imiqulu yethusi yayibonisa ukungakhethi futhi ngisho nonya lokuhamba kwesikhathi, khona-ke yayikhona leyo okwakubonakala ingenawo amandla phezu kwayo. Esinye salezo zibonelo umqulu ongamamitha angu-8 ubude odonsa ukunaka ngogqinsi oluncane nombala ogqamile wezinyo lendlovu. Abavubukuli bawubiza ngokuthi “Umqulu Wethempeli” ngenxa yokuthi umbhalo ubhekisela eThempelini LokuQala, uSolomoni okwakufanele alakhe. Isikhumba salo mqulu sinesakhiwo esinezingqimba esihlanganisa i-collagenous base material kanye nongqimba lwe-atypical inorganic.
umqulu wethempeli. Ungathola ukubuka kangcono kuwo wonke uMqulu Wethempeli kuwo .
Ososayensi emsebenzini esiwubuyekezayo namuhla bahlaziye ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwalolu ungqimba olungajwayelekile lwezinto ezingaphili besebenzisa i-X-ray kanye ne-Raman spectroscopy futhi bathola amatshe anosawoti (i-sulfate evaporites). Ukuthola okunjalo kubonisa indlela eyingqayizivele yokwenza umqulu ohlaziywe, ongaveza izimfihlo zokulondoloza imibhalo yasendulo engasetshenziswa esikhathini sethu.
Imiphumela Yokuhlaziywa Kwemiqulu Yethempeli
Njengoba ososayensi bephawula (futhi njengoba nathi singabona ezithombeni), iningi leMiqulu YasoLwandle Olufile inombala omnyama impela, futhi ingxenye encane kuphela enombala okhanyayo. Ngokungeziwe ekubukekeni kwayo okumangalisayo, i-Temple Scroll inesakhiwo esinezendlalelo eziningi esinombhalo obhalwe kungqimba lwezinto eziphilayo ezinombala wendlovu ovala isikhumba esisetshenziswa njengesisekelo somqulu. Ngemuva komqulu ungabona ubukhona bezinwele ezisele esikhumbeni.
Isithombe #1: А - ukubukeka komqulu, B - indawo lapho ungqimba lwe-inorganic kanye nombhalo engekho, С — uhlangothi lombhalo (kwesokunxele) nohlangothi oluhlehlayo (kwesokudla), D - ukukhanya kukhombisa ubukhona bendawo lapho kungekho ungqimba lwe-inorganic (izindawo ezilula), Е - Imakrografu yokubona eyandisiwe yendawo egqanyiswe umugqa wamachashazi ku-1C.
Iminonjana izinwele zezinwele *, kubonakala ngemuva komqulu (I-1A), bathi ingxenye yombhalo emqulwini yayibhalwe ngaphakathi esikhumbeni.
Ikhanda lezinwele * - isitho esitholakala ku-dermis yesikhumba futhi sinezinhlobo ezingu-20 zamaseli. Umsebenzi oyinhloko walesi sitho esishukumisayo ukulawula ukukhula kwezinwele.
Ohlangothini lombhalo kunezindawo “ezingenalutho” lapho kungekho ungqimba lwezinto ezingaphili (1C, kwesokunxele), okwenza isendlalelo se-collagen esiphuzi sibonakale. Izindawo lapho umqulu wawugoqwa khona zatholakala lapho umbhalo, kanye nongqimba lwezinto ezingaphili, “kwaphinde kwanyatheliswa” ngemuva komqulu.
µXRF kanye nokuhlaziywa komqulu we-EDS
Ngemva kokuwuhlola ngamehlo engqondo umqulu, ososayensi benza µXRF* и I-EDS* ukuhlaziywa.
I-XRF* (Ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray fluorescence) - i-spectroscopy, eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola ukwakheka kwe-elementi yento ngokuhlaziya i-spectrum evela lapho ukwaziswa okusacwaningwayo kukhanyiswa ngemisebe ye-X-ray. I-µXRF (i-micro-X-ray fluorescence) ihlukile ku-XRF ngokulungiswa kwendawo ephansi kakhulu.
I-EDS* (i-X-ray dispersive spectroscopy) iyindlela yokuhlaziya okuyisisekelo kokuqinile, okusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni amandla aphumayo ochungechunge lwe-X-ray.
Isithombe #2
Umqulu wethempeli uphawuleka ngokuhlukahluka kwawo (I-2A) mayelana nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, kungalesi sizathu ososayensi banquma ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlaziya ezinembe njenge-µXRF ne-EDS nhlangothi zombili zomqulu.
Ingqikithi ye-µXRF ye-spectrum yezifunda ezithakaselwayo (izindawo zomqulu lapho ukuhlaziya kwenziwa khona) ibonise ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwesendlalelo sezinto ezingaphili, ezihlanganisa izakhi eziningi, eziyinhloko zazo yilezi (I-2С): sodium (Nai-magnesium (Mg, i-aluminium (Al), i-silicon (Sii-phosphorus,Pisibabule (Si-chlorine (Cl, i-potassium (Ki-calcium,Cai-manganese,Mn), insimbi (Fekanye ne-bromine (Br).
Imephu yokusabalalisa ingxenye ye-µXRF ibonise ukuthi ama-elementi amakhulu uNa, Ca, S, Mg, Al, Cl kanye no-Si asabalaliswe kuso sonke isiqeshana. Kungase futhi kucatshangwe ukuthi i-aluminium isakazwa ngokulinganayo kulo lonke ucezu, kodwa ososayensi abakakulungeli ukusho lokhu ngokunemba okungu-100% ngenxa yokufana okuqinile phakathi kwe-K-line ye-aluminium kanye ne-L-line ye-bromine. Kodwa abacwaningi bachaza ukuba khona kwe-potassium (K) ne-iron (Fe) ngokungcoliswa komqulu, futhi hhayi ngokungenisa ngamabomu lezi zakhi esakhiweni sawo ngesikhathi sokudalwa. Kukhona futhi ukugxila okungeziwe kwe-Mn, Fe kanye ne-Br ezifundeni eziwugqinsi zocezu lapho ungqimba lwe-organic lungazange luhlukaniswe.
I-Na kanye ne-Cl ibonisa ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kuyo yonke indawo yocwaningo, okungukuthi, ukuhlangana kwalezi zakhi kuphezulu kakhulu ezindaweni lapho ungqimba lwemvelo lukhona. Kodwa-ke, kukhona umehluko phakathi kwe-Na kanye ne-Cl. I-Na isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo, kuyilapho i-Cl ingalandeli iphethini yokuqhekeka nokuqhekeka okuncane kungqimba lwezinto ezingaphili. Ngakho-ke, amamephu wokuxhumanisa wokusabalalisa kwe-Na-Cl angase abonise ukuba khona kwe-sodium chloride (i-NaCl, okungukuthi usawoti) kuphela ngaphakathi kwe-organic layer yesikhumba, okuwumphumela wokucutshungulwa kwesikhumba ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwesikhumba.
Okulandelayo, abacwaningi benza ukuskena i-electron microscopy (SEM–EDS) yezindawo ezithakaselwayo emqulwini, okubavumela ukuba balinganise izakhi zamakhemikhali ezingaphezulu komqulu. I-EDS ihlinzeka ngokulungiswa kwendawo okuphezulu okusemaceleni ngenxa yokujula kokungena kwe-electron okungajulile. Kusetshenziswe isibonakhulu se-electron eskena i-vacuum ephansi ukuze kuzuzwe lo mphumela ngoba yehlisa umonakalo odalwe i-vacuum futhi ivumela ukwakheka kwemephu okuyisisekelo kwamasampuli angawenzi.
Ukuhlaziywa kwamamephu wesici se-EDS (2D) kubonisa ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya endaweni ethakaselwayo yongqimba lwe-inorganic, equkethe ikakhulukazi i-sodium, isulfure ne-calcium. I-silicon yaphinde yatholakala ongqimbeni lwe-inorganic, kodwa hhayi ezinhlayiyeni ze-Na-S-Ca ezitholakala ebusweni bongqimba lwe-inorganic. Ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-aluminium ne-chlorine kutholwe phakathi kwezinhlayiya nezinto eziphilayo.
Amamephu wezakhi zesodium, isulfure kanye ne-calcium (inset on I-2B) kubonisa ukuhlobana okucacile phakathi kwalezi zakhi ezintathu, futhi imicibisholo ibonisa izinhlayiya lapho i-sodium nesulfure yabonwa khona, kodwa i-calcium encane.
Isithombe #3
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-µXRF ne-EDS kwakwenza kwacaca ukuthi ungqimba lwe-inorganic luqukethe izinhlayiya ezinothe nge-sodium, i-calcium nesibabule, kanye nezinye izakhi ngezilinganiso ezincane. Nokho, lezi zindlela zocwaningo azikuvumeli ukucwaninga okuningiliziwe kwamabhondi amakhemikhali nezici zesigaba, ngakho-ke i-Raman spectroscopy (i-Raman spectroscopy) yasetshenziselwa le njongo.
Ukuze kuncishiswe i-fluorescence yangemuva evame ukubonwa ku-spectra ye-Raman, kusetshenziswe amaza amaza okuvusa amandla aphansi. Kulokhu, i-Raman spectroscopy ku-wavelength engu-1064 nm ikuvumela ukuthi uqoqe idatha kusuka ezinhlayiyeni ezinkulu kakhulu (ezingu-400 μm ububanzi)I-3A). Kokubili okuhleliwe kwe-spectra kubonisa izici ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-double sulfate peak ku-987 no-1003 cm-1, inani eliphakeme le-nitrate ku-1044 cm-1, kanye namaprotheni ajwayelekile e-collagen noma i-gelatin.
Ukuze kuhlukaniswe ngokucacile izingxenye ze-organic and inorganic of the fragment efundiwe yomqulu, kwasetshenziswa imisebe eseduze ne-infrared engu-785 nm. Esithombeni I-3B I-spectra ye-collagen fibers (i-spectrum I) kanye nezinhlayiya ze-inorganic (spectra II kanye ne-III) zibonakala ngokucacile.
I-spectral peak ye-collagen fibers ihlanganisa izici ze-nitrate ku-1043 cm-1, ezingahlotshaniswa nokudlidliza kwe-NO3− ions ku-NH4NO3.
I-Spectra yezinhlayiya eziqukethe i-Na, S kanye ne-Ca zibonisa ukuthi ungqimba lwe-inorganic luqukethe izinhlayiya ezivela ezixubeni zamaminerali aqukethe i-sulfate ngezilinganiso ezihlukene.
Ukuze uqhathanise, iziqongo ze-spectral zengxube ye-synthetic eyomisiwe emoyeni ye-Na2SO4 ne-CaSO4 iwela ku-450 no-630 cm-1, i.e. ihluke ku-spectra yesampula esicwaningwayo (I-3B). Kodwa-ke, uma ingxube efanayo yomiswa ukuhwamuka okusheshayo ku-250 ° C, i-spectra ye-Raman izohambisana ne-spectra ye-Temple Scroll ezingxenyeni zayo ze-sulfate.
I-Spectrum III ihlotshaniswa nezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ongqimbeni lwezinto ezingaphili ezinobubanzi obungaba ngu-5-15 µm (I-3С). Lezi zinhlayiya zibonise i-Raman ehlakazeke kakhulu kubude begagasi obujabulisayo obungu-785 nm. Isiginesha ye-spectral eyi-triplet engu-1200, 1265 kanye no-1335 cm-1 ibonisa amayunithi okudlidliza ohlobo lwe-"Na2-X". Le triplet iyisici se-Na-containing sulfates futhi ivame ukutholakala kumaminerali afana ne- thenardite (Na2SO4) kanye ne-glauberite (Na2SO4 CaSO4).
Isithombe #4
Ososayensi babe sebesebenzisa i-EDS ukuze benze imephu eyisisekelo yezindawo ezinkulu zoMqulu Wethempeli ohlangothini lombhalo nangemuva. Ngokulandelayo, ukuskena kwe-backscatter yohlangothi lombhalo ogqamile (4B) nohlangothi olungemuva olumnyama (4C) yembula ukwakheka okuhlukile. Isibonelo, eduze nokuqhekeka okukhulu ohlangothini olunombhalo (I-4B) umehluko ohlukile wokuminyana kwama-electron ungabonakala phakathi kongqimba lwe-inorganic kanye ne-collagen engaphansi.
Okulandelayo, zonke izici ezikhona kucezu lokuskrola (Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, C kanye no-O) zibalwa ngefomethi yesilinganiso se-athomu.
Imidwebo engunxantathu engenhla ibonisa isilinganiso sezinto ezintathu (Na, Ca kanye no-S) endaweni yamaphikseli angu-512x512 enenzuzo. Amashadi we 4A и 4D bonisa ukuminyana okuhlobene kwamaphoyinti emidwebeni, ukuhlukaniswa kombala kukhonjiswe kwesokudla se-4D.
Ngemva kokuhlaziya yomibili imidwebo, kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi izilinganiso ze-calcium nesodium nesibabule endaweni ngayinye yamaphikseli (kusuka embhalweni nangemuva komqulu) zihambisana ne-glauberite ne-nardite.
Ngokulandelayo, yonke idatha yokuhlaziya ye-EDS yahlanganiswa ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sezinto eziyinhloko ngokusebenzisa i-algorithm yokuhlanganisa engaqondakali ye-C. Lokhu kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukusatshalaliswa kwezigaba ezihlukahlukene kokubili ohlangothini lombhalo nasohlangothini olungemuva locezu lomqulu. Le datha yase isetshenziselwe ukunquma ukuhlukaniswa okungenzeka kakhulu kwamaphoyinti edatha angu-5122 kusuka kudatha ngayinye esethwe enanini elinqunywe kusengaphambili lamaqoqo. Idatha yohlangothi lombhalo yahlukaniswa yaba amaqoqo amathathu, futhi idatha yohlangothi oluphambene yahlukaniswa yaba ezine. Imiphumela yokuhlanganisa yethulwa njengamaqoqo agqagqene emidwebeni engunxantathu (4E и 4H) futhi njengamamephu okusabalalisa (4F и 4G).
Imiphumela yokuhlanganisa ibonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwento ephilayo emnyama ngemuva komqulu (umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uvuliwe 4K) nalapho ukuqhekeka kongqimba lwe-inorganic ohlangothini lombhalo kuveza ungqimba lwe-collagen ngaphansi (okuphuzi 4J).
Izakhi eziyinhloko ezifundwayo zanikezwa imibala elandelayo: isulfure - eluhlaza, i-calcium - ebomvu ne-sodium - eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (imidwebo engunxantathu 4I и 4L, kanye namamephu okusabalalisa 4J и 4K). Njengomphumela "wombala", sibona ngokucacile umehluko ekuhlanganiseni kwezinto: i-sodium - ephezulu, isulfure - ephakathi ne-potassium - ephansi. Lokhu kuthambekela kubonakala kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zocezu lomqulu (umbhalo nokuhlehla).
Isithombe #5
Indlela efanayo yasetshenziswa ukwenza imephu yokugxila kwe-Na-Ca-S kwenye indawo yocezu lomqulu ocwaningwayo, kanye nakwezinye izingcezu ezintathu zoMgede No. 4 (R-4Q1, R-4Q2 kanye ne-R-4Q11) .
Ososayensi bayaqaphela ukuthi ingxenye engu-R-4Q1 kuphela evela emhumeni No. Ikakhulukazi, imiphumela ibonisa ubudlelwano be-R-4Q4 obuhambisana ne-theoretical Na-Ca-S ratio ye-glauberite.
Izilinganiso ze-Raman zesiqephu se-R-4Q1 esiqoqwe ku-785 nm excitation wavelength zibonisa ukuba khona kwe-sodium sulfate, i-calcium sulfate, ne-calcite. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-R-4Q1 collagen fibers akuzange kubonise ukuba khona kwe-nitrate.
Ngakho-ke, i-Temple Scroll kanye ne-R-4Q1 zifana kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-elemental, okubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwendlela efanayo yokudalwa kwazo, ngokusobala okuhlotshaniswa nosawoti ohwamukayo. Eminye imiqulu emibili etholwe emhumeni ofanayo eQumran (R-4Q2 kanye ne-R-4Q11) ibonisa izilinganiso ze-calcium nesodium nesibabule ezihluke kakhulu emiphumeleni yoMqulu Wethempeli kanye nocezu R-4Q1, okuphakamisa indlela ehlukile yokukhiqiza.
Kafushane, ungqimba lwezinto ezingaphili kulo mqulu lwalunamaminerali amaningana, amaningi awo okuwusawoti we-sulfate. Ngaphezu kwe-gypsum nama-analogues ayo, i-nardite (Na2SO4) ne-glauberite (Na2SO4·CaSO4) nazo zihlonziwe. Ngokwemvelo, singacabanga ukuthi amanye alawa amaminerali angase abe umkhiqizo wokubola kongqimba oluyinhloko lomqulu, kodwa singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ayengekho ngempela emigedeni ngokwayo lapho imiqulu yatholakala khona. Lesi siphetho siqinisekiswa kalula yiqiniso lokuthi izingqimba ezine-sulfate ebusweni bazo zonke izingcezu ezihlolisisiwe ezitholakala emigedeni ehlukene yaseQumran azihambisani namadiphozi amaminerali atholakala ezindongeni zale migede. Isiphetho siwukuthi amaminerali e-evaporite afakwe ezakhiweni zokuskrola phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza.
Ososayensi baphinde baqaphele iqiniso lokuthi ukugcwala kwama-sulfate emanzini oLwandle Olufile kuncane kakhulu, futhi i-glauberite ne-nardite ngokuvamile ayitholakali esifundeni soLwandle Olufile. Kuphakama umbuzo onengqondo ngokuphelele: bayitholaphi abadali bale miqulu yasendulo i-glauberite ne-nardite?
Kungakhathaliseki umsuka wezinto zomthombo wokwakhiwa koMqulu Wethempeli, indlela yokudalwa kwawo ihluke kakhulu kuleyo esetshenziselwa eminye imibhalo yesandla (isibonelo, i-R-4Q1 kanye ne-R-4Q2 evela kuMgede No. 4). Uma kubhekwa lo mehluko, ososayensi basikisela ukuthi umqulu ngokwawo wadalwa kusetshenziswa indlela eyamukelwa ngokuvamile ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa wabe usushintshwa ngongqimba lwe-inorganic, olwawuvumela ukuba uphile iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2000.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukubheka и kuyena.
Epilogue
Abantu abangazi ikusasa labo abanalo ikusasa. Le nkulumo ayibhekiseli kuphela ezenzakalweni ezibalulekile zomlando kanye nobuntu, kodwa futhi nobuchwepheshe obasetshenziswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule. Omunye angase acabange ukuthi okwamanje asisadingi ukwazi ukuthi le miqulu yadalwa kanjani eminyakeni engu-2000 edlule, njengoba sinobuchwepheshe bethu obusivumela ukuthi silondoloze imibhalo ngendlela yayo yokuqala iminyaka eminingi. Nokho, okokuqala nje, akuthakazelisi yini? Okwesibili, ubuchwepheshe obuningi banamuhla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi buzwakala buncane kangakanani, babusetshenziswa ngendlela eyodwa noma kwenye ezikhathini zasendulo. Futhi, njengoba mina nawe sazi kakade, nangaleso sikhathi isintu sasigcwele izingqondo ezikhaliphile, imibono yazo engasunduza ososayensi banamuhla ekutholeni okusha noma ukuthuthukisa ezikhona. Ukufunda esibonelweni sesikhathi esidlule akukwazi ukubhekwa njengehlazo, okuncane kakhulu okungenamsebenzi, ngoba i-echo yesikhathi esidlule ihlale izwakala esikhathini esizayo.
NgoLwesihlanu ekuseni:
Ifilimu eyidokhumentari (Ingxenye I) exoxa indaba yeMiqulu YasoLwandle Olufile, okungenye yezinto ezivubukulayo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. ().
Siyabonga ngokufunda, hlalani nelukuluku futhi nibe nempelasonto enhle bafana! 🙂
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Source: www.habr.com