Noma ubani ongayilaleli insimbi akanawo umqondo ovela kuNkulunkulu!
- Folk art
Sawubona %igama lomsebenzisi%.
ngibuye ngithinte. Namuhla ngizoba kafushane kakhulu, ngoba emahoreni ayisithupha kufanele ngivuke ngihambe.
Futhi namuhla ngifuna ukukhuluma ngensimbi. Kodwa hhayi ngomculo - singakhuluma ngalokho ngesinye isikhathi phezu kwengilazi kabhiya, hhayi ku-Habré. Futhi hhayi ngisho ngensimbi - kodwa mayelana nezinsimbi! Futhi ngifuna ukukhuluma ngalezo zinsimbi ukuthi ngandlela thize empilweni yami zangimangaza ngezakhiwo zazo.
Njengoba bonke abahlanganyeli be-hit parade behlukaniswa uhlobo oluthile lwamandla amakhulu, ngeke kube khona izindawo noma abawinile. Kuzoba neshumi lensimbi! Ngakho inombolo ye-serial ayisho lutho.
Hambani.
1. I-Mercury
I-Mercury iyinsimbi ewuketshezi kakhulu: indawo yayo yokuncibilika ingu -39 °C. Ukuthi inobuthi - futhi inobuthi kakhulu - , ngakho-ke ngeke ngiphinde.
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu abazange bathandazele i-mercury - yebo, "isiliva eliwuketshezi"! Izazi ze-alchemists zazikholelwa ukuthi kwakuku-mercury lapho itshe lesazi sefilosofi esidumile lifihliwe endaweni ethile, isibonelo, uJabir ibn Hayyan wayekholelwa ukuthi njengoba i-mercury iyinsimbi ewuketshezi, "iphelele": ayinakho ukungcola okutholakala ezinsimbi eziqinile. Isibabule singesinye isihloko sokutuswa kukaHaiyan - isici somlilo, siyakwazi ukukhiqiza ilangabi "eliphelele", ngakho-ke zonke ezinye izinsimbi (futhi njengoba kwakuyikhulu lesi-XNUMX, kwakukhona ezimbalwa zazo: eziyisikhombisa) kwakhiwa nge-mercury nesibabule.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX noma manje, uma uxuba i-mercury nesibabule, uzothola i-black mercury sulfide (futhi lokhu, ngendlela, kungenye yezindlela zokuqeda i-mercury echithekile) - kodwa ngokuqinisekile akuyona insimbi. U-Haiyan wachaza lokhu kwehluleka okudabukisayo ngokuthi bonke abantu abayiziphukuphuku abanalo "i-agent yokuvuthwa" ethile ezoholela ekukhiqizeni insimbi kusuka kumbhedo omnyama. Futhi-ke wonke umuntu waphuthuma ukuyobheka "isivuthwa" ukuze athole igolide. Umlando wokuthungathwa kwetshe lesazi sefilosofi umenyezelwe ngokusemthethweni ukuthi uvuliwe.
%username%, manje usuhleka osokhemikhali - kodwa ekugcineni bawufezile umgomo wabo! Ngo-1947, izazi zefiziksi zaseMelika zathola i-isotope yegolide ezinzile kuphela, i-Au-197, ekuboleni kwe-beta kwe-isotope Hg-197. Kusuka ku-100 mg we-mercury, cishe ama-micrograms angu-35 egolide akhishwa - futhi manje akhonjiswa ku-Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. Ngakho-ke ama-alchemists ayeqinisile - kungenzeka! Kuyabiza nje impela...
Ngendlela, i-alchemist kuphela eyayingakholelwa ekutholeni igolide kwezinye izinsimbi kwakungu-Abu Aliyi Hussein ibn Abdullaah ibn al-Haasan ibn Aliyi ibn Sina - kanye nalabo abangakholwayo amnyama - u-Avicenna nje.
Ngendlela, enye insimbi, i-gallium, iqhudelana kakhulu ne-mercury ekubukeni kwayo. Indawo yayo yokuncibilika ingu-29 °C, esikoleni bangibonise iqhinga elimangalisayo: ucezu lwensimbi lubekwe esandleni sakho...
..nakhu okwenzekayo
Ngendlela, i-gallium manje ingathengwa e-Alika ukwenza iqhinga elinjalo. Angazi-ke nokho-ke ukuthi uzowathola yini amasiko.
2. Titan
I-titan enokhahlo akuyona i-mercury snot yakho! Lena insimbi enzima kakhulu! Hhayi-ke, ebuntwaneni bami nasebusheni bami babhala nge-titanium kuwo wonke lamafasitela ezokuthutha zomphakathi. Ngoba walinwaya futhi walipenda ngothuli lwensimbi olucolekileyo.
Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi i-titanium, ngenxa yobunzima bayo nokukhanya kwayo, isetshenziselwa izindiza. Ngizokutshela mayelana nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithandekayo.
Lapho ishisa, i-titanium iqala ukumunca amagesi ahlukahlukene - umoya-mpilo, i-chlorine kanye ne-nitrogen. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukufakwa kokuhlanzwa kwamagesi angenayo (i-argon, isibonelo) - ishaywa ngamashubhu agcwele isiponji se-titanium futhi ishiselwe ku-500-600 ° C. Ngendlela, kulokhu kushisa isiponji se-titanium sihlangana namanzi - umoya-mpilo uyamuncwa, i-hydrogen ikhishwa, kodwa ngokuvamile i-hydrogen emagesi angenayo ayikhathazi muntu, ngokungafani namanzi.
I-titanium dioxide emhlophe i-TiO2 isetshenziswa kumapende (afana ne-titanium white) nasekukhiqizeni iphepha namapulasitiki. Isengezo sokudla E171. Ngendlela, lapho kukhiqizwa i-titanium dioxide, ukwakheka kwayo okuyisisekelo kufanele kulawulwe - kodwa hhayi nhlobo ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola, kodwa ukwengeza "ubumhlophe": kubalulekile ukuthi izakhi zombala - insimbi, i-chromium, ithusi, njll. - yayincane.
I-Titanium carbide, i-titanium diboride, i-titanium carbonitride yizimbangi ze-tungsten carbide ngokobunzima. Ububi ukuthi alula.
I-Titanium nitride isetshenziselwa ukumboza izinsimbi, izindlu zesonto nasekukhiqizeni ubucwebe bemvunulo, njengoba inombala ofana nowegolide. Zonke lezi “alloys zokwelapha” ezibukeka njengegolide zimbozwe nge-titanium nitride.
Phela, ososayensi abaphikelelayo basanda kwenza ingxubevange eqinile kune-titanium! Ukuze nje ngifeze lokhu, kwakudingeka ngihlanganise i-palladium, i-silicon, i-phosphorus, i-germanium nesiliva. Le nto yabonakala ibiza, ngakho-ke i-titanium yaphinda yawina.
3. I-Tungsten
I-Tungsten nayo iphambene ne-mercury: insimbi eyinqaba kakhulu enephuzu lokuncibilika elingu-3422 °C. Kuye kwaziwa kusukela ngekhulu le-200, kodwa-ke, akuyona insimbi ngokwayo eyaziwayo, kodwa i-mineral wolframite, equkethe i-tungsten. Ngendlela, igama elithi Wolf Rahm ngolimi lwamaJalimane anokhahlo lisho "ukhilimu wempisi": amaJalimane ancibilikisa ithini awazange ayithande ngempela ingxube ye-wolframite, ephazamisa ukuncibilika, ukuguqula ithini libe yigwebu le-slag ( “lashwabadela ithini njengempisi eshwabadela imvu”). Insimbi ngokwayo yahlukaniswa kamuva, cishe eminyakeni engu-XNUMX kamuva.
Okusesithombeni akuyona i-tungsten empeleni, kodwa i-tungsten carbide, ngakho-ke uma unendandatho enjalo esandleni sakho, %igama lomsebenzisi%, khona-ke ungakhathazeki kakhulu. I-Tungsten carbide iyinhlanganisela esindayo futhi eqinile kakhulu - ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezingxenye ezisetshenziselwa ukushaya; ngendlela, "owinile" yi-90% ye-tungsten carbide. Abantu abalungile futhi bengeza i-tungsten carbide njengethiphu yamagobolondo okubhoboza izikhali nezinhlamvu. Kodwa hhayi lokho kuphela, ngizokutshela ngenye insimbi kamuva.
Ngendlela, nakuba i-tungsten isindayo, naphezu kokuminyana kwayo okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomthofu wendabuko futhi oshibhile, ukuvikelwa kwe-tungsten kuphenduka kube nzima kakhulu ngezakhiwo zokuzivikela ezilinganayo noma kusebenza kangcono ngesisindo esilinganayo. Ngenxa ye-refractoriness kanye nokuqina kwe-tungsten, okwenza kube nzima ukucubungula, ezimweni ezinjalo ama-alloys amaningi e-ductile tungsten ngokungezwa kwezinye izinsimbi noma ukumiswa kwe-tungsten eyimpuphu (noma izinhlanganisela zayo) kusisekelo se-polymer kusetshenziswa. Kubonakala kulula, kusebenza kangcono - kodwa kuyabiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke uma kwenzeka ukuwa, %igama lomsebenzisi%, zitholele izikhali zempi ze-tungsten!
Phela, ngikwazile ukufaka ibala “endandatho yami yaphakade” ngohlobo oluthile lwamakhemikhali - futhi angazi nokuthi ngani. Ngakho-ke "ingunaphakade" kubantu abavamile kuphela)))
4. Uranus
Okuwukuphela kwensimbi yemvelo esetshenziswa njengophethiloli. Well - fuel fuel.
Lapho ngisewumfana wesikole, kodwa ngamukelwa eyunivesithi (ngeke ngisho ukuthi kungani!), Ngangihlale ngijatshuliswa ukusabela kwabafundi bakwamanye amazwe lapho amakristalu e-sodium uranyl acetate eboniswa kubo ngesibonakhulu. Nokho, kukhona ukusabela qualitative. Lapho besho igama elithi “uranil” kubantu bakwamanye amazwe, baphephuka phansi. Wonke umuntu wahleka.
Kuyahlekisa futhi kuyadabukisa kimi ukuthi manje iningi labantu bakithi likholelwa ukuthi i-uranium imbi, iyingozi futhi isabekayo. Ukwehla kwemfundo kusobala.
Eqinisweni, ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, i-uranium oxide yemvelo yayisetshenziselwa ukwenza izitsha eziphuzi. Ngakho, eduze kwaseNaples, kwatholakala ucezu lwengilazi ephuzi luqukethe i-uranium oxide engu-1% futhi luhlehlela emuva ku-79 AD. e. Ayikhanyi ebumnyameni futhi ayikhiphi ukukhanya. NgangiseZhovti Vody e-Ukraine, lapho kumbiwa khona i-uranium. Akekho okhanyayo noma obanga umsindo lapho. Futhi impendulo ilula: i-uranium yemvelo inomsakazo obuthakathaka - ayikho ngaphezu kwama-granite nama-basalts, kanye nezinqwaba zemfucuza kanye nemigwaqo engaphansi komhlaba. I-uranium eyi-URANIUM yi-isotope U-235, okukhona kuphela i-0,7204% emvelweni. Kuncane kakhulu ukuthi ososayensi benuzi badinga ukuhlukanisa futhi bagxilise le isotope ("enothisa") - i-reactor ngeke isebenze kalula kanjalo.
Ngendlela, kwakuvame ukuba ne-U-235 eyengeziwe emvelweni - yavele yabola ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Futhi njengoba yayiningi, i-nuclear reactor yayingenziwa edolweni. Ngokwezwi nezwi. Yilokhu okwenzeka eGabon endaweni yokugcina i-Oklo eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule: amanzi ahamba ngensimbi, amanzi angumongameli wemvelo we-neutrons akhishwa ngesikhathi sokubola kwe-uranium-2 - isiyonke, kwakukhona amandla aneutron anele zithathwe yi-uranium-235 nucleus - futhi ukusabela kweketango kwaqala. Futhi iuranium yasha amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka yaze yasha...
Lokhu kwatholakala kamuva, ngo-1972, lapho embonini yokucebisa i-uranium e-Pierrelat (eFrance), ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa kwe-uranium evela e-Oklo, kwatholakala ukuphambuka kokujwayelekile ekubunjweni kwe-isotopic ye-uranium. Okuqukethwe kwe-isotope ye-U-235 bekungu-0,717% esikhundleni sika-0,720%. I-Uranium ayiyona isoseji, lapha isisindo esingaphansi sijeziswa ngokuqinile: zonke izikhungo zenuzi zingaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile ukuze kuvinjwe ukusetshenziswa okungekho emthethweni kwezinto ezivuvukalayo ngezinhloso zempi. Ngakho-ke ososayensi baqala ukucwaninga, bathola ezinye izakhi ezimbalwa, njenge-neodymium ne-ruthenium, futhi baqaphela ukuthi i-U-235 yebiwe phambi kwethu, yavele yashiswa, njenge-reactor. Okusho ukuthi, imvelo yasungula isiphehli senuzi kudala ngaphambi kwethu. Nokho, njengakho konke.
I-uranium ephelile (yilapho i-235 yathathwa futhi yanikezwa ososayensi benuzi, futhi i-U-238 yasala) inzima futhi ilukhuni, ikhumbuza i-tungsten ezindaweni, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo lapho idinga ukushaywa khona. Kunendaba mayelana nalokhu evela ezweni elaliyiYugoslavia: basebenzisa amagobolondo okubhoboza izikhali ngephini lokudubula eliqukethe i-uranium. Isibalo sabantu saba nezinkinga, kodwa hhayi neze ngenxa yemisebe: uthuli oluhle lwe-uranium lwangena emaphashini, lwamuncwa - futhi lwathela izithelo: i-uranium inobuthi ezinso. Yilokho - futhi akukho lutho okufanele lwesabe i-uranyl acetate! Yiqiniso, lokhu akusona isimemezelo ngokwemithetho yeRussian Federation - ngakho-ke kunezinkinga zaphakade ngokufika kwama-reagents amakhemikhali aqukethe i-uranium - ngoba isikhulu kune-uranium eyodwa kuphela.
Bese kuba khona ingilazi ye-uranium: ukungezwa okuncane kwe-uranium kunikeza i-fluorescence enhle ephuzi-luhlaza.
Futhi yinhle kabi!
Ngendlela, kuyasiza kakhulu ukunikeza izivakashi ama-apula noma isaladi, bese uvula ukukhanya okuncane kwe-ultraviolet futhi ubonise ukuthi kuhle kangakanani. Lapho wonke umuntu eseqedile ukuyincoma, phonsa ngaphandle ngokunganaki: “Yebo, yebo, yebo, lena ingilazi ye-uranium...” Bese uluma ucezu lwe-apula evasini...
5. I-Osmium
Nokho, njengoba sesivele sikhulume nge-uranium-tungsten esindayo, sekuyisikhathi sokubiza insimbi enzima kunazo zonke - i-osmium. Ukuminyana kwayo kungama-22,62 g/cm3!
Kodwa-ke, i-osmium, njengoba inzima kakhulu, ayivimbeli noma yini ekubeni nayo iguquguquke: emoyeni kancane kancane i-oxidize ku-OsO4, eguquguqukayo futhi, ngendlela, enobuthi kakhulu. Yebo, iyingxenye yeqembu leplatinamu, kodwa i-oxidized impela. Igama elithi "osmium" livela kwelesiGrikhi sasendulo elithi ὀσμή - "iphunga" - ngenxa yalokhu: ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kokuncibilikisa i-alkaline alloy osmiridium (insalela engancibiliki yeplatinamu ku-aqua regia) emanzini noma i-asidi ihambisana nokukhululwa iphunga elingathandeki, eliqhubekayo i-OsO4, elicasula umphimbo, elifana nephunga le-chlorine noma i-radish ebolile. Leli phunga lazwakala nguSmithson Tennant (okuningi ngaye kamuva), owasebenza ne-osmiridium - futhi wayiqamba ngale ndlela insimbi. Futhi ngiyazi ukuthi i-osmium kumele ibe yimpushana futhi kufanele ishiswe ukuze inqubo iqhubeke kakhulu - kodwa kunoma yikuphi, angizami ukuba seduze kwale nsimbi isikhathi eside.
Phela, kukhona isotope enjalo Os-187. Kuncane kakhulu kwayo emvelweni, ngakho-ke ihlukaniswa ne-osmium kuma-centrifuges ngokuhlukaniswa okukhulu - njenge-uranium. Balinda izinyanga ezingu-9 ukuze bahlukane - yebo, yebo, kungenzeka ngempela ukubeletha. Ngakho-ke, i-Os-187 ingenye yezinsimbi ezibiza kakhulu; okuqukethwe kwayo okunquma intengo yemakethe ye-osmium yemvelo. Kodwa akubizi kakhulu, ngizokutshela ngakho ngezansi.
6. Iridium
Njengoba sikhuluma ngeqembu le-platinum, kufanelekile ukukhumbula i-iridium. I-Osmium yasusa isihloko sensimbi esinda kakhulu ku-iridium - kodwa umehluko wawukumapeni: ukuminyana kwe-iridium ngu-22,53 g/cm3. I-Osmium ne-iridium kwaze kwatholwa ndawonye ngo-1803 ngusokhemisi waseNgilandi u-S. Tennant - bobabili babekhona njengokungcola kwe-platinum yemvelo ekhishwe eNingizimu Melika. U-Tennant waba ngowokuqala phakathi kososayensi abambalwa abaphumelele ukuthola inani elanele lensalela engancibiliki ngemva kokuchayeka kweplatinamu ku-aqua regia nokuhlonza izinsimbi ezazingaziwa ngaphambili kuyo.
Kodwa ngokungafani ne-osmium, i-iridium iyinsimbi ezinzile kakhulu: ngesimo se-ingot ayincibiliki kunoma yimaphi ama-acids noma izingxube zawo! Kube bonke! Ngisho ne-fluorine esabekayo iyithatha kuphela ku-400-450 ° C. Ukuze usancibilikisa i-iridium, kufanele uyixube nama-alkali - futhi okungcono kakhulu ekusakazeni komoyampilo.
Amandla emishini namakhemikhali e-iridium asetshenziswa ku-Chamber of Weights and Measures - izinga lekhilogremu lenziwe ngengxube ye-platinum-iridium.
Njengamanje, i-iridium ayiyona insimbi yasebhange, kodwa sekukhona izinguquko kulokhu: ngo-2013, i-iridium yasetshenziswa okokuqala emhlabeni ekukhiqizeni izinhlamvu zemali ezisemthethweni yi-National Bank of Rwanda, eyakhipha uhlamvu lwemali olwenziwe. yensimbi ehlanzekile ye-999 ubumsulwa. Uhlamvu lwemali lwe-iridium lwakhishwa ngokwenani lama-franc aseRwanda angu-10. Futhi-ke, ngingathanda uhlamvu lwemali olunjalo!
Ngendlela, ebusheni bami obujulile ngake ngafunda indaba emnandi ku-"Technician Young", lapho umfana esendleleni eya empumelelweni futhi wakwazi ukushintsha isihlabathi nge-iridium ngenani elingu-1: 1 nabanye abafokazi endaweni engaphansi. . Uyabona, babedinga i-silicon! Angisakhumbuli nesihloko nombhali wendaba. Ngiyabonga - V. Shibaev. Ikhebula lisuka lapho.
7. IgolideWozani, wonke umuntu wambona
Empilweni kuyaye kwenzeke ukuthi kube khona umpetha wangempela nosemthethweni. Uma i-iridium ingumpetha wangempela wokumelana namakhemikhali, kusho ukuthi igolide yilona elisemthethweni: iyinsimbi enamandla kakhulu e-electronegative, 2,54 esikalini sikaPauling. Kodwa lokhu akuvimbeli igolide ekuncibilikeni kwezingxube zama-asidi, ngakho-ke, njengenjwayelo, ama-laurels aya kulabo abacebile.
Futhi ngempela, okwamanje, ngenxa yokuthi i-China kanye ne-Russian Federation iyasuka kunqubomgomo yokuqongelela imali yegolide neyokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe ngamadola aseMelika kuya kumgomo wokuqongelela igolide ngokwalo, igolide liyinsimbi yasebhange ebiza kakhulu: ngo Intengo kade yadlula iplatinamu - futhi impela lonke iqembu leplatinamu. Ngakho gcina imali yakho ebhange lokonga igolide, %igama lomsebenzisi%!
Njengoba indlela ye-alchemical yokukhipha igolide ibonise ukuthi iyabiza, le nsimbi itholakala ezindaweni ezihluzwayo. Futhi izinhlamvu zemali sezivele zenziwe eminti. Ngakho-ke, njengomuntu obekhona lapho nalaphaya, ngingasho ukuthi: lapho abasebenzi bamabhizinisi anjalo bevakashela indawo lapho kunensimbi eyigugu, bashintsha izingubo - futhi akukho phini elilodwa noma isiqeshana sephepha ezingutsheni zabo zokusebenza. - amafreyimu endaweni yokuhlola awafani neze nasezikhumulweni zezindiza, yonke into iya ngokuba nzima lapho. Noma kukhona okuthiwa "imodi enqunu" - yebo, uqonde kahle: indawo yokuhlola abafana nendawo yokuhlola yamantombazane - uzogqoka ngaphakathi. Uma unokufakelwa kwensimbi, kunezitifiketi eziningi, izimvume eziningi, isikhathi ngasinye lapho behlola ngabanye ukuthi ukufakelwa kusendaweni lapho kufanele kube khona.
Ngendlela, ucabanga ukuthi izindawo zokuhlola egcekeni lemali yemali zihlelwa kanjani? Amaphepha awakhali!
Impendulo ilapha, kodwa zicabangele kancaneNgemva komsebenzi, akekho ovunyelwe ukuphuma, kuhlanganise nabaphathi, kuze kube yilapho yonke imikhiqizo ibaliwe. Yebo - konke kuqinile. Kodwa akekho ocabangayo lapho, ngezikhathi ezinzima, amaholo akhokhwa emikhiqizweni.
8. I-Lithium
Ngokungafani ne-osmium-iridium esindayo, i-lithium iyinsimbi elula kakhulu, ukuminyana kwayo kungu-0,534 g/cm3 kuphela. Kuyinsimbi ye-alkali, kodwa engasebenzi kakhulu eqenjini lonke: ayiqhumi emanzini, kodwa isabela ngokuzolile, emoyeni futhi ayifaki oxidize kakhulu, futhi akulula ukuyishisa: ngemva kuka-100 ° C. imbozwe kahle nge-oxide kangangokuthi ayiqhubeki i-oxidize. Ngakho-ke, i-lithium yiyona kuphela insimbi ye-alkali engagciniwe kuphalafini - kungani, uma i-inert ngempela? Futhi lokhu kuyinhlanhla - ngenxa yokuminyana kwayo okuphansi, i-lithium izontanta kuphalafini.
I-lithium yemvelo iqukethe ama-isotopes amabili: i-Li-6 ne-Li-7. Njengoba i-athomu ngokwayo incane kakhulu, i-neutron eyengeziwe ithinta kakhulu indawo engaba yi-orbital namandla okuvusa ama-electron, ngakho-ke i-spectrum evamile ye-athomu yalezi isotopes ezimbili ihlukile - ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukunquma ngisho nangaphandle kwama-spectrometers amaningi. - futhi lokhu kuphela okuhlukile emvelweni! Womabili ama-isotopes abaluleke kakhulu emandleni enuzi; kodwa-ke, i-Li-6 deuteride isetshenziswa njengesibhamu se-thermonuclear ezikhalini ze-thermonuclear - futhi ngeke ngisho nalinye igama ngalesi sihloko!
I-Lithium nayo isetshenziswa odokotela bengqondo njenge-normometic yokwelapha nokuvimbela i-mania. Lapho ngisebenza itoho emnyangweni ngisengumfundi, u-anti weza kithi ephethe i-plasma yegazi okwakudingeka kunqunywe i-lithium. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngahamba ngabheka ezincwadini (kwakungekho Inthanethi okwamanje) ukuze ngiqonde ukuthi kungani i-lithium kufanele inqunywe lapho nhlobo? Futhi ngathola ukuthi ... Ekuvakasheleni okulandelayo, ngabuza u-anti wami ngokunganaki, ukuthi kwakuyigazi likabani-ke? Lapho ephendula ngokuthi ngeyakhe, ngazama kakhudlwana ukungahlangani naye mathupha.
Ngakho-ke, i-lithium ne-lithium ngezinye izikhathi itholakala ngisho nasemanzini. Ngendlela, kuningi kakhulu emanzini eLviv.
9. I-Francium
I-France ineqoqo eliphelele lezihloko. Okokuqala, i-francium iyinsimbi engavamile kakhulu. Ingqikithi yayo yonke i-radiogenic ngokuphelele: ikhona njengomkhiqizo ophakathi wokubola kwe-uranium-235 kanye ne-thorium-232. Ingqikithi ye-francium oqweqweni lomhlaba ilinganiselwa ku-340 amagremu. Ngakho indawo esesithombeni esingenhla akusona isithombe esingaphambili sembobo emnyama, kodwa cishe ama-athomu e-francium angu-200 esicupheni sikazibuthe. Wonke ama-isotopes e-francium anemisebe; isotopu ephile isikhathi eside, Fr-000, inohhafu wempilo yemizuzu engama-223. Yingakho iFrance incane kakhulu.
Nokho, i-francium ine-electronegativity ephansi kakhulu kunoma iyiphi i-elementi eyaziwayo njengamanje, ingu-0,7 esikalini sika-Pauling. Ngokunjalo, i-francium futhi iyinsimbi ye-alkali esebenza kakhulu ngamakhemikhali futhi yakha i-alkali enamandla kakhulu - i-francium hydroxide FrOH. Futhi ungabuzi, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ukuthi bakunqume kanjani konke lokhu ngesici esingekho okuningi, futhi okuthi njalo ngemizuzu engama-22,3 siba sincane ngokuphindwe kabili, futhi umcwaningi ngokwakhe ukhanya kakhulu nangokwengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, konke lokhu kuyathakazelisa futhi kuyajabulisa, kodwa i-francium ayisetshenziswanga ndawo.
10. California/>
I-California ayikho kulo mhlaba nhlobo, kodwa ikhiqizwa ezindaweni ezimbili: i-Dimitrovgrad e-Russian Federation nase-Oak Ridge National Laboratory e-USA. Ukukhiqiza igremu elilodwa le-californium, i-plutonium noma i-curium ingaphansi kwe-neutron irradiation yesikhathi eside ku-reactor yenuzi - kusukela ezinyangeni ezingu-8 kuya eminyakeni engu-1,5. Wonke umugqa wokubola ubukeka kanje: I-Plutonium-Americium-Curium-Berkley-Califorium. I-California-252 ingumphumela wokugcina weketanga - lesi sici asikwazi ukuguqulwa sibe isotopu esindayo, njengoba i-nucleus yayo, njengokungathi, ithi "ngiyabonga, ngigcwele" futhi iphendula ngokubuthakathaka ekuchayweni kwe-neutron.
Endleleni yokuguqula i-plutonium ibe yi-californium, i-100% ye-99,7% yokubola kwe-nuclei. Amaphesenti angu-0,3 kuphela ama-nuclei agcinwa ekuboleni futhi adlule kuso sonke isigaba. Futhi umkhiqizo udinga ukugqanyiswa! I-isotope ihlukaniswa ngokukhipha, i-chromatography yokukhipha, noma ngenxa yokushintshaniswa kwe-ion. Ukuyinikeza ukubukeka kwensimbi, ukusabela kokunciphisa kwenziwa.
Kudingeka amakhilogremu angu-252 we-plutonium-10 ukukhiqiza igremu eyodwa ye-California-239.
Inani lonyaka le-California-252 elimbiwayo lingama-micrograms angama-40-80, futhi ngokusho kochwepheshe, indawo yokugcina umhlaba yaseCalifornia ayikho ngaphezu kwamagremu angu-8. Ngakho-ke, i-California, noma ngokunembile i-California-252, iyinsimbi yezimboni ebiza kakhulu emhlabeni, izindleko zegramu eyodwa eminyakeni ehlukene zihluka kusuka ku-6,5 kuya ku-27 million dollar.
Umbuzo ophusile uthi: ubani oyidingayo noma kunjalo? Awukwazi ukwenza iketanga kuyo entanyeni yakho, awukwazi ukumnika othandekayo wakho ngendlela yendandatho. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-Cf-252 ine-neutron ephezulu yokuphindaphinda factor (ngaphezu kuka-3). Igremu ye-Cf-252 ikhipha ama-neutron angaba ngu-3⋅1012 ngomzuzwana. Yebo, kungenzeka ukwenza ibhomu le-athomu, kodwa i-uranium kanye ne-plutonium efanayo ishibhile, ngakho-ke i-californium ngokwayo isetshenziswa njengomthombo wama-neutron ezifundweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nezihlaziyi ze-industrial in-line neutron activation ebhandeni lokuthutha. Kodwa-ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ngizibonele mathupha lesi siKhalifoniya sisesimweni se-ampoule encane, ekhishwe emgqonyeni osindayo wokuvikela imisebe futhi yahlohlwa ngokushesha endaweni efanele ku-analyzer.
Kuyacaca ukuthi kulolo hlobo lwemali, i-californium kufanele nje ibe ubuthi, nakuba ingapholile kangako, , kodwa ama- neutron nawo awalutho. Kodwa kuvele kubize kancane, kunjalo.
Nokho, kubonakala sengathi yonke into yenziwe - cishe amahora amane okulala ngaphambi kohambo. Ngethemba ukuthi kube okuthakazelisayo, futhi angizange ngikubhalele ngeze konke lokhu.
Ngifisa wena, %igama lomsebenzisi%, uqine njenge-titanium, ukhuphuke kalula njenge-lithium, ungahoxi njenge-iridium futhi ubaluleke njenge-Californian! Yebo, igolide eliningi ephaketheni lakho, kunjalo.
(ungabukisa ngethosti eholidini elilandelayo - ungangibongi)
Source: www.habr.com