Ubuthi obuthakazelisa kakhulu

Sawubona %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Sekuhlwa futhi, futhi akukho engingakwenza, futhi nganquma ukuthatha isikhathi esincane ukuze ngibhale ingxenye yesithathu yochungechunge lwami ngoshevu. Ngethemba ukuthi ufundile eyokuqala и okwesibili ingxenye futhi uyithandile.

Engxenyeni yesithathu sizophumula kancane. Ngeke ibe khona indaba lapha mayelana nobuthi ohlangana nabo kuzo zonke izinyathelo - cishe, ngisho nokuphambene. Ngeke ibe khona i-holivar mayelana nezingozi zotshwala ne-nicotine.

Engxenyeni yesithathu ngizoqoqa labo ubuthi ukuthi ngesizathu esithile babonakala bethakazelisa kimi (uma igama elinjalo lingasetshenziswa kuma-poison nhlobo - kodwa, njengoba ngishilo kakade: Ngingumdwebi, ngibona ngaleyo ndlela).

Ngakho, futhi eziyishumi zami ezibulalayo! Hamba.

Indawo yeshumi

I-Homidium bromide

Isintu besilokhu sinelukuluku lokwazi. Futhi ngelukuluku layo kwesinye isikhathi idala izilo ngokungaqondile.

I-Homidium bromide yathuthukiswa njenge-ejenti ehlanganayo yebhayoloji yamangqamuzana ukuthola nokufunda ama-nucleic acid, ikakhulukazi esimweni se-agarose gel electrophoresis ye-DNA noma i-RNA.

Igama elithi "intercalating" liyisihluthulelo lapha. Ngencazelo, intercalation ukufakwa emuva emuva kwe-molecule noma iqembu phakathi kwamanye ama-molecule noma amaqembu. I-Homidium bromide isebenzisana nama-nucleic acid, okuhlanganisa phakathi kwezisekelo.

Kulabo abanentshisekelo, kubukeka kanjena

Empeleni, i-homidium bromide, ngisho nangemithamo emincane, ivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA ne-RNA futhi ihlehlise ukucophelela okukhulu kwe-DNA eyindilinga. Le nto cishe iyi-mutagen enamandla kunazo zonke eyaziwayo.

Alukho ulwazi ezincwadini mayelana nokuthi ingakanani i-homidium bromide okufanele ithathwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izofa. Alukho ulwazi lokuthi lokhu kufa kuzokwenzeka kanjani. Ososayensi basaphikisana ngokuthi ingabe le nto inezakhiwo ezidala umdlavuza.

%igama lomsebenzisi%, i-homidium bromide iyindlela enhle yokufunda okuthile okusha ngomzimba wakho ngomoya we-STALKER Hamba ngakho!

indawo yesishiyagalolunye

NNG

Uma unganelisekile ngendawo yeshumi, hlangana: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine! Noma kalula nangesizotha: BFG NNG.

Khumbula ukuthi ngathini mayelana “ne-mutagen ecishe ibe namandla kakhulu”? Ngakho-ke, i-NNG iyona enamandla kakhulu. Ngokungafani ne-chomidium bromide ebuthakathaka, i-NNG ihlale ibangela ukuguqulwa okungaphezu kokukodwa kuseli ngalinye. Ochwepheshe bobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo basebenzisa i-NNG lapho benza ucwaningo lwabo nge-E. coli.

Futhi ngendlela, i-NNG i-100% carcinogenic. Kulokhu, izimila zivela eziningi futhi zihlala ziphindaphinda.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-NNG:

• Ayizinzile. Le nto ngokwayo iyimpushana, kodwa ihlale ibola, futhi lapho igcinwe esitsheni esivaliwe, iyaqhuma.
• Isabela ngobudlova emanzini.
• Kungase kuqhume kumthelela.
• Izwela ukushisa, ukukhanya, umswakama - kuqhuma ngaphandle kwesixwayiso.
• Okuvutha umlilo.
• Akuhambisani nezixazululo ezinamanzi, ama-asidi, ama-alkali, ama-oxidizing agents, ama-ejenti anciphisayo - ukusabela okunobudlova nokuqhuma.
• I-alkaline hydrolysis, uma ivaliwe, ikhipha amagesi anobuthi neziqhumane.

Nakuba ngokombono wobuthi, i-NNG inhle impela: amagundane afa ngemithamo engaba ngu-90 mg/kg. Uma sicabangela izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ze-NNG, singasho ukuthi babenenhlanhla.

Indawo yesishiyagalombili

I-Heptyl

Kusukela kudala, umuntu ubephupha ngokundiza. Ekhulwini elidlule, iphupho lafezeka ezindizeni zasemkhathini. Minyaka yonke, isintu sazisa imicabango mayelana nokuhlolwa kweNyanga, i-Mars, nezindiza eziya ezinkanyezini.

Khona-ke umjaho woma. Ukuncintisana kwanyamalala, umdlandla waphela, wonke umuntu waqala ukubala imali futhi ngokuzumayo wathola ukuthi kwakuthakazelisa kakhulu ukwenza imali kuma-smartphones namaprosesa kunokundiza endaweni ethile.

Kodwa akukhona lokho engikhuluma ngakho. I-Heptyl - noma i-dimethylhydrazine engalingani (UDMH, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine) - iyingxenye yokubilisa okuphezulu (enephuzu lokubilisa elingaphezu kuka-0 ° C) likaphethiloli werokhethi. I-Dianitrogen tetroxide (AT), ehlanzekile noma exutshwe ne-nitric acid, ivamise ukusetshenziswa njenge-oxidizing ebhangqwe ne-heptyl; izimo zokusebenzisa i-asidi emsulwa nomoya-mpilo owuketshezi ziyaziwa. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zayo, i-heptyl yasetshenziswa enhlanganisela ne-hydrazine, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-aerozine.

Lawa mafutha (futhi lokhu kungamafutha e-rocket!) Kwasetshenziswa futhi kusetshenziswe, ikakhulukazi, ezimotweni zokuqalisa zaseSoviet "Proton", "Cosmos", "Cyclone"; Umndeni waseMelika - Titan; French - umndeni "Arian"; ezinhlelweni zokushayela zemikhumbi-mkhathi ephethwe abantu, amasathelayithi, iziteshi ezizungezayo nezihamba ngamaplanethi.

I-Heptyl iwuketshezi olusobala olungenambala noma oluphuzi kancane olunephunga elibi elibukhali, isici sama-amine (iphunga lezinhlanzi ezonakele, elifana nephunga le-ammonia, elifana kakhulu nephunga le-sprat). Ixubene kahle namanzi, i-ethanol, imikhiqizo eminingi ye-petroleum kanye nezinyibilikisi eziningi eziphilayo. Ukuzithungela ngomlilo lapho uthintana nama-oxidizer asekelwe ku-nitric acid ne-dinitrogen tetroxide, eyenza umklamo ube lula futhi iqinisekise ukuqala okulula kanye nokwenzeka kokusebenza ngokuphindaphindiwe kwezinjini zamarokhethi. Lokhu kungenye yezinzuzo; kubo futhi kwengezwa ukusebenza kahle okukhulu ngeyunithi ngayinye yesisindo sengxube kaphethiloli (kudlula umoya-mpilo + kaphalafini nesitimu somoya-mpilo + ne-hydrogen steam ngobuningi - 1170 kg/m³ uma kuqhathaniswa no-1070 kg/m³ no-285 kg/m³, ngokulandelana) kanye nethuba lokugcina imicibisholo ecitshwayo ephehlwa emazingeni okushisa avamile.

Manje - mayelana nokungajabulisi.

• I-Heptyl inobuthi obuphindwe kane kune-hydrocyanic acid. Umphumela emzimbeni womuntu: ukucasuka kolwelwesi lwamafinyila lwamehlo, umgudu wokuphefumula namaphaphu, ukugqugquzeleka okukhulu kwesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi, ukucasuka kwamathumbu (isicanucanu, ukuhlanza), ukulahlekelwa ukwazi, ukufa.
• Iphoyinti elikhanyayo −15 °C; izinga lokushisa elizenzakalelayo lokuvutha ngu-249 °C; imikhawulo yokuhlushwa yokusakaza ilangabi 2-95% vol. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-heptyl ivutha kalula futhi ivutha ngokujabula kakhulu (ubani ongayingabaza).
• Umhwamuko we-Heptyl uqhuma kakhulu, ulahlekelwa kuphela ngamapheya e-hydrogen-oxygen.
• I-Mutagen. I-Carcinogen. Inamandla kangangokuthi isetshenziselwa ukwethenjelwa umdlavuza we-colorectal kumagundane ocwaningweni lwesimila.

Ukuthanda kanjani lokho, Elon Musk? Ngamafuphi, %username%, anginamona ngawe uma uhlala eduze kwesikhumulo sezindiza.

Indawo yesikhombisa

I-Cantharidin

Ngaphandle kokundiza, isintu besilokhu sinezinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu okufanele sizenze. Isibonelo, ngaso sonke isikhathi, amadoda ayeyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngamakhono awo - futhi yebo, yebo!, ngikhuluma ngawo kanye lawo mathuba!

Manje, ekufuneni umuthi we-angina pectoris, omunye umfana waba nenhlanhla - futhi kwavela i-sildenafil - noma, ngolimi oluvamile, i-Viagra. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba yonke into yayiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu!

Enye yezinketho ezidumile kwaba ukwamukela izilwane ezilandelayo:


Cha, %igama lomsebenzisi%, leli akulona nhlobo iphela eliluhlaza, kodwa iyimpukane yaseSpain. Futhi umlando wayo mude impela futhi unemibala eminingi:

• Phakathi nezikhathi zamaRoma, uLivia, inkosikazi ekhohlisayo ka-Octavian Augustus, wafaka i-spandex ekudleni kwakhe ngethemba lokuthi kwakuzokhuthaza ukungabi nasizotha ezivakashini zika-Livia, okwakuzomsiza ukuba azisole esikhathini esizayo.
• Ngo-1572, u-Ambroise Paré wabhala indaba yendoda ehlushwa "i-satyriasis embi kakhulu" (siyibiza ngegama elihlukile manje, kodwa ku-Google ngokwakho) ngemva kokuthatha i-potion equkethe i-nettle ne-Spanish fly.
• Ngawo-1670, isangoma nomelaphi uLa Voisin wanikeza “ikhambi lothando” elenziwe ngempukane yaseSpain, igazi lemvukuzane elomisiwe, negazi lelulwane (ew).
• Ku-"Marseille Affair" ye-Marquis de Sade, wayesolwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, esebenzisa "izimpukane zaseSpain".

Futhi konke kungenxa ye-cantharidin, lapho leli qhude liqukethe kuze kufike ku-5%! Ngendlela, hhayi kuphela: i-cantharidin itholakala ku-hemolymph ye-blister beetles, ama-T-shirts nezinye izibhungane ezinezimpondo ezinde. Futhi yebo, ngemithamo emincane yikho kanye okudingwa yi-chevalier asebekhulile, ezungezwe ama- courtesans amancane!

Inkinga yukuthi ngaphezu kwalesi senzo, i-cantharidin nayo inezakhiwo ze-blister. Kodwa njengoba ingazange ihlikihlwe, kodwa idakiwe, ke: ngemva kokungena emgudwini wokugaya ukudla ngemithamo engaba ngu-0,5 mg/kg, ukudakwa okukhula ngokushesha kwaqala - ubuhlungu besisu, ukuhlanza, umchamo onegazi, ukuvuvukala okukhulu kwezinso, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinso. ukwehluleka. I-overdose ye-40-80 mg / kg ixazulule ngokuthembekile futhi kuze kube phakade indaba yokuxhumana hhayi kuphela nabesifazane, kodwa nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ngokujwayelekile: ekuhlolweni kwe-autopsy okwalandela, i-hyperemia ebukhali yolwelwesi lwamafinyila, ukwakheka kwezilonda kanye ne-foci yokopha. kwaphawulwa, kwatholakala izilonda esibindini nasezinso.

Ingabe kuwufanele ubungozi? Umlando uthe yebo.

Ngakho-ke, impumelelo ye-Viagra ayimangazi neze.

Indawo yesithupha

I-Paraquat

Njengoba sikhuluma ngesintu nabantu, uyazi, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ngenkathi ngilungiselela uhlu lwamalungu ale ngqungquthela eshaqisayo, ngesizathu esithile ngaqala ukuqonda ulwelwe, namakhowe, nazo zonke lezi zitshalo nezilwane ezinobuthi. esisizungezile . Ngoba ububi obuningi futhi - okuyinto ejwayelekile! - isilwane esinobuthi ngokungahleliwe, njengomuntu - angikwazanga ukuthola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama elithi “ukungahleleki” liyigama eliyisihluthulelo, ngoba umuntu ufaka ushevu kokubili kwezitshalo nezilwane, kuhlanganise naye ngokwakhe.

I-Paraquat iyinhlanganisela yemvelo, igama lokuhweba N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride. Ngendlela yosawoti we-quaternary ammonium, i-paraquat isetshenziswa kakhulu njengesibulala-khula esiqinile esinesenzo esingaqondile. Kodwa-ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ingabe unayo iwebhusayithi yakho? Kodwa i-paraquat inakho!

I-Paraquat isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukhula kanye notshani obunamaqabunga, kodwa ayisebenzi kahle ekulawuleni ukhula olunezimpande ezijulile. Lomuthi wokubulala ukhula awuhlaseli amagxolo esihlahla, ngakho-ke usetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula ukhula emasimini. Ngawo-1960, i-paraquat yayisetshenziswa yi-United States ukulwa namasimu ensangu kanye ne-coca eNingizimu Melika (ngesizathu esithile ngakhumbula indaba ethi "Yellow Rain" kanye "ne-Agent Orange" - ngikhumbuze kamuva uma ufuna ukulalela lokhu. nendaba).

I-Paraquat inobuthi obukhulu ezilwaneni nakubantu. Umthamo obulalayo ungaba cishe ithisipuni elilodwa lale nto. Uma idliwe, i-paraquat idlula emgudwini wegazi iye kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba, futhi iqongelela ngokukhetha kakhudlwana emaphashini. Lokhu kubangela ukuvuvukala nokunye ukulimala emaphashini, okungaholela ku-fibrosis. Ngaphezu kwamaphaphu, isibindi nezinso nazo zingalimala (ukwehluleka kwezinso).

Okwamanje, i-paraquat isetshenziswa njenge-herbicide emazweni angama-120 (ayisetshenziswa eRussia - ngamangala ngisho lapha!).

Hhayi-ke ngingathini? Thokozela ukudla kwakho.

Indawo yesihlanu

Endrin

I-Endrin yahlanganiswa ngo-1949 nguKurt Alder. Ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano kwe-endrin kwaqala e-United States ngo-1951, lapho yayisetshenziswa kanye ne-aldrin njengesibulala-zinambuzane. Kutholwe ukuthi le nto iyasebenza izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-2 kune-aldrin futhi izikhathi eziyi-10-12 zisebenza kakhulu kune-DDT. Kubonakale kusebenza ngempumelelo ekulweni:

• amacimbi nama-aphid kugwayi, ummbila, isithombo sebhitrudi, umoba, ukotini nezinye izitshalo;
• I-blackcurrant bud mite, lapho zonke ezinye izidakamizwa zingasebenzi;
• amagundane namanye amagundane;
• abantu (ini???).

Yebo, yebo, mngane wami othandekayo, ubuthi be-endrin aerosol kubantu buqhathaniswa ne-hydrocyanic acid. Ithinta ngokuyinhloko isimiso sezinzwa. Kumuncwa ngesikhumba. Unohhafu wempilo ende emzimbeni. Kuyathandeka, akunjalo?

Ubuthi obunamandla be-endrin bubonakala ngokunyakaziswa kwemoto, ukuphefumula okungeziwe, ukunyakazisa kwemisipha, ukuqhaqhazela, nokudlikizeka kwe-tonic. Ukufa kwenzeka ngemva kokuhlaselwa kaningana kokudlikizeka ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwesikhungo sokuphefumula. Amacala obuthi obuyingozi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwesinkwa esibhakwe kufulawa ongcolile onokuqukethwe kwe-endrin engu-150-5500 mg/kg achaziwe. Izimpawu zokuqala zokudakwa zivame ukubonwa ngemuva kwamahora angama-2-3 (i-malaise evamile, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ubuthakathaka, ukujuluka okukhulu). Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukudlikizela, ukungezwa kwesikhashana, ukukhubazeka, ukulahlekelwa ukuhambisana kokunyakaza, kanye ne-paresthesia. Ukululama kwenzeka ngokushesha, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ukuphazamiseka kwesikhashana, ulaka, nokukhubazeka kwengqondo kwaphawulwa njengomphumela wobuthi.

Ngo-1969 (eminyakeni engu-18 kamuva !!!) i-endrin yasuswa ohlwini lwezinto zokuvikela izitshalo ngenxa yokuthambekela kwayo ku-bioaccumulate (ngendlela, ngishilo ukuthi ayincibiliki emanzini?). Nokho, lesi sibulala-zinambuzane sasisetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-90s. Ngokwesinqumo seNgqungquthela yaseStockholm yango-May 23, 2001, kuvinjelwe emhlabeni wonke ukukhiqizwa, ukuthengiswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-endrin, njengesinye sezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi kakhulu futhi zimelana nemvelo.

Inani eliphelele le-endrin elakhiqizwa kusukela ngo-1951 lingamathani angu-5000, lapho amathani angaphezu kuka-2500 akhiqizwa e-United States. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kwenzekani kuyo manje nokuthi ilahlwe ndawana thize ngokuthula - futhi lokhu kuyadabukisa.

Indawo yesine

U-Ricin

Uyazi ukuthi yini i-makukha, %username%? Leli ikhekhe lika-sunflower, okusalayo lapho amafutha ekhishwa embewu. Umkhulu waletha ekhaya amadiski e-makukha anempilo - wabe esebamba izinhlanzi ngawo.

Wake wawabona amafutha e-castor, %igama lomsebenzisi%? Angibuzi ukuthi uyiphuzile yini, nakuba kuyikhambi elingcono kakhulu nelinobungani kwemvelo lokuxazulula izinkinga ezithile ezibucayi.

Uke wayibona imbewu ye-castor, %igama lomsebenzisi%? Cha? Kholeka: ngeke ukubone.

Amafutha e-Castor enziwe ngembewu kabhontshisi we-castor - emazweni afudumele lesi sihlahla esifinyelela ku-10 m ukuphakama, ezweni lakithi, ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi zokuhlala endaweni epholile, isitshalo saminyaka yonke esingafika ku-2-5 m ukuphakama. .

Yile ndlela ebukeka ngayo lolu khula
Futhi ngakho - 'amantongomane e-castor'

Ngakho-ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, awusoze walibona ikhekhe le-castor, ngoba liwushevu wamasu futhi lingaphansi kokubalwa okuqinile nokulahlwa. I-glycoprotein ricin, etholakala embewini kabhontshisi we-castor, iwushevu wezitshalo onamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, ngaphandle uma ubala ulwelwe njengezitshalo. I-Ricin inobuthi obuphindwe izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6 kune-potassium cyanide. Indlela yomphumela onobuthi we-ricin nayo inhle: ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwamaprotheni ngama-ribosomes. Okusho ukuthi, lezi zinto ezincane ze-intracellular ezihlanganisa yonke into futhi zenze amaseli abe usizo ngokuzumayo ziyeka ukusebenza. Yonke indawo. Lesi isiteleka se-intracellular.

Eqinisweni, isiteleka sizibonakalisa kanje: isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ubuhlungu nokushiswa komminzo nesisu, isifo sohudo, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukozela, i-anuria, i-leukocytosis, i-agglutination yamangqamuzana abomvu egazi (yilapho ehlangana khona futhi encibilika ngqo egazini. imithambo yegazi nenhliziyo) - bese uyawa nokufa. Kulula.

Njengoba umthamo omncane we-ricin olingana nekhanda likaphini wanele ukubulala umuntu omdala, kuyaqondakala ukuthi abantu baba nesithakazelo esikhulu kuwo futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-ricin njengesikhali sokubhubhisa kwahlolisiswa iminyango yezempi yamazwe ahlukahlukene kusukela ekuqaleni. iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokushiyeka okuningi, le nto ayizange yamukelwe ukuze isetshenziswe.

Kodwa-ke, i-ricin ithole ukusetshenziswa phakathi kwezinhlangano zezobunhloli. Esinye sezigameko ezidume kakhulu ezihilela ukusetshenziswa kwe-ricin kwakuwukubulawa komphikisi waseBulgaria uGeorgiy Markov, owadliswa ushevu ngo-1978 ngomjovo onesambulela esiklanywe ngokukhethekile. Ngokweminye imithombo, isikhali sombulali kwakuyisibhamu somoya esasidubula i-microcapsule equkethe i-ricin futhi sasifihleke njengesambulela. Umthamo onikezwe u-Markov wawungekho ngaphezu kuka-450 mcg (noma u-0,45 milligrams).

Ukutholakala kalula kobuthi kuye kwenza ukuba utholakale emaqenjini amaphekula. Ngakho, ngo-2001, abezindaba babika ngokutholakala kwemiyalo yokukhiqizwa kwe-ricin endaweni ecekelwe phansi ye-al-Qaeda eKabul. Ngo-2003, kwatholakala isamba se-ricin kumaphekula e-London; iminonjana ye-ricin yatholwa endaweni yokubeka izinto eGare de Lyon eParis].

Ngo-2013, kwaboshwa idlanzana labantu baseMississippi ngokuzama ukuthumela izincwadi ezine-ricin kuMongameli waseMelika uBarack Obama nezinye izicukuthwane zaseMelika. Ngakho, ngoMay wawo lowo nyaka, umphathi-dolobha weDolobha laseNew York wathunyelwa incwadi esongelayo eyayiqukethe i-ricin, ngokunokwenzeka esabela emisebenzini yenhlangano yomphakathi “IziMeya Ezimelene Nezikhali Ezingekho Emthethweni.”

Umlingisikazi uShannon Richardson kamuva wabekwa icala eTexas ngezinsolo zokuthumela izincwadi ezinoshevu obulalayo kosopolitiki baseMelika. Ngokudabukisayo, umkhondo waseRussia awuzange ubonwe lapha, ngakho-ke wonke umuntu waba nesithukuthezi futhi indaba yakhohlwa.

Indawo yesithathu

Njengoba sikhuluma ngokhula, khumbula nge-algae. Futhi angikhulumi ngalabo ababambelela emilenzeni yakho lapho ubhukuda - nakuba kunyanyeka kangangokuthi kubi kakhulu kunanoma yimuphi ushevu (ngombono wami). Cha, ngikhuluma ngemfucumfucu emincane kangaka, abathi ngayo: “Ulwandle luqhakazile!” Lezo ezisakhanya ebusuku, ngokwesibonelo, kanje:


Kulungile, kulungile, ngiyavuma, ngadlala, nakuba kamuva kuzocaca ukuthi imisebe ye-Cherenkov ayibi nakakhulu.
Ulwelwe lukhanya kanje

Lesi silwane sincane, kodwa siningi. Cishe uphansi kakhulu ohlwini lokudla emhlabeni wasemanzini. Ubani nje omqaphelayo?

Futhi ngeze.

I-algae ephawulekayo ibizwa ngokuthi ama-dinoflagellate kanye ne-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi ikakhulukazi:

1. I-Dinoflagellates i-Gambierdiscus toxicus
2. I-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka i-Gonyaulax catenella, i-Alexandrium sp., i-Gymnodinium sp., i-Pyrodinium sp.
3. Dinoflagellates Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.

Bonke laba bangane bakhiqiza uhlu oluphelele lobuthi obuqashelwa njengezinye zezinto ezinobuthi kakhulu kule planethi encane. Ngizobala futhi ngichaze amahle kakhulu.

I-Maitotoxin

Ikhiqizwe inombolo yesakhamuzi 1 ohlwini olungenhla. Iwubuthi obukhulu eqenjini le-brevetoxins: cishe u-0,2 mcg/kg wanele ukuze umndeni wakho uthole umshwalense nakanjani. Indlela yokusebenza ingenxa yokuguqulwa kwamashaneli e-Ca agated kagesi, ukwanda kokugcwala kwe-Ca2+ ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana ezinzwa, ukukhululwa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-acetylcholine egazini kanye ne-postsynaptic depolarization. Ngamafuphi - ukukhubazeka okunamandla nokungenakuhlehliswa.

I-molecule ye-maytotoxin ngokwayo iyisistimu yamasongo e-carbon condensed angama-32. Ingenye yama-molecule amakhulu futhi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu angewona amaprotheni akhiqizwa into ephilayo. Ngethemba ukuthi lokhu kukulethela induduzo ethile uma kungena ngaphakathi kuwe.

Oh yebo, cishe ngikhohlwe, imininingwane eyi-piquant: ukuba ummeleli we-brevetoxins, i-maytotoxin, ngaphambi kokubangela ukukhubazeka kwemisipha eqinile kanye nokuboshwa kokuphefumula, ngokuqinisekile kuzokunika ukuvuza, ikhala eligijima kakhulu kanye nokuzikhulula ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngamafuphi, akunakwenzeka ukwamukela ukufa ngesizotha.

I-Saxitoxin

Ikhiqizwe izinombolo zeqembu lezakhamizi 2 kanye no-3 ohlwini olungenhla. Hhayi epholile futhi emuhle njenge-maytotoxin, kodwa hhayi i-misanthropic encane: ukudla u-2 mcg/kg kuzokwenza sonke isintu sikukhumbule. Indlela yokusebenza ye-saxitoxin ukuvinjwa kweziteshi ze-sodium ezine-voltage-gated emicu yezinzwa. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuqhutshwa kwemizwa yezinzwa futhi kubangela ukukhubazeka kwemisipha.

I-Saxitoxin iyathakazelisa ngoba igama layo lihlotshaniswa negama lezimbaza ezidliwayo zohlobo lwe-Saxidomus, ezibuye zibizwe ngokuthi “ama-clams aseWashington” kanye “ne-butter clams” (“i-Washington clams” kanye “ne-butter clam” uma kungenjalo ngokombono wethu). Hhayi-ke, kusukela egameni kuyacaca lapho abantu bathanda ukuwadla. Ngakho-ke, lezi zilwane ezinhle zikhetha ukudla ulwelwe, futhi uma luningi phakathi nenkathi yokuzala ngokushesha (“ama-red tides”), zifuna ukuqongelela kubo bonke ubuthi. Angazi ukuthi kungani: ungacabanga ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, mayelana nokwanda kokumelana - kodwa ushevu we-algae usebenza kahle kakhulu ezilwaneni ezinegazi elifudumele - hhayi kakhulu kwezinegazi elibandayo. Ikakhulukazi i-shellfish.

Ngamafuphi: ngokudla ukudla kwasolwandle ngesikhathi samagagasi abomvu, ungakwenza ukudla kwakho kokugcina.

Kuyacaca ukuthi Izwe Leningi Lentando Yeningi Emhlabeni alikwazanga ukukuziba lokho okutholakele, ngakho-ke i-saxitoxin ithathwa njengento engasetshenziswa njengesikhali samakhemikhali futhi ibhalwe ngokuthi i-TZ embuthweni wezempi wase-US.

I-Microcystin-LR

Ngamakhemikhali, i-microcystin-LR iyi-heptapeptide ye-cyclic. Okusho ukuthi, lawa ama-amino acid ayisikhombisa abambe isandla futhi aluka umdanso oyindilinga omuhle kangaka. Ngendlela, enye yazo iyi-β-amino acid ehlukile; imvamisa kuma-peptide wonke ama-amino acid ayi-alpha. Ingabe muhle ngempela? Cha? Awu, kulungile!

I-Microcystin-LR empeleni iyimbi kakhulu kuwo wonke ama-microcystin akhiqizwa ulwelwe oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi banele ngabo, ngikholwe! I-Microcystin ivimbela umsebenzi we-protein phosphatase uhlobo 1 kanye nohlobo lwe-2A (PP1 ne-PP2A) ku-cytoplasm yamaseli esibindi. Lokhu kuholela ekwandeni kwamaprotheni phosphorylation kumaseli esibindi, agoba ngokuthembekile lesi sitho esibalulekile. Kodwa - yini ebalulekile! - igoba kumbono.

Akekho owake wabika ubuthi besikhashana obuvela kuma-microcystins. Kodwa-ke, iningi lezinkinga zesibindi-kuhlanganise nomdlavuza wesibindi-kucatshangwa ukuthi lihlobene ngandlela-thile nobuthi obungapheli be-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. I-WHO, ikakhulukazi, ikhathazeke kakhulu.

Kungalesi sizathu ukuthi abaphumelele abathathu embukisweni wethu oshisa izikhotha batholwa ubuthi bolwelwe oluncane kodwa oluziqhenyayo, osekunesikhathi eside lukhathele yibo bonke lobu buntu.

Indawo yesibili

VX

Isintu sake sahlala phansi phezu kwemfucumfucu futhi sacabanga: kunezinto eziningi ezihlukene, ezithakazelisayo ezizungezile ezingasifaka ubuthi ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene. Kungani sibabi kakhulu?

Futhi kwavela.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, inani le-O,S-esters le-phosphoric acid eliqukethe iqembu le-dialkylaminoethylthio selihloliwe e-UK. Umgomo wawumuhle impela: kwakwenziwa izibulala-zinambuzane ezintsha. Kodwa kungazelelwe kwavela ukuthi izinhlanganisela eziwumphumela, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-phosphorylthiocholines, ziyingozi kakhulu ezilwaneni ezinegazi elifudumele. Kuyacaca ukuthi isihloko sama-insecticides ngokushesha saqala ukungathandeki kuwo wonke umuntu - futhi ochwepheshe bangempela bangena ebhizinisini.

Ochwepheshe benza ukuqeqeshwa okuncane kumakati futhi bathola ukuthi kwakungewona ama-phosphates, kodwa ama-alkylphosphone analogue of phosphorothiocholines adala isihogo esibi kakhulu. I-USA, Great Britain, Netherlands kanye neCanada basiza futhi basungula isigaba esisha sezinhlanganisela ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-V-gases. I-VX ingummeleli wabo onobuthi kakhulu.

I-VX iyisithako esiyingozi kunazo zonke ezake zakhiqizwa ukuze zisetshenziswe ezikhalini zamakhemikhali. Njengazo zonke izinto ezinobuthi ze-organophosphate ezifanayo, i-VX iyi-acetylcholinesterase inhibitor: ivimbela ngokukhetha le enzyme, eyenza i-hydrolysis ye-acetylcholine, umlamuleli we-nervous excitation. I-Hydrolysis ye-acetylcholine emzimbeni onempilo ivela njalo futhi iyadingeka ukumisa ukudluliselwa kwemizwa yezinzwa, okuvumela imisipha ukuba ibuyele esimweni sokuphumula. I-phosphorylated cholinesterase, eyakhiwe ngesikhathi sobuthi be-VX, ngokungafani ne-acetylated, iyinhlanganisela ezinzile futhi ayitholi i-hydrolysis ezenzakalelayo. Ngakho-ke, ukubhujiswa kwama-acetylcholine molecule kuvinjelwe futhi kuyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela oqhubekayo kuma-cholinergic receptors. Lokhu kuholela ekweqiseni okujwayelekile kwama-cholinergic receptors, aqale abangele ukufutheka okunamandla bese kuba nokukhubazeka komsebenzi wezitho nezicubu. Kulokhu, izimpawu eziyinhloko ze-VX poisoning zingahunyushwa njengokubonakaliswa kokudlulela, okungafaneleki komzimba, umsebenzi wenani lezinhlaka nezitho, okunikezwa ukuxoxisana kwe-acetylcholine. Okokuqala, lezi amangqamuzana ezinzwa, imisipha striated futhi bushelelezi, kanye nezindlala ezihlukahlukene.

Izimpawu zokulimala: imizuzu engu-1-2 - ukuvinjelwa kwabafundi; Imizuzu engu-2-4 - ukujuluka, ukuthamba; Imizuzu emi-5-10 - ukuqunjelwa, ukukhubazeka, ama-spasms; Imizuzu engu-10-15 - ukufa.

Kubantu, i-LD50 dermal = 100 mcg/kg, ngomlomo = 70 mcg/kg. I-LCt100 = 0,01 mg min./l, kuyilapho isikhathi sesenzo esicashile siyimizuzu emi-5-10. I-Miosis yenzeka ekuhlanganiseni okungu-0,0001 mg/l ngemva komzuzu ongu-1.

Yebo, kunjalo - umfundi oqaphile ulibone kahle igama elithi "dermal": I-VX inobuthi obuphezulu kakhulu obukhipha isikhumba uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezinobuthi obuqukethe i-phosphorus. Isikhumba sobuso nentamo sizwela kakhulu emiphumeleni ye-VX. Izimpawu ezivela ekufakweni kwesikhumba zikhula phakathi kwehora elingu-1 kuya kwangu-24, kodwa uma i-VX ihlangana nezindebe noma isikhumba esiphukile, ukuqala kwesenzo kuyashesha kakhulu. Isibonakaliso sokuqala se-resorption esikhumbeni singase singabi yi-miosis, kodwa ukunyakazisa kwemisipha encane endaweni yokuxhumana ne-VX, kulandelwa amajaqamba, ubuthakathaka bemisipha nokukhubazeka.

Imiphumela yobuthi ye-VX esikhumbeni ingase ithuthukiswe yizinto ezingezona ubuthi ngokwazo kodwa ezikwazi ukuhambisa ubuthi emzimbeni. Okusebenza kakhulu phakathi kwazo i-dimethyl sulfoxide ne-N,N-dimethylamide ye-palmitic acid. Ucabangani, %username%, ngabe kube khona umsebenzi owenziwe noma izingxube ezingasebenzisa lesi sakhiwo esihle? Prralna!

I-VX ingena emanzini avulekile isikhathi eside - kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyisi-6. Yebo, izakhiwo futhi, ngokuvamile, yonke into emi nxazonke, engcoliswe amaconsi e-VX, ibeka ingozi ehlobo izinsuku ezingu-1-3, ebusika - izinsuku ezingu-30-60. Ngokuvamile, ukuqina kwe-VX emhlabathini (umphumela we-skin-resorptive): ehlobo - kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-7 kuya kweziyi-15, ebusika - isikhathi sonke ngaphambi kokuqala kokushisa.

Futhi ukhuluma ngobusika benuzi...

Umhlaba wazi amacala amaningana okusebenzisa i-VX.

• Ngo-December 1994 nango-January 1995, uMasami Tsuchiya, ilungu lehlelo lenkolo laseJapane u-Aum Shinrikyo, ngomyalo womholi wehlelo u-Shoko Asahara, wahlanganisa amagremu angu-100 kuya kwangu-200 e-VX, eyasetshenziselwa ukubulala abantu abathathu. Ababili badliswa ushevu kodwa abazange bafe. Omunye wabadliswe ushevu, owesilisa oneminyaka engu-28 ubudala, ushonile, waba ngowokuqala isisulu se-VX esake saqoshwa emhlabeni. Indoda u-Asahara okusolakala ukuthi iyimbuka yahlaselwa ngo-7:00 ekuseni ngo-December 12, 1994, emgwaqweni e-Osaka. Abahlaseli bafutha i-VX ewuketshezi entanyeni kamufi. Indoda enoshevu yawajaha cishe amamitha ayikhulu ngaphambi kokuwa; washona ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-100, ngaphandle kokuphuma e-coma ejulile. Odokotela baqale basola ukuthi wayedliswe ushevu uhlobo oluthile lwesibulala-zinambuzane i-organophosphorus, kodwa imbangela yangempela yokufa yatholwa kuphela ngemva kokuba amalungu ehlelo eboshelwe ukuqhuma kwamabhomu esitimela saseTokyo futhi avuma icala lokubulala. Ezinyangeni eziyisikhombisa ngemuva kokubulawa, ama-metabolites e-VX afana ne-ethyl methylphosphonate, i-methylphosphonic acid ne-disopropyl-10-(methylthio)ethylamine atholwe kumasampula egazi lesisulu. Ngokungafani ne-sarin, i-VX ayizange isetshenziswe yihlelo lokubulala abantu abaningi (njengesigameko saseMatsumoto nokuhlasela kwesitimela saseTokyo).
• NgoFebhuwari 13, 2017, uKim Jong Nam, umfowabo kaKim Jong-un, umbusi we-DPRK, wabulawa ngosizo lwe-VX. Lokhu kubulala kwenzeke endaweni okusuka kuyo isikhumulo sezindiza samazwe ngamazwe eKuala Lumpur (Malaysia). Abesifazane ababili bayathinteka ekubulaweni. Omunye waphazamisa ukunaka kukaKim Jong Nam, kwathi omunye wajikijela iduku elifakwe into enobuthi ebusweni bakhe ngemuva. Saphatheka kabi, bamyisa esibhedlela, kodwa washonela endleleni.

Hhayi-ke, njengenjwayelo, lapho isintu sibuyela ezingqondweni kancane futhi sabona ukuthi sidalwe yini, kwaba nokuhlehla. Ama-V-gases avinjelwe yi-Chemical Weapons Convention yango-1993, okusho ukuthi angeke akhiqizwa futhi izinqwaba ezikhona kufanele zicekelwe phansi. Kodwa kukhona ama-nuances.

• I-Russia ne-United States kuphela abavumayo ukuthi bane-V-gases noma babenayo, kodwa amanye amazwe kukholakala ukuthi nawo anabo obunye balobu buthi.
• Ngo-September 27, 2017, abezindaba baseRussia babike ukucekelwa phansi okuphelele kwezikhali zamakhemikhali zaseRussia, kuhlanganise ne-VX. Akekho owakholwa.
• UCindy Westergaard, uchwepheshe wezikhali zamakhemikhali kanye nozakwabo omkhulu e-Stimson Center, uthi i-Iraq "ikhiqize i-VX impela" ngeminyaka yawo-1980, kodwa abukho ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwayo. Wonke umuntu wakukholwa. Ngendlela, i-VX okwamanje isatholakala kuma-arsenal ase-US (izimpawu zezempi ziyizindandatho ezintathu eziluhlaza ezinombhalo othi VX-GAS). Kodwa akekho onendaba.
• I-North Korea, kanye ne-Egypt neSouth Sudan, ayikaze isayine noma yamukele i-Chemical Weapons Convention.

Futhi ngokushesha - amazwi ambalwa mayelana Novichok.

Iqembu lokuxhuma elithi 'Novichok'

Kuyinto evamile ukuzihlanganisa ne "Novichok":

• A-230: I-N-(methylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (esithombeni esingakwesokunxele), iba yiqhwa emakhazeni;
• A-232: I-N-(O-Methylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (eboniswe ngakwesokudla), ithuthukiswe futhi yahlolelwa ukusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yempi yamakhemikhali;
• A-234: I-N-(O-Ethylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine, efana namafutha e-viscous futhi ayisakazeki emoyeni, ithinta umzimba lapho uthinta isikhumba, uzinzile futhi imelana nezimo zezulu. .

Kwakuyilezi zinhlanganisela ezethulwa u-Viktor Kholstov, ilungu lethimba lase-Russia kuSeshini yama-57 kanye nesama-59 yeKomidi Eliphethe Lenhlangano Yokuvinjelwa Kwezikhali Zamakhemikhali; nokho, umndeni ngokwawo uqukethe izinhlanganisela ezifanayo ezingaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha.

Kunombono wokuthi i-Novichok inobuthi kakhulu kune-VX, kodwa azikho izibalo ezinikezwa imithamo enobuthi. Ngamanye amazwi, i-Novichok inobuthi izikhathi ezingu-5-10.

Eqinisweni, kuningi okuqukethwe okungcolile kule ndaba kangangokuthi ifanele i-athikili yayo. Ngazise kumazwana, %igama lomsebenzisi%.

Okwamanje...

Sinomnqobi! Indawo yokuqala

Umqondo othanda ukwazi weHomo sapiens awuzange wehlise umoya ngemuva kokutholakala kweVX. Phela, empeleni, kwatholakala into engase ingcolise yonke into embi kakhulu kunokuqhuma kwe-athomu - kodwa kuthiwani uma konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe ndawonye?

Khona-ke, amazwi ambalwa mayelana nemisebe.

Isintu sazi izinhlobo eziningana zemisebe. Ngolimi olulula nolufinyeleleka kalula, lokhu kwenzeka:

1. Imisebe ebangelwa ama-photon - UV, X-ray, gamma
2. Imisebe ebangelwa ama-electron - i-beta
3. Imisebe ebangelwa izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo - ama-neutron, ama-proton
4. Imisebe ebangelwa izinhlayiya ezinkulu - alpha

Uma wena, %username% othandekayo, ufuna ukwethula ipizi, ibhola lethenisi, ibhasikidi kanye nezisindo eziyikhilogremu, yini engakwenza ucasuke kakhulu? Kuyafana nemisebe - uma inzima, ibuhlungu kakhulu. Hhayi-ke, kuyacaca ukuthi konke kuncike ejubaneni.

Eqinisweni, umonakalo ovela ezinhlayiyeni ze-alpha mkhulu kakhulu - yingakho ezinhlayiyeni ze-alpha isici sekhwalithi singu-20 futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi ngenani elilinganayo lamandla emisebe amuncwa ngeyunithi ngayinye yesisindo sesitho noma izicubu, umphumela webhayoloji wezinhlayiya ze-alpha. izoba namandla ngokuphindwe kamashumi amabili kunomphumela wemisebe ye-gamma.

Ngenhlanhla, izinhlayiya ze-alpha zisinda kakhulu futhi ziyangqubuzana futhi zisebenzisana ngokuqinile nayo yonke into kangangokuthi azingeni ngezinhlayiya zesikhumba ezenziwe ngekeratinized. Kodwa…
I-Polonium-210

Ayikho i-polonium-210 ehlanzekile emhlabeni, nakuba itholakala ngamanani amancane kuwo wonke ama-uranium nama-thorium ores. Ngendlela yayo ehlanzekile itholakala ngokwenziwa. Ngokunembayo, bayithola. Njengoba ulwazi lubonisile, izakhiwo ze-polonium-210 azinasithakazelo esintwini, ngaphandle kwento eyodwa:

• I-Polonium-210 kuma-alloys ane-beryllium ne-boron yayisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imithombo ye-neutron ehlangene futhi enamandla kakhulu ekhiqiza cishe akukho γ-radiation. Kodwa-ke, manje le niche isithathwe ngokuqinile yi-californium.
• Indawo ebalulekile yesicelo se-polonium-210 ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngendlela yama-alloys anomthofu, i-yttrium, noma ngokuzimela ukukhiqizwa kwemithombo yokushisa enamandla futhi ehlangene kakhulu yokufakwa okuzimele, isibonelo, emkhathini. I-cubic centimeter eyodwa ye-polonium-210 ikhipha ukushisa okungaba ngu-1320 W. Lawa mandla aphakeme kakhulu, aletha kalula i-polonium esimweni esincibilikisiwe, yingakho ihlanganiswa, isibonelo, ngomthofu. Nakuba lawa ma-alloys anomthamo wamandla aphansi ngokuphawulekayo (150 W/cm³), nokho asebenziseka kalula futhi aphephile, njengoba i-polonium-210 ikhipha cishe izinhlayiya ze-alpha kuphela, futhi ikhono layo lokungena nebanga lokuhamba endabeni eminyene lincane. Isibonelo, izimoto zaseSoviet ezizihambelayo zohlelo lwasemkhathini lweLunokhod zasebenzisa i-polonium heater ukushisisa indawo yezinsimbi. Kodwa i-USSR ayisekho, uhlelo lwenyanga futhi, futhi ukushisa indlu ishibhile kune-polonium.
• I-Polonium-210 yayivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amagesi e-ionize (ikakhulukazi umoya). Isibonelo, yengezwe kuma-alloys e-electrode yamapulaki e-automotive spark ukuze kuncishiswe i-spark voltage. Lokhu akwenziwa manje, nakuba, ngokwesibonelo, ngokunemba kwe-optics, amabhulashi okususa uthuli enziwa lapho kwethulwa inani eliwumzuzu le-polonium. Yiqiniso, hhayi eRussia - i-polonium ivinjelwe ngokuphelele lapha, kodwa e-USA amabhulashi anjalo angathengwa bese aphonswa kudoti jikelele.
• I-Polonium-210 ingasebenza ku-alloy ene-isotope ekhanyayo ye-lithium (6Li) njengento enganciphisa ngokuphawulekayo isisindo esibucayi sokushajwa kwenyukliya futhi isebenze njengohlobo lwesiqhumane senuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-polonium ilungele ukudala "amabhomu angcolile" ahlangene futhi ilungele ukuthuthwa ngokucashile, ngoba ayikhiphi imisebe ye-gamma. I-isotope ikhipha imisebe ye-gamma enamandla angu-803 keV enesivuno sokubola esingu-0,001% kuphela - ngokusho kwe-dosimeter, isotopu iphephile cishe. Kodwa ukukala imisebe ye-alpha, udinga idivayisi ebucayi kakhulu. I-BINGO!

I-Polonium-210 inobuthi ngokwedlulele, i-radiotoxic kanye ne-carcinogenic, enesigamu sempilo yezinsuku eziyi-138 namahora ayi-9. Zonke lezi zinsuku namahora, izinhlayiya ze-alpha eziqinile zindiza zisuka kuyo: umsebenzi wayo othize (166 TBq/g) uphakeme kangangokuthi awukwazi ukuwuthatha ngezandla zakho, ngoba umphumela uzoba ukulimala kwemisebe esikhumbeni futhi, ngokunokwenzeka, umzimba wonke: ipolonium ingena kalula esikhunjeni. Imvamisa, izinhlayiya ze-alpha ezinamandla anjalo andizi ngaphezu kuka-1 cm emoyeni, kodwa lokhu akuyona inketho ye-polonium enokhahlo: izinhlanganisela zayo ziyazishisa bese ziphenduka isimo se-aerosol.

Futhi kwenzekani emzimbeni wakho lapho i-polonium-210 enikeza ukuphila ingena kuwo - ingabe kufanelekile ukukutshela? Eqinisweni, yonke i-athomu eshaya izicubu zakho ezithambile eziphinki ihlukanisa futhi iqhumise yonke into eseduze ngezinhlayiya ze-alpha. Amaseli. Amanzi. Ama-molecule e-DNA ne-RNA. Konke lokhu kuyahlukana uNkulunkulu uyazi - futhi ucosha zonke izinjabulo zokugula ngemisebe ekuqondeni kwakho okubi kakhulu.

I-Polonium-210 inobuthi obuphindwe izikhathi ezi-4 trillion kune-hydrocyanic acid. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, umthamo obulalayo we-polonium-210 kumuntu omdala ulinganiselwa ku-0,6-2 mcg lapho isotopu ingena emzimbeni ngamaphaphu, kuya ku-6-18 mcg lapho ingena emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa i-digestive tract.

Umlando uyazi amacala amabili we-polonium-210 poisoning. Konke kukholakala kakhulu.

• Ukufa kuka-Alexander Litvinenko ngo-2006, owafa ngenxa yobuthi be-polonium-210. Ngendlela, ekuqaleni kwakukholelwa ukuthi wayenoshevu nge-thallium. Ngomhla zingama-24 kuLwezi, ososayensi beBritish Health Agency (BHA) bamemezele ukuthi uLitvinenko ushonile ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwemisebe. Ngokusho kukaRoger Cox, inhloko ye-BAZ Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Risks, ukuhlolwa komchamo kwembula imisebe yemisebe ebangelwa njengoba bekulindelekile, ipolonium-210. Ubuye wathi ngemithamo emincane i-Po-210 yandisa ingozi ye-neoplasms eyingozi, futhi ngobuningi iphazamisa umsebenzi womnkantsha wamathambo, uhlelo lokugaya ukudla nezinye izitho ezibalulekile.
• I-Polonium yatholakala empahleni ka-Yasser Arafat, owashona ngo-2004. Isidumbu sambiwa. Ekuqaleni, uhlangothi lwaseSwitzerland lwekhomishana yamazwe ngamazwe lwaqinisekisa iqiniso lobuthi be-polonium. Nokho, kamuva wavumelana neziphetho zezinhlangothi zaseRussia nezaseFrance zokuthi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi ubuthi bukhona.

By the way, kukhona inguqulo lite polonium-210 - lokhu protactinium-231. Ngomshini ofanayo (ukubola kwe-alpha), uhhafu wempilo ye-protactinium ilingana neminyaka engama-32480, ngakho-ke ayiyona ingozi kangako: ayishisi, ayinayo imisebe, ngakho-ke inobuthi obuphindwe ka-250 kuphela. ngaphezu kwe-hydrocyanic acid. Akuyona into eguquguqukayo, ayigxili esikhumbeni - uma kuqhathaniswa ne-polonium ibonakala impofu, ngakho-ke ukuphepha okuphezulu (lapha ngimomotheka nge-grin embi kakhulu) inani le-protactinium lapho lingena emzimbeni womuntu liyi-0,5 mcg. Yiqiniso, emzimbeni womuntu i-protactinium-231 ijwayele ukuqoqa ezinso nasemathanjeni - futhi ihlale lapho isikhathi eside, ihlanza umzimba ngaphakathi. Ngakho-ke kusafanele ufe.

KONKE!

Ngakho-ke sesiqede ingxenye yesithathu yokwazana kwethu, %igama lomsebenzisi%.

Ngiyethemba ukuthi ufunde konke kuze kube sekugcineni futhi usenawo amandla okuchofoza inkinobho yokuvota ukuze ubone ukuthi ukwazana kwethu kusazoqhubeka yini.

Futhi cishe sekuyoshaya ihora lesithupha ekuseni, isikhathi sokulala.

Ngisakufisela impilo eyengeziwe kanye nokunciphisa ubuthi empilweni!

NginguKufa, umbhubhisi omkhulu wezwe.

- Imigqa evela kuBhagavad Gita eshiwo nguRobert Oppenheimer ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kokuqala kwenuzi eduze kwase-Alamogordo ngoJulayi 16, 1945.

Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. Ngena ngemvume, wamukelekile.

Ingabe kufanelekile ukuqhubeka?

• Yeka ukungibhuqa ubuchopho vele!

• Ubani oze afunde lo mbhedo kuwebhusayithi ye-IT?

• Phuza ushevu!

• Bhala ngemvula ephuzi kanye ne-Agent Orange.

• Bhala ngo-Novichok.

Bangu-6 abasebenzisi abavotile. Abasebenzisi abangu-3 bayenqaba.

Source: www.habr.com