Ubuthi obuncane obuthusayo

Sawubona futhi, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Siyabonga kuwo wonke umuntu owazisayo i-opus yami “Ubuthi obubi kakhulu”.

Kwakujabulisa kakhulu ukufunda amazwana, noma ngabe ayeyini, kwakujabulisa kakhulu ukuphendula.

Ngiyajabula ukuthi uwuthandile i-hit parade. Uma ngingakuthandi, ngenze konke engingakwenza.

Ukuphawula nomsebenzi okungigqugquzele ukuthi ngibhale ingxenye yesibili.

Ngakho, ngethula kini elinye eliyishumi elibulalayo!

Indawo yeshumi

Emhlophe

Yebo, ngiyazi, %username%, ukuthi manje uzobabaza ngokushesha: "Hhawu, ekugcineni i-chlorine, enkulu nembi kakhulu!" Kodwa akunjalo.

Okokuqala, i-bleach ayinayo i-chlorine, kodwa i-sodium hypochlorite. Yebo, ekugcineni ihlephula ibe yi-chlorine, kodwa namanje ayiyona i-chlorine.

Okwesibili, naphezu kokuthi i-chlorine empeleni yayiyi-ejenti yokuqala yempi yamakhemikhali emlandweni we-philanthropic humanity (yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-1915 phakathi neMpi YaseYpres - yebo, yilokho, hhayi igesi yesinaphi, nakuba yilapho igama livela khona) , ngokushesha "hhayi asambeni."

Inkinga ukuthi umuntu unuka i-chlorine isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba adliwe ushevu. Bese ebaleka ngemuva kwesikhashana.

Zihlulele wena: iphunga le-chlorine lizozwakala yinoma yimuphi umuntu ngaphandle kwe-sinusitis ku-0,1-0,3 ppm (nakuba bethi iphinde iphule nge-sinusitis). Ukuhlushwa kwe-1-3 ppm kuvame ukubekezelelwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora - ukuzwa okuvuthayo okungenakubekezelelwa emehlweni kuholela emicabangweni yokuthi unezinto eziningi ezibalulekile okufanele uzenze, kodwa ngesizathu esithile, kude nalapha. Ngo-30 ppm, izinyembezi zizogeleza ngokushesha (hhayi ngehora), futhi kuzovela ukukhwehlela okubuhlungu. Ku-40-60 ppm, izinkinga zamaphaphu zizoqala.

Ukuhlala emkhathini ogcwele i-chlorine engu-400 ppm isigamu sehora kuyabulala. Yebo, noma imizuzu embalwa - ekuhlanganiseni kwe-1000 ppm.

EMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, basebenzisa iqiniso lokuthi i-chlorine isinda kancane kancane kunomoya - ngakho-ke bayiyeka indize ithafa, ishunqa isitha ngaphandle kwemisele. Futhi lapho base bevele beqopha ngendlela endala futhi evivinywayo.

Yiqiniso, uma usebenza endaweni yokukhiqiza i-chlorine futhi bakubophe lapho eduze kwethangi le-chlorine, kunesizathu sokukhathazeka. Kodwa akufanele ulindele ukuthi uzofakwa ubuthi nge-chlorine lapho ugeza indlu yangasese noma ngenxa ye-electrolysis yamanzi anosawoti.

Yebo, yebo, uma usenebhadi, sicela uqaphele: alikho ikhambi le-chlorine; ikhambi umoya omusha. Yebo, nokubuyiselwa kwezicubu ezishile, kunjalo.

indawo yesishiyagalolunye

I-Vitamin A - noma, ngolimi oluvamile, i-retinol

Wonke umuntu ukhumbula amavithamini. Hhayi-ke, inzuzo yabo. Abanye abantu badidanisa utshwala nokubhema namavithamini, kodwa kunjalo.

Njengezingane, ogogo babo bonke abantu babatshela ukuthi badle ama-apula nezaqathi. Wangitshela. Ngisanda kuthanda i-puree ye-carrot yaseSoviet kulezo zimbiza ezincane!

Kodwa ungadidanisi i-retinol esabekayo ne-carotene yemvelo (yilokhu okutholakala kumakhabe nezaqathe): ngokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-carotenes, ukuphuzi kwezintende zezandla, izinyawo zezinyawo kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila kungenzeka (ngendlela, lokhu kwenzeka mina ngiseyingane!), kodwa ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi kakhulu azikho izimpawu zokudakwa ezibonwayo.

Ngakho, i-LD50 ye-retinol ingu-2 g/kg kumagundane ayidlile. Uma ucabangela ukuthi i-vitamin i-fat-soluble, uma udla isinqumelo esithile, uzothola okuncane. Amagundane alahlekelwa ukwazi, adlikizekile, nokufa.

Kubantu, amacala ayethakazelisa kakhulu: umthamo wevithamini A we-25 IU/kg udala ubuthi obunzima, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke komthamo we-000 IU/kg izinyanga eziyi-4000-6 kubangela ubuthi obungapheli (ngokwereferensi: odokotela banzima kakhulu. abantu okufanele bakuqonde, futhi lokhu hhayi kuphela ngenxa yombhalo wesandla - babala uvithamini A ku-IU - amayunithi ezokwelapha; iyunithi eyodwa ye-IU yathathwa ne-15 mcg ye-retinol).

Ubuthi kubantu bubonakala ngezimpawu ezilandelayo: ukuvuvukala kwe-cornea, ukulahlekelwa ukudla, isicanucanu, isibindi esandisiwe, ubuhlungu obuhlangene. Ubuthi be-vitamin A obungapheli kwenzeka ngokusetshenziswa njalo kwemithamo ephezulu yevithamini kanye namanani amaningi kawoyela wezinhlanzi.

Amacala obuthi obuyingozi obunomphumela obulalayo angenzeka lapho udla isibindi sikashaka, ibhere elimhlophe, izilwane zasolwandle, noma ama-huskies (ungahlukumezi izinja!). Abantu baseYurophu bebelokhu bebhekana nalokhu okungenani ngo-1597, lapho amalungu ohambo lwesithathu lukaBarents egula kakhulu ngemva kokudla isibindi sebhere elimhlophe.

Uhlobo olunzima lobuthi luzibonakalisa ngendlela yokudlikizela nokukhubazeka. Ngendlela engapheli ye-overdose, ingcindezi ye-intracranial iyanda, ehambisana nekhanda, isicanucanu, nokuhlanza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvuvukala kwe-macula kanye nokukhubazeka okubonakalayo okuhambisana nakho kwenzeka. Kuvela ukopha, kanye nezimpawu zemiphumela ye-hepato- nephrotoxic yemithamo emikhulu kavithamini A. Ukuphuka kwamathambo okuzenzakalelayo kungase kwenzeke. I-vitamin A eyengeziwe ingabangela ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa ngakho-ke akufanele idlule umthamo wansuku zonke onconywayo, futhi kungcono ukungayithathi nhlobo kwabesifazane abakhulelwe.

Ukuze kuqedwe ubuthi, i-mannitol inqunyelwe, enciphisa ingcindezi ye-intracranial futhi iqede izimpawu ze-meningism, i-glucocorticoids, esheshisa i-metabolism yevithamini esibindini futhi iqinise ulwelwesi lwama-lysosomes esibindini nasezinso. I-Vitamin E iphinde iqinise ulwelwesi lwamaseli.

Ngakho-ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, khumbula: akuyona yonke into enempilo enempilo ngobuningi.

Indawo yesishiyagalombili

I-Iron

Insimbi engena ebuchosheni ngokuqinisekile inobuthi, nokho lokhu akulungile.

Kodwa ngokungathí sina, isimo se-iron sisondelene kakhulu naleso sevithamini A.

Abanye abantu banqunyelwe i-iron ukuqeda i-anemia yokuntuleka kwe-iron. Ugogo wami ohlale ekhumbuleka njalo wayeluleka ngokudla ama-apula - aqukethe insimbi eningi (futhi wonke umuntu uyalazi leli hlaya elinentshebe).

Ngaphambili, badla insimbi ngomqondo ongokoqobo - esithombeni esingenhla kukhona i-carbonyl iron - ngakho bayidla: isisu sigcwele i-hydrochloric acid, ngakho-ke insimbi ehlakazekile kahle yahlakazeka lapho futhi kwakwanele.

Base beqala ukusho ama-iron sulfate nama-iron lactate. Into ehlekisayo nge-iron ukuthi kufanele ibe yi-divalent: umzimba awukwazi ukubekezelela i-iron ferric, ngaphandle kwalokho, igxuma ngenjabulo ku-pH engaphezu kuka-4.

I-7-35 g yensimbi izokuthumela ngokuthembekile, %igama lomsebenzisi%, emhlabeni olandelayo. Futhi manje angikhulumi ngento yensimbi ebekwe endaweni efanele emzimbeni - ngikhuluma ngosawoti wensimbi. Ezinganeni kunzima nakakhulu (izingane zihlale zinzima): amagremu angu-3 ensimbi ayabulala izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-3 ubudala. Ngendlela, ngokusho kwezibalo, lokhu kuyindlela evamile kakhulu yobuthi bezingane ngengozi.

Ukuziphatha kwensimbi eyeqile kufana kakhulu nobuthi bensimbi enzima (futhi, ngendlela, iphathwa cishe ngendlela efanayo. Insimbi inganqwabelana emzimbeni, njengezinsimbi ezinzima - kodwa ngezifo ezithile zofuzo nezingamahlalakhona noma ngokudla ngokweqile. ngaphandle.Abantu abane-ayoni eyeqile bahlushwa ubuthakathaka bomzimba, banciphe, bagule kaningi.Ngasikhathi sinye, ukususa i-ayoni eningi ngokuvamile kunzima kakhulu kunokuqeda ukuntula kwayo.

Ngoshevu obunzima bensimbi, ulwelwesi lwamathumbu luyalimala, ukwehluleka kwesibindi kuyakhula, futhi kuba nesicanucanu nokuhlanza. Uhudo kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “indle emnyama” kujwayelekile - uthola umqondo. Uma uyiyeka - izinhlobo ezinzima zokulimala kwesibindi, i-coma, ukuhlangana nezihlobo ezafa kudala.

Indawo yesikhombisa

I-Aspirin

Ngesizathu esithile, manje ngikhumbula wonke amafilimu aseMelika lapho abalingisi, lapho bephathwa yikhanda, bamane badle amaphakethe amaphilisi. Nkulunkulu!

I-Acetylsalicylic acid noma i-aspirin - njengoba uFelix Hoffman ayibiza kanjalo, owahlanganisa lo mkhiqizo onikeza ukuphila elabhorethri ye-Bayer AG ngo-Agasti 10, 1897, une-LD50 kumagundane angu-200 mg/kg. Yebo, lokhu kuningi, awukwazi ukudla amaphilisi amaningi kangaka, kodwa njenganoma yimuphi umuthi, i-aspirin inemiphumela emibi. Futhi zinjalo-ngakho: izinkinga ngepheshana lesisu kanye nokuvuvukala kwezicubu. Kodwa-ke, uma ngempela uthola i-aspirin eyanele, kusho ukuthi ngokweqisa ngokweqile (lokhu kulapho sekuyisikhathi esisodwa - kodwa imoto) izinga lokufa lingu-2%. I-overdose engapheli (yilapho kusetshenziswa imithamo ephezulu isikhathi eside) imvamisa ibulala, izinga lokufa lingama-25%, futhi njengensimbi, ukweqisa okungamahlalakhona kungaba nzima kakhulu ezinganeni.

Uma kunobuthi be-aspirin, ukucasuka okukhulu kwesisu, ukudideka, ukudangala kwengqondo, ukuquleka, ukunkeneneza ezindlebeni, nokozela kuyabonwa.

Phatha njenganoma yikuphi ukweqisa izidakamizwa: amalahle acushiwe, i-dextrose efakwa emthanjeni nosawoti ojwayelekile, i-sodium bicarbonate, ne-dialysis.

I-Reye's syndrome idinga ukunakwa okukhethekile - isifo esingajwayelekile kodwa esibucayi esibonakala nge-acute encephalopathy kanye nokufakwa kwamafutha esibindini. Le nto ingenzeka lapho izingane noma intsha inikezwa i-aspirin ngenxa yomkhuhlane noma okunye ukugula noma ukutheleleka. Kusukela ngo-1981 kuya ku-1997, amacala angu-1207 e-Reye's syndrome kubantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ubudala abikwa e-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Kulaba, ama-93% abike ukuthi ayagula emasontweni amathathu ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-Reye's syndrome, ngokuvamile enesifo sokuphefumula, inkukhu, noma isifo sohudo.

Kubukeka kanjena:

• Ezinsukwini ezingama-5-6 ngemuva kokuqala kwesifo esibangelwa amagciwane (ngenkukhu - ezinsukwini ezingama-4-5 ngemuva kokuvela kokuqubuka), isicanucanu nokuhlanza okungalawuleki kuvela ngokuzumayo, okuhambisana nokushintsha kwesimo sengqondo (kuhluka kusuka kokukhathala okuncane kuya ku-coma ejulile futhi iziqephu zokudideka, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo).
• Ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-3 ubudala, izimpawu eziyinhloko zalesi sifo kungase kube ukwehluleka ukuphefumula, ukozela nokudlikizela, futhi ezinganeni zonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, ukungezwani ku-fontanel enkulu kuyaphawulwa.
• Uma kungekho ukwelashwa okwanele, isimo sesiguli siwohloka ngokushesha: ukukhula okusheshayo kwe-coma, ukudlikizeka, nokuboshwa kokuphefumula.
• Ukwanda kwesibindi kubonakala ku-40% wamacala, kodwa i-jaundice ayivamile.
• Ukwanda kwe-AST, ALT, ne-ammonia ku-serum yegazi yeziguli kuvamile.

Ungakugwema kanjani lokhu? Kulula: akufanele unikeze ingane yakho i-aspirin uma inomkhuhlane, isimungumungwane noma inkukhu. Qaphela lapho ubeka i-acetylsalicylic acid emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-12 ubudala. Kulesi simo, kunconywa ukufaka esikhundleni se-acetylsalicylic acid nge-paracetamol noma ibuprofen. Shayela udokotela wakho ngokushesha uma ingane yakho ibonisa noma yiziphi izimpawu: ukuhlanza, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukukhathala, ukucasuka, ukudangala, ukuphefumula kanzima, izingalo nemilenze eqinile, i-coma.

Zinakekele izingane phela ziyifa lethu.

Indawo yesithupha

Isikhutha

Yebo, yebo, sonke siyaphefumula futhi sikhiphe le carbon dioxide efanayo. Kodwa umzimba ngeke ulahle noma yini ewusizo kalula kanjalo! Ngendlela, kukhona cishe u-0,04% we-carbon dioxide emoyeni - uma kuqhathaniswa, kune-argon ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-20 emoyeni.

Ngaphandle kwakho nezinye izilwane, i-carbon dioxide ikhishwa ngesikhathi sokusha okuphelele futhi itholakala kuzo zonke iziphuzo ezishisayo - ezingezona utshwala nezithakazelisa kakhulu (okuningi ngazo ngezansi).

Ekuhlanganiseni kakade kwe-0,1% (leli zinga le-carbon dioxide ngezinye izikhathi libonwa emoyeni wama-megacities), abantu baqala ukuzizwa bebuthakathaka, bayozela - khumbula ukuthi wazizwa kanjani isifiso esingalawuleki sokuzamula? Lapho zenyuka zifinyelela ku-7-10%, izimpawu zokuqunjelwa ziyakhula, zibonakaliswa ngesimo sekhanda, isiyezi, ukungezwa kanye nokulahlekelwa ukwazi (izimpawu ezifana nalezo zokugula kokuphakama), lezi zimpawu zikhula, kuye ngokuthi ukugxilwa kwengqondo, isikhathi eside. imizuzu embalwa kufika ehoreni elilodwa.

Lapho umoya ogcwele kakhulu igesi uhogelwa, ukufa kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu ngenxa yokuphelelwa umoya okubangelwa i-hypoxia.

Ukuhogela umoya onezinga eliphezulu lale gesi akuholeli ezinkingeni zempilo zesikhathi eside. Ngemva kokukhipha isisulu emkhathini ogcwele i-carbon dioxide, ukubuyiselwa okuphelele kwempilo nokuphila kahle kwenzeka ngokushesha.

I-Carbon dioxide nayo inzima izikhathi ezingu-1,5 kunomoya - futhi lokhu kufanele kucatshangelwe mayelana nokunqwabelana kwama-niches nasezindlini ezingaphansi.

Faka umoya egumbini lakho, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Indawo yesihlanu

Ushukela

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ushukela ubukeka kanjani. Ngeke sikhulume nge-holivar - okufanele sikuphuze noshukela nokuthi yini ngaphandle kwayo: ikhofi noma itiye, sekubulale abantu abaningi kakhulu.

Eqinisweni, ushukela (ngokuqondile, i-glucose) ingenye yezinhlanganisela eziyinhloko zokudla okunomsoco - futhi yiyona kuphela emuncwa izicubu zezinzwa. Ngaphandle kukashukela, ngeke ukwazi ukucabanga noma ukufunda lo mbhalo, %username%!

Kodwa-ke, ushukela unomthamo onobuthi - amagundane angama-50% ayafa lapho edla ushukela ongu-30 g/kg (ungabuzi ukuthi adliswe kanjani). Ngisakhumbula imoto engaphansi komhlaba eNew York ngo-2014, lapho zonke izifo zazisolwa ngoshukela: kusukela ekusweleni amandla kuya ekuhlaselweni kwenhliziyo. Ngabuye ngacabanga-ke: isintu sasinda kanjani ngaphandle kwama-sweeteners amakhemikhali?

Ngandlela thize, ushukela unobuthi obukhulu (njengoba ubonile - imithamo emikhulu KAKHULU). Izimpawu zobuthi ziyindlala uma kuqhathaniswa:

• Isimo sokucindezeleka
• Ukuphazamiseka kwamathumbu.

Kodwa empeleni, kunabantu abambalwa kakhulu phakathi kwethu ushukela ongushevu wangempela kubo. Laba abanesifo sikashukela. Ngingusokhemisi, angiyena udokotela, kodwa ngiyazi. ukuthi isifo sikashukela siza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, ubukhulu obuhlukene, ngenxa yezimbangela ezahlukene futhi siphathwa ngendlela ehlukile. Ngakho-ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, uma uqaphele:

• I-Polyuria ukwanda kokuphuma komchamo okubangelwa ukwanda kwengcindezi ye-osmotic yomchamo ngenxa ye-glucose encibilike kuyo (imvamisa ayikho i-glucose emchameni). Kubonakaliswa ukuchama okuvamisile, okukhulu, okuhlanganisa nasebusuku.
• I-Polydipsia (ukoma okungapheli okungapheli) kubangelwa ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwamanzi emchameni kanye nokwanda komfutho we-osmotic wegazi.
• I-Polyphagia - indlala engapheli. Lolu phawu lubangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwezinqubo ze-metabolic kusifo sikashukela, okungukuthi, ukungakwazi kwamaseli ukumunca nokucubungula i-glucose lapho ingekho i-insulin (indlala phakathi kokuningi).
• Ukuncipha kwesisindo (ikakhulukazi okuvamile kuhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo loku-XNUMX) kuwuphawu oluvamile lwesifo sikashukela, esiba khona naphezu kokukhula kwesifiso sokudla seziguli. Ukuncipha kwesisindo (ngisho nokukhathala) kubangelwa ukwanda kwe-catabolism yamaprotheni namafutha ngenxa yokukhishwa kwe-glucose emandleni e-metabolism yamangqamuzana.
• Izimpawu zesibili: ukulunywa kwesikhumba nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, umlomo owomile, ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile bemisipha, ikhanda elibuhlungu, izilonda zesikhumba ezivuvukalayo okunzima ukukwelapha, ukubona okufiphele.

- hamba uye esibhedlela futhi unikele ngegazi ukuze uthole ushukela!

Isifo sikashukela siqhelelene nesigwebo sentambo, singelapheka, kodwa uma ungaselapheki futhi udle uswidi, okulindelwe yisifo senhliziyo, ukungaboni, ukulimala kwezinso, ukulimala kwemizwa, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi unyawo lwesifo sikashukela - Google it , uzoyithanda.

Indawo yesine

Usawoti wethebula

“Usawoti noshukela kuyizitha zethu ezimhlophe,” akunjalo? Hhayi-ke, yingakho usawoti ulandela ushukela.

Kunzima ukucabanga ukudla kwethu ngaphandle kukasawoti, futhi ngendlela, siyisebenzisa kuphela ngenxa yezintandokazi zomuntu siqu: imikhiqizo igcwele i-sodium ne-chlorine, umthombo owengeziwe awudingeki nje.

Naphezu kokuthi usawoti wenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokugcina ibhalansi kasawoti wamanzi emzimbeni, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwayo yonke into - kusukela egazini kuya ezinso, i-3 g/kg yegundane noma i-12,5 g/kg yomuntu ingabulala. .

Isizathu siwukwephulwa kwalokhu kulinganisa kukasawoti wamanzi okufanayo, okuholela ekuhlulekeni kwezinso, ukwanda okubukhali komfutho wegazi nokufa.

Angicabangi ukuthi kukhona umuntu okwazi ukudla usawoti omningi kangako (ngaphandle kwesibindi - kulungile, inketho enhle ye-Darwin Award), kodwa ngisho "nokweqisa" okuncane kukasawoti kunemiphumela emibi: kuyaziwa ukuthi ukunciphisa usawoti ekudleni. 1 ithisipuni ngosuku ngosuku noma ngaphansi kwehlisa umfutho wegazi ube ngu-8 mm Hg. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda seqiniso lokuthi umfutho wegazi ophezulu uhlasela abantu kakhulu kunengculazi nomdlavuza, angicabangi ukuthi ukunciphisa ukudla kukasawoti kuyisilinganiso sokusinda esingasho lutho.

Umklomelo wesithathu! Indawo yesithathu

I-Caffeine

Manje sizokhuluma ngeziphuzo. Ikhofi, itiye, i-cola, iziphuzo ezinikeza amandla - konke kuqukethe i-caffeine. Zingaki izinkomishi zekhofi oziphuzele namuhla? Ngenkathi ngibhala konke lokhu, anginayo eyodwa, kodwa ngifuna ngempela...

Ngendlela, i-1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, i-guaranine, i-caffeine, i-mateine, i-methyltheobromine, i-theine - kukhona into efanayo kuphrofayili, amagama ahlukene nje, avame ukusungulwa ukubabaza: "Yini, akukho gram ye-caffeine lesi siphuzo - lapho ... "Sihluke ngokuphelele futhi siwusizo kakhulu!" Ngokomlando, kwakunjengalokhu: ngo-1819, usokhemisi waseJalimane uFerdinand Runge, owayelele kakhulu, wahlukanisa i-alkaloid, ayibiza ngokuthi i-caffeine (ngendlela, wayeyindoda enkulu: wahlukanisa i-quinine, weza nomqondo wokuthi kusetshenziswa i-chlorine njengesibulala-magciwane, futhi kwaqala umlando wodayi be-aniline). Kwathi ngo-1827, u-Udri wahlukanisa i-alkaloid entsha emaqabunga etiye wayibiza ngokuthi i-theine. Futhi ngo-1838, u-Jobst no-G. Ya. Mulder bacasuka kuwo wonke umuntu futhi bafakazela ukuthi ungubani i-theine ne-caffeine. Ukwakheka kwe-caffeine kwacaciswa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1902 nguHermann Emil Fischer, naye owaba ngumuntu wokuqala wokwenza i-caffeine. Wazuza uMklomelo KaNobel eKhemistry ngo-XNUMX, awuthola ingxenye yalo msebenzi - impi yokulala yagcina iwinile!

U-50% wezinja uyafa uma uthatha u-140 mg/kg we-caffeine nokudla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baba nokuhluleka okukhulu kwezinso, ukucanuzela kwenhliziyo, ukuhlanza, ukopha kwangaphakathi, ukuphazamiseka kwesigqi senhliziyo, nokudlikiza. Ukufa okungajabulisi, yebo.

Kubantu, ngemithamo emincane, i-caffeine inomphumela ovuselelayo ohlelweni lwezinzwa - kahle, wonke umuntu uzihlolele lokhu. Ngokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside, kungabangela ukuncika okuncane - i-theism.

Ngaphansi kwethonya le-caffeine, umsebenzi wenhliziyo uyashesha, umfutho wegazi uyakhuphuka, futhi cishe imizuzu engama-40 isimo sengqondo siba ngcono ngenxa yokukhululwa kwe-dopamine, kodwa ngemva kwamahora angu-3-6 umphumela we-caffeine uyaphela: ukukhathala, ukukhathala, nokuncipha kwekhono. ukuvela emsebenzini.

Indlela eyisicefe yokuchaza imiphumela ye-caffeine.Umphumela we-psychostimulating we-caffeine usekelwe ekhonweni layo lokucindezela umsebenzi wama-central adenosine receptors (A1 no-A2) ku-cerebral cortex kanye nokwakheka kwe-subcortical yesistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi. Manje sekubonisiwe ukuthi i-adenosine idlala indima ye-neurotransmitter ohlelweni lwezinzwa olumaphakathi, ithonya ngokunamandla ama-adenosine receptors atholakala kuma-cytoplasmic membranes of neurons. Ukuvuswa kohlobo I-adenosine receptors (A1) nge-adenosine kubangela ukuncipha kokwakheka kwe-cAMP kumaseli obuchopho, okuholela ekugcineni ekuvinjweni komsebenzi wawo osebenzayo. Ukuvinjelwa kwama-A1-adenosine receptors kusiza ukumisa umphumela ovimbelayo we-adenosine, obonakaliswa ngokomtholampilo ngokwanda kokusebenza kwengqondo nomzimba.

Kodwa-ke, i-caffeine ayinalo ikhono elikhethekile lokuvimba kuphela ama-A1-adenosine receptors ebuchosheni, futhi ivimbela ama-A2-adenosine receptors. Kufakazelwe ukuthi ukusebenza kwama-A2-adenosine receptors ohlelweni lwezinzwa olumaphakathi kuhambisana nokucindezelwa komsebenzi osebenzayo we-D2 dopamine receptors. Ukuvinjwa kwama-A2-adenosine receptors nge-caffeine kusiza ukubuyisela ukusebenza kwe-D2 dopamine receptors, okubuye kube nomthelela emthelela wokuvuselela ingqondo womuthi.

Ngamafuphi, i-caffeine ivimba okuthile lapho. Kanjalo nama-opiates. Njenge-LSD. Ngakho-ke, kuzoba nokulutha, kodwa njengoba ukuvinjwa akunamandla kangako, futhi ama-receptors awabalulekile kangako, i-theism ayiwona umlutha (yize abathandi bekhofi abaningi bezophikisana).

Izimpawu zokudla ngokweqile kwe-caffeine - ubuhlungu besisu, ukuyaluza, ukukhathazeka, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nemoto, ukudideka, i-delirium (i-dissociative), ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi, i-tachycardia, i-arrhythmia, i-hyperthermia, ukuchama njalo, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukwanda kwe-tactile noma ubuhlungu bokuzwela, ukuthuthumela noma ukuxubha kwemisipha; isicanucanu nokuhlanza, ngezinye izikhathi ngegazi; ukukhala ezindlebeni, isithuthwane (uma kwenzeka ukudlula ngokweqile - i-tonic-clonic seizures).

I-caffeine ngemithamo engaphezu kuka-300 mg ngosuku (kuhlanganise nesizinda sokusetshenziswa kabi kwekhofi - izinkomishi ezingaphezu kwezi-4 zekhofi lemvelo, 150 ml ngayinye) ingabangela ukukhathazeka, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukuthuthumela, ukudideka, nokungasebenzi kahle kwenhliziyo.

Ngemithamo ye-150-200 mg ngekhilogremu yesisindo somzimba womuntu, i-caffeine ibangela ukufa. Njengezinja nje.

Ngakho-ke, liphi ikhofi lami?

Indawo yesibili

INicotine

Nokho, wonke umuntu uyazi ngezingozi zokubhema. Futhi mayelana neqiniso lokuthi i-nicotine ingubuthi, futhi. Kodwa ake sikubone.

Ubuthi be-nicotine buhlotshaniswa necala lobuthi obuvusa amadlingozi eBelgium ngo-1850, lapho u-Count Bocarme esolwa ngokudlisa umfowabo womkakhe ushevu. Usokhemisi waseBelgium uJean Servais Stas wasebenza njengomeluleki futhi, ngokuhlaziywa okunzima, akazange nje athole ukuthi ubuthi bubangelwa i-nicotine, kodwa futhi wasungula indlela yokuthola ama-alkaloid, okuthi, ngokuguqulwa okuncane, asasetshenziswa nanamuhla kumakhemikhali okuhlaziya. .

Ngemva kwalokho, i-nicotine ayizange ifundwe futhi inqunywe yivila kuphela. Okwamanje okulandelayo kuyaziwa.

Uma i-nicotine ingena emzimbeni, isakazeka ngokushesha ngegazi futhi ingawela umgoqo wegazi nobuchopho. Okusho ukuthi, iya ngqo ebuchosheni. Ngokwesilinganiso, imizuzwana engu-7 ngemva kokuhogela intuthu kagwayi yanele ukuze i-nicotine ifinyelele ebuchosheni. Ingxenye yempilo ye-nicotine emzimbeni cishe amahora amabili. I-nicotine ehogelwa ngentuthu kagwayi lapho ukubhema kuyingxenyana encane ye-nicotine equkethwe emaqabunga kagwayi (iningi lezinto liyasha, ngokudabukisayo). Inani le-nicotine elimuncwa umzimba lapho ubhema lixhomeke ezicini eziningi, kuhlanganise nohlobo lukagwayi, ukuthi ugwayi wonke uhogelwe yini, nokuthi kusetshenziswa isisefo yini. Ngogwayi ohlafunwayo kanye nesinemfu, okufakwa emlonyeni bese kuhlafunwa noma kuhogelwe ngamakhala, inani le-nicotine elingena emzimbeni likhulu kakhulu kunogwayi obhenywayo. I-Nicotine igaywa esibindini nge-enzyme ye-cytochrome P450 (ikakhulukazi i-CYP2A6, kodwa futhi ne-CYP2B6). I-metabolite eyinhloko yi-cotinine.

Umphumela we-nicotine ohlelweni lwezinzwa ufundwa kahle futhi uphikisana. I-Nicotine isebenza kuma-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: i-athomu ye-nitrogen ene-protonated yeringi ye-pyrrolidine ku-nicotine ilingisa i-athomu ye-nitrogen ye-quaternary ku-acetylcholine, futhi i-athomu ye-pyridine nitrogen inomlingisi wesisekelo se-Lewis, njengomoya-mpilo weqembu le-keto le-acetylcholine. Emazingeni aphansi, kwandisa umsebenzi walawa ma-receptors, okuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuholele ekwandeni kwenani le-hormone evuselelayo i-adrenaline (epinephrine). Ukukhululwa kwe-adrenaline kuholela ekwandeni kwesilinganiso senhliziyo, ukwanda komfutho wegazi nokuphefumula okwandayo, kanye namazinga aphezulu eglucose egazini.

Uhlelo lwezinzwa olunozwela, olusebenza ngemizwa ye-splanchnic ku-adrenal medulla, lukhuthaza ukukhululwa kwe-adrenaline. I-acetylcholine ekhiqizwa imicu ye-preganglionic ezwelayo yalezi zinzwa isebenza kuma-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, okubangela ukuchithwa kweseli kanye nokungena kwe-calcium ngokusebenzisa iziteshi ze-calcium ezine-voltage-gated. I-calcium ibangela i-exocytosis yama-chromaffin granules, ngaleyo ndlela ikhuthaze ukukhululwa kwe-adrenaline (kanye ne-norepinephrine) egazini.

Ingabe sengiyishaye kabi ingqondo yakho kune-nicotine? Yebo? Ngakho-ke, ake sikhulume ngezinto ezijabulisayo.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-nicotine inyusa amazinga e-dopamine ezikhungweni zomvuzo zobuchopho. Ugwayi obhemayo uboniswe ukuthi uvimbela i-monoamine oxidase, i-enzyme enesibopho sokudiliza ama-neurotransmitters e-monoamine (afana ne-dopamine) ebuchosheni. Kukholelwa ukuthi i-nicotine ngokwayo ayikucindezeli ukukhiqizwa kwe-monoamine oxidase; ezinye izingxenye zentuthu kagwayi zinesibopho salokhu. Okuqukethwe okwenyukayo kwe-dopamine kujabulisa izikhungo zobuchopho; zona lezi zikhungo zobuchopho zinesibopho “somngcele wobuhlungu bomzimba”; ngakho-ke, umbuzo wokuthi umuntu obhemayo uyayithola yini injabulo uhlala uvulekile.

Naphezu kobuthi bayo obunamandla, lapho idliwe ngemithamo emincane (ngokwesibonelo, ngokubhema), i-nicotine isebenza njenge-psychostimulant. Imiphumela ye-Nicotine emoyeni iyahlukahluka. Ngokubangela ukukhululwa kweglucose esibindini kanye ne-adrenaline (epinephrine) ku-adrenal medulla, kubangela injabulo. Ngokombono we-subjective, lokhu kubonakaliswa imizwa yokuphumula, ukuzola nokuphila, kanye nesimo sokujabula okusesilinganisweni.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Nicotine kuholela ekwehleni kwesisindo, kunciphisa isifiso sokudla ngenxa yokuvuselela kwayo ama-neurons e-POMC kanye nokwanda kwamazinga kashukela egazini (i-glucose, esebenza ezikhungweni zokusutha nendlala ku-hypothalamus yobuchopho, ithuntubeza umuzwa wendlala). Yiqiniso, ukudla okufinyelelekayo, okuqondakalayo futhi okunempilo "ungadli kakhulu" kusebenza ngokuphumelelayo nakakhulu.

Njengoba sibona, umphumela we-nicotine emzimbeni uyinkimbinkimbi. Yini okufanele isuswe kulokhu:

• I-Nicotine iyinto exhumana ne-nerve receptors
• Njengezinto eziningi ezifanayo, i-nicotine iyalutha futhi iyalutha.

Ngendlela, iziguli ezinokuphazamiseka kwengqondo zinemilutha eyengeziwe yokubhema (uyabhema? - cabanga ngakho futhi uye kudokotela wezengqondo: abekho abantu abanempilo - kukhona abangahloliwe). Inani elikhulu lezifundo emhlabeni wonke lithi abantu abane-schizophrenia kungenzeka ukuthi babheme (amazwe angu-20 ahlukene acwaninga ingqikithi yeziguli ezingu-7593 ezine-schizophrenia, okungama-62% azo ayengabhemi). Kusukela ngo-2006, amaphesenti angu-80 noma ngaphezulu abantu abane-schizophrenia e-United States bayabhema, uma kuqhathaniswa no-20% wabantu abaningi abangabhemi (ngokusho kwe-NCI). Kunemibono eminingana mayelana nezimbangela zalokhu kulutheka, okuyichaza kokubili njengesifiso sokumelana nezimpawu zalesi sifo kanye nesifiso sokumelana nemiphumela engemihle yemithi elwa namagciwane. Ngokombono othile, i-nicotine ngokwayo iphazamisa ingqondo.

I-Nicotine iyingozi kakhulu ezilwaneni ezinegazi elibandayo. Isebenza njenge-neurotoxin, ebangela ukukhubazeka kwesimiso sezinzwa (ukuboshwa kokuphefumula, ukuyeka umsebenzi wenhliziyo, ukufa). Isilinganiso esibulalayo esivamile sabantu singu-0,5-1 mg/kg, kumagundane - 140 mg/kg esikhumbeni, kumagundane - 0,8 mg/kg nge-intravenously kanye ne-5,9 mg/kg lapho siphathwa nge-intraperitoneally. I-Nicotine inobuthi kwezinye izinambuzane, ngenxa yalokho ngaphambili yayisetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-insecticide, futhi okwamanje okuphuma kwe-nicotine, njengokuthi, isibonelo, i-imidacloprid, iyaqhubeka isetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo.

Ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kungadala izifo kanye nokungasebenzi kahle okufana ne-hyperglycemia, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, i-atherosclerosis, i-tachycardia, i-arrhythmia, i-angina pectoris, isifo senhliziyo, nokuhluleka kwenhliziyo.

Eqinisweni, ubuthi be-nicotine abunalutho uma buqhathaniswa nayo yonke intelezi yayo, okungukuthi:

• Ukubhema itiyela kunomthelela ekukhuleni komdlavuza, okuhlanganisa umdlavuza wamaphaphu, ulimi, umphimbo, umminzo, isisu, njll.
• Ukubhema okungahlanzekile kunomthelela ekuthuthukiseni i-gingivitis ne-stomatitis.
• Imikhiqizo yomlilo ongaphelele (i-carbon monoxide) - kahle, kucacile, funda i-opus yami yangaphambilini
• Ukufakwa kwetiyela emaphashini - ukukhwehlela kwasekuseni komuntu obhemayo, i-bronchitis, i-emphysema nomdlavuza wamaphaphu.

Okwamanje, azikho izindlela zokubhema ezingakonga u-100% emiphumeleni - ngakho-ke zonke izihlungi zakho, ama-hookah, njll., azisebenzi.

Ama-vapers akufanele aphumule - futhi isizathu silula:

• Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izingxenye ezingenabungozi ezifana ne-glycerin zisetshenziswa - azinangozi embonini yokudla! Akekho owazi ngemiphumela yokuchayeka futhi, ngokuvamile, mayelana nokwakheka kwamagesi akhishwe ngesikhathi se-pyrolysis ngesikhathi sokushisa. Umsebenzi wocwaningo uyaqhubeka (kanye isibonelo и isibonelo ezimbili), futhi imiphumela isivele ihlaba umxhwele.
  Hlola
• Ngase ngishilo ukuthi i-nicotine yayisetshenziswa njengesibulala-zinambuzane. Kusukela ngo-2014, ibingakaze isetshenziswe e-United States; e-European Union, ivinjelwe ngokuphelele kusukela ngo-2009. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuvimbeli ukuthi isetshenziswe eChina ...
  Njengamanje, i-nicotine yebanga lemithi (iBanga le-Pharma, i-USP/PhEur noma i-USP/EP) iyatholakala emakethe. Kodwa kukhona nesibulala-zinambuzane esikhiqizwa eChina. Qaphela: yikuphi okushibhile? Futhi, angiyona i-vaper, kodwa ukuzijabulisa nje, ngingayi-google futhi ngiqhathanise intengo yalokho okuthengile kule mbiza nokuthi kufanele kubize malini. Uma kungenjalo, ngesinye isikhathi ungase uzizwe njengephela futhi ujabulele ngokugcwele ukungcola kwe-nicotine yezinga eliphansi.

Ngamafuphi, isintu okwamanje asisebenzisi izindlela eziphephe ngokuphelele zokudla i-nicotine. Ingabe kuyadingeka?

Futhi ophumelele wethu! Hlangana nathi! Indawo yokuqala

I-EthanolAbakwaChapaevite baphinde bathumba iziteshi kwabaMhlophe.
Lapho behlola izindebe, uVasily Ivanovich noPetka bathola ithangi lotshwala.
Ukuvimbela ama-fighters ukuthi angadakwa kakhulu, asayine i-C2N5-ON, ngethemba
ukuthi abalwi banolwazi oluncane lwamakhemikhali. Ngakusasa ekuseni wonke umuntu “wayesendaweni engaphansi.”
UChapaev wavusa omunye futhi wabuza:
- Uyithole kanjani?
- Yebo, elula. Sasesha futhi sacinga, futhi kungazelelwe sabona okuthile kubhalwe ethangini - kwase kuba udwi kanye nokuthi “OH.” Sikuzamile - nguye impela!

Ngokuvamile, kukhona ngisho ne-ethanol toxicology - insimu yezokwelapha ehlola into enobuthi i-ethanol (utshwala) nakho konke okuhlobene nayo. Ngakho-ke ungalindeli ukuthi ngizokwazi ukuhlanganisa yonke ingxenye yomuthi ezigabeni ezimbalwa.

Eqinisweni, isintu sesijwayelene ne-ethanol isikhathi eside kakhulu. Imikhumbi ye-Stone Age enezinsalela zeziphuzo ezivutshiwe iphakamisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa nokuphuzwa kophuzo oludakayo kwase kukhona enkathini ye-Neolithic. Ubhiya newayini kuphakathi kweziphuzo ezindala kakhulu. Iwayini laba ngolunye lwezimpawu zamasiko ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abahlukahlukene baseMedithera, futhi lathatha indawo ebalulekile ezinganekwaneni nasemikhutsheni yabo, futhi kamuva ekukhulekeleni kobuKristu (bheka i-Ekaristi). Phakathi kwabantu abatshala okusanhlamvu (ibhali, ukolweni, rye), ubhiya kwakuyisiphuzo esikhulu samaholide.

Ngendlela, njengoba kungumkhiqizo we-glucose metabolism, igazi lomuntu onempilo lingaqukatha kufika ku-0,01% i-ethanol engapheli.

Futhi naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, isayensi ayikaqiniseki kahle ngalokhu:

• indlela yomphumela we-ethanol ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi - ukudakwa
• indlela kanye nezimbangela hangover

Umphumela we-ethanol emzimbeni unezici eziningi kangangokuthi ufanele i-athikili ehlukile. Kodwa selokhu ngaqala...

Kukholelwa ukuthi i-ethanol, ene-organotropy ephinyiselwe, iqongelela okuningi ebuchosheni kunasegazini. Ngisho nemithamo ephansi yotshwala iqala ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokuvimbela i-GABA ebuchosheni, futhi yile nqubo eholela kumphumela wokulalisa, ohambisana nokuphumuza kwemisipha, ukuqwasha kanye nenjabulo (umuzwa wokudakwa). Ukwehluka kwezakhi zofuzo kuma-receptors e-GABA kungase kube nomthelela ekubeni sengozini yokuphuza utshwala.

Ukusebenza okumenyezelwe ikakhulukazi kwe-dopamine receptors kubonakala ku-nucleus accumbens nasezindaweni ze-ventral tegmental zobuchopho. Ukusabela kwalezi zindawo ku-dopamine ekhishwe ngaphansi kwethonya le-ethanol ebangela ukujabula, okungase kuhlotshaniswe nethuba lokulutha utshwala. I-Ethanol iphinde iholele ekukhishweni kwe-opioid peptides (isb, i-beta-endorphin), yona ehlotshaniswa nokukhululwa kwe-dopamine. Ama-peptide e-opioid nawo adlala indima ekukhiqizeni injabulo.

Ekugcineni, utshwala bushukumisa isimiso sobuchopho se-serotonergic. Kunomehluko onqunyiwe ngokofuzo ekuzweleni utshwala, kuye ngama-alleles wezakhi zofuzo zamaphrotheni ezithwala i-serotonin.

Njengamanje, imiphumela yotshwala kwamanye ama-receptors kanye nezinhlelo zomlamuli zobuchopho kufundwa ngenkuthalo, okuhlanganisa i-adrenaline, i-cannabinol, i-acetylcholine receptors, i-adenosine kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ukucindezeleka (isb, i-corticotropin-releasing hormone) izinhlelo.

Kafushane, yonke into idida kakhulu futhi imele insimu enhle kakhulu yomsebenzi wesayensi odakiwe.

Ubuthi botshwala be-Ethyl isikhathi eside bubambe indawo ehamba phambili phakathi kobuthi basekhaya ngokwenani eliphelele lokufa. Ngaphezu kwe-60% yabo bonke ubuthi obubulalayo eRussia bubangelwa utshwala. Kodwa-ke, mayelana nokuhlushwa okubulalayo kanye nomthamo, konke akulula kangako. Kukholakala ukuthi umthamo obulalayo wotshwala egazini ngu-5-8 g/l, umthamo owodwa obulalayo ngu-4-12 g/kg (cishe u-300 ml we-ethanol engu-96%), noma kunjalo, kubantu abanotshwala obungapheli, ukubekezelelana. etshwaleni kungaba ngaphezulu kakhulu.

Konke lokhu kuchazwa yi-biochemistry ehlukene: izinga lokudakwa kanye nokuqina kwakho kwehlukile kokubili ezizweni ezahlukene kanye nakwabesilisa nabesifazane (lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-isoenzyme spectrum ye-enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH noma i-ADH I) yenziwa ngofuzo. kunqunywa - umsebenzi wama-isoform ahlukene we-ADH uchaze ngokucacile umehluko ovela kubantu abahlukene). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici zokudakwa nazo zincike esisindweni somzimba, ukuphakama, inani lotshwala oludliwe kanye nohlobo lwesiphuzo (ukuba khona ushukela noma ama-tannins, okuqukethwe kwe-carbon dioxide, amandla esiphuzo, ukudla okulula).

Emzimbeni, i-ADH ifaka i-ethanol ku-acetaldehyde futhi, uma konke kuhamba kahle, iqhubekele ku-acetic acid ephephile futhi enekhalori ephezulu kakhulu - yebo, yebo, angidlali: “kukhona okuqalile ukubanda - akusona isikhathi ukuze sinikeze amandla” inesizathu samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo ngokuphelele: i-ethanol iwumkhiqizo onekhalori ephezulu kakhulu. Empeleni, yonke into ibhebhezelwa ukuntuleka komoyampilo wokukhipha i-oxidation (igumbi elinentuthu, umoya omdala - konke lokhu okuvela lapha), noma ukweqisa kwe-ethanol, noma ukungasebenzi kwe-ADH - umphumela wokuthambekela kofuzo noma ukuphuza ngokweqile. . Ekugcineni, yonke into iyama ku-acetaldehyde - into enobuthi, i-mutagenic kanye ne-carcinogenic. Kunobufakazi bokuthi i-acetaldehyde idala umdlavuza ekuhlolweni kwezilwane, futhi i-acetaldehyde ilimaza i-DNA.

Inkinga yonke nge-ethanol cishe ihlobene ngokuphelele ne-acetaldehyde, kodwa ngokuvamile, umphumela onobuthi uhlukile futhi uphelele. Zihlulele wena:

• Ukuphazamiseka kwepheshana lesisu. Bazibonakalisa njengobuhlungu obukhulu esiswini kanye nesifo sohudo. Zenzeka kakhulu ezigulini ezinotshwala. Ubuhlungu besisu bubangelwa ukulimala kolwelwesi lwamafinyila lwesisu namathumbu amancane, ikakhulukazi ku-duodenum ne-jejunum. Isifo sohudo siwumphumela wokushoda kwe-lactase okwenzeka ngokushesha kanye nokwehla okuhlobene nokubekezelelana kwe-lactose, kanye nokumuncwa okungalungile kwamanzi nama-electrolyte asuka emathunjini amancane. Ngisho nokusetshenziswa okukodwa kwemithamo emikhulu yotshwala kungaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-necrotizing pancreatitis, evame ukufa. Ukuphuza ngokweqile kwandisa amathuba okuba ne-gastritis nezilonda zesisu, kanye nomdlavuza wesisu.
• Nakuba isibindi siyingxenye yomzila wesisu, kunengqondo ukucabangela ukulimala kotshwala kulesi sitho ngokwehlukana, njengoba i-biotransformation ye-ethanol yenzeka kakhulu esibindini - yilapho i-ADH ihlala khona. Ngisho ngandlela thize ngidabukela isibindi ngalo mqondo. Ngisho nomthamo owodwa wotshwala, izenzakalo ze-necrosis yesikhashana ye-hepatocytes zingabonwa. Ngokuxhashazwa isikhathi eside, i-alcohol steatohepatitis ingakhula. Ukwanda "kokumelana" notshwala (lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokwanda kokukhiqizwa kwe-enzyme i-alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) njengendlela yokuzivikela yomzimba) kwenzeka esigabeni se-alcohol dystrophy yesibindi - ngakho ungajabuli, %username%, uma uvele waba ngumpetha ekuphuzeni utshwala! Khona-ke, ngokwakhiwa kwesifo sokusha kwesibindi sotshwala kanye ne-cirrhosis yesibindi, umsebenzi wonke we-enzyme ye-ADH uyancipha, kodwa uyaqhubeka uhlala uphezulu ekuvuseleleni ama-hepatocyte. I-multiple foci ye-necrosis iholela ku-fibrosis futhi, ekugcineni, i-cirrhosis yesibindi. I-cirrhosis iqala okungenani ku-10% wabantu abane-steatohepatitis. Kodwa abantu abakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwesibindi...
• I-Ethanol ingushevu we-hemolytic. Ngakho-ke, i-ethanol ekugxilweni okuphezulu, ukungena egazini, ingabhubhisa amangqamuzana egazi abomvu (kubangele i-pathological hemolysis), okungaholela ku-anemia enobuthi ye-hemolytic. Ucwaningo oluningi lubonise ukuxhumana okucacile phakathi komthamo wotshwala kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yokuthuthukisa umfutho wegazi ophakeme. Iziphuzo ezidakayo zinomthelela onobuthi emisipha yenhliziyo, zisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-sympathoadrenal, ngaleyo ndlela zibangele ukukhululwa kwe-catecholamines, okuholela e-spasm yemithambo ye-coronary kanye nokuphazamiseka kwesigqi senhliziyo. Ukuphuza utshwala ngokweqile kwandisa i-LDL (i-cholesterol “embi”) futhi kuholela ekwakhiweni kwe-alcohol cardiomyopathy kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-arrhythmias (lezi zinguquko zibonwa ngokwesilinganiso lapho kusetshenziswa ngaphezu kwama-30 g we-ethanol ngosuku). Utshwala bungandisa ingozi yokushaywa unhlangothi, kuye ngesilinganiso sotshwala obuphuzwayo kanye nohlobo lwe-stroke, futhi ngokuvamile buyimbangela yokufa kungazelelwe kubantu abanesifo semithambo yenhliziyo.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Ethanol kungabangela ukulimala kwe-oxidative kuma-neurons obuchopho, kanye nokufa kwawo ngenxa yokulimala kwesithiyo segazi-ubuchopho. Ukuphuza ngokweqile kungaholela ekwehleni komthamo wobuchopho - kodwa lokhu akuwona neze umthamo owusizo. Ngokuphuza utshwala isikhathi eside, izinguquko eziphilayo kuma-neurons zibonwa ebusweni be-cerebral cortex. Lezi zinguquko zenzeka ezindaweni zokopha kanye ne-necrosis yezindawo zobuchopho. Lapho uphuza utshwala obuningi, ama-capillary ebuchosheni angaqhuma - yingakho ubuchopho "bukhula".
• Lapho utshwala bungena emzimbeni, ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-ethanol nakho kubonwa ekusithekeni kwe-prostate, amasende nesidoda, okunomthelela onobuthi kumaseli amagciwane. I-Ethanol iphinde idlule kalula ku-placenta, ingene obisini, futhi yandise ubungozi bokuthola umntwana onokukhubazeka kokuzalwa kwesimiso sezinzwa kanye nokukhubazeka okungenzeka kokukhula.

Phew. Kuyinto enhle ukuthi angizange ngifake i-cognac ekhofini lami, akunjalo? Ngamafuphi, ukuphuza kakhulu kuyingozi. Kuthiwani uma ungaphuzi?

Incazelo “yokuphuza okusesilinganisweni” ingaphansi kokubuyekezwa njengoba kuqoqwa ubufakazi obusha besayensi. Incazelo yamanje yase-US ayikho ngaphezu kuka-24 g we-ethanol ngosuku kwabesilisa abaningi abadala futhi akukho ngaphezu kuka-12 g kwabesifazane abaningi.

Inkinga iwukuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukwenza ucwaningo “oluhlanzekile”—akunakwenzeka ukuthola isampula yabantu abangakaze baphuze utshwala emhlabeni. Futhi ngisho noma kungenzeka, akunakwenzeka ukuqeda ithonya lezinye izici - i-ecology efanayo. Futhi ngisho noma kungenzeka, akunakwenzeka ukuthola labo abangenalo isifo sokusha kwesibindi, abanenhliziyo enempilo, njalonjalo.

Futhi abantu baqamba amanga. Lokhu empeleni kwenza yonke into ibe nzima.

Ucabanga ukuthi uyawazi amaholidi? Zama izindatshana ze-Googling ngemiphumela yotshwala obuvela ku-Fillmore, Harris kanye neqembu labanye ososayensi abazinikele ekutadisheni le nkinga! Kukhona ukuphikisana okuningi ngezinzuzo zewayini elibomvu kuphela, isibonelo, kusanda kuvela ukuthi i-polyphenols - futhi kukhona nabo ukuthi izinzuzo zewayini elibomvu zihlotshaniswa - zifana newayini elimhlophe.

Futhi uma usuka kude nesayensi, ezincwadini ezithandwayo kukhona okungenangqondo mayelana nezinzuzo zotshwala njengoba kukhona mayelana nokulimala (ama-hormone ocansi wesifazane ebhiya kuphela afanele okuthile).

Kuze kube yilapho lezi zinkinga sezicaciswa, iseluleko esinengqondo kungaba:

• Kulabo abangaphuzi okwamanje, ukuphuza utshwala akufanele kunconywe kuphela ngezinjongo zempilo, njengoba utshwala ngokwawo abuzange buboniswe njengembangela yokuthuthukisa impilo.
• Abantu abaphuza utshwala futhi abekho engcupheni yokuba nezinkinga zotshwala (abakhulelwe noma abancelisa ibele, abashayeli bezimoto noma eminye imishini engase ibe yingozi, abaphuza imishanguzo okuphikiswa ngayo utshwala, abantu abanomlando wotshwala emndenini noma labo abalulama ebudakweni) akufanele. sebenzisa ngaphezu kuka-12-24 g we-ethanol ngosuku njengoba kunconywe yi-US Dietary Guidelines.
• Abantu abaphuza utshwala ngaphezu kwemithamo emaphakathi kufanele belulekwe ukuthi banciphise ukubuphuza.

Ngendlela, ososayensi bavumelana ngento eyodwa - okuthiwa yi-J-shaped mortality curve. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwenani lotshwala oluphuzwayo nokufa kwabantu besilisa asebekhulile ngeminyaka nabadala kutholakale ukuthi bufana nohlamvu elithi "J" esimweni esiphansi: kuyilapho izinga lokufa kwabantu abayeka utshwala nabaphuza kakhulu lenyuke kakhulu, izinga lokufa (inani elisuka ku- zonke izimbangela) kwaba ngaphansi ngo-15-18% kwabaphuza kancane (amayunithi angu-1-2 ngosuku) kunaphakathi kwabangaphuzi. Izizathu ezihlukahlukene zanikezwa - kusukela ekujuleni kwe-biochemistry kanye nemithi, lapho uDeveli ngokwakhe ephula umlenze wakhe - esimweni esingcono senhlalo kanye nekhwalithi yezempilo yabaphuza ngokulinganisela, kodwa iqiniso lihlala liyiqiniso (kwaba khona ngisho nezifundo ezibonisa ukuthi ukudla abaphuza ngokusesilinganisweni baqukethe amafutha amancane kanye ne-cholesterol uma kuqhathaniswa nabangaphuzi, ukuthi abaphuzi abalinganiselayo badlala imidlalo kaningi futhi bamatasa kakhulu kunabangaphuzi ngokuphelele - ngamafuphi, wonke umuntu uyaqonda ukuthi ngisho nososayensi abafuni ukuyeka ngokuphelele utshwala, okuyinto bazama ukuthethelela ngazo zonke izindlela).

Kuqinisekile ngokuphelele futhi wonke umuntu uyavuma ukuthi ukuphuza utshwala ngobuningi kuholela ekwandeni okukhulu kokufa. Isibonelo, ucwaningo lwase-US lwathola ukuthi abantu abaphuza amayunithi angu-5 noma ngaphezulu otshwala ngezinsuku zokuphuza babenezinga lokufa eliphakeme elingu-30% kunalabo abaphuza iyunithi eyodwa kuphela. Ngokolunye ucwaningo, abaphuza amayunithi otshwala ayisithupha noma ngaphezulu (ngesikhathi esisodwa) banezinga lokufa eliphakeme ngo-57% kunalabo abaphuza kancane.

Ngendlela, ucwaningo lobudlelwano phakathi kokufa nokusetshenziswa kukagwayi lwabonisa ukuthi ukuyeka ngokuphelele ugwayi kanye nokuphuzwa kotshwala okusesilinganisweni kubangele ukwehla okukhulu kokufa.

Enye indawo okwakuyimpikiswano kwakuyindima yohlobo lwesiphuzo esidakayo olukhethwayo. I-French Paradox (izinga eliphansi lokufa kwabantu ngenxa yesifo senhliziyo eFrance) laphakamisa ukuthi iwayini elibomvu lalizuzisa kakhulu empilweni. Lo mphumela othize ungachazwa ngokuba khona kwama-antioxidants ewayinini. Kodwa izifundo azikwazanga ukukhombisa umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwengozi yesifo senhliziyo kanye nohlobo lweziphuzo ezidakayo ezikhethwayo. Futhi kungani ebomvu hhayi emhlophe? Kungani kungenjalo i-cognac? Ngamafuphi, yonke into iyinkimbinkimbi.

Okungafanele neze ukwenze ukuphuza ngenkathi uthatha imithi.

Njengoba kuboniswe ngenhla, umphumela wotshwala emzimbeni uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi kwezinye izindawo awuqondwa ngokugcwele. Uma umuthi othile wemithi uxutshwa kule sobho, akukho lutho olucacile nhlobo.

• Okokuqala, ukusebenza kahle komuthi kungashintsha - kunoma iyiphi indlela. Asisakhulumi ngedosi.
• Okwesibili, ukuphazamiseka kwe-biochemical okubangelwa i-ethanol akwaziwa ukuthi izowuthinta kanjani umuthi. Ingase yenyuse imiphumela emibi. Kungenza kube yize ngokuphelele (ingabali imiphumela emibi, yebo). Noma mhlawumbe ukubulala. Akekho owaziyo.
• Okwesithathu, isibindi, esesivele simatasa ngokucubungula i-crap engaziwa kosokhemisi, ngeke sijabule kakhulu ngesidingo sokucubungula utshwala. Angase alahle ithemba ngokuphelele.

Ngokuvamile emiyalweni (ngubani oyifundayo?) Ngezidakamizwa babhala mayelana nokwenzeka kokusetshenziswa notshwala - lokhu uma sekuhloliwe. Noma ungazizama wena bese utshela wonke umuntu ngolwazi lwakho. Hhayi-ke, lokho kungukuthi unomzimba owodwa ngaphezulu esitokweni.

Kusukela kulokhu esengikubhalile ngenhla:

• Ukusetshenziswa kanyekanye kwe-aspirin (i-acetylsalicylic acid) notshwala kungaholela ekulimaleni kolwelwesi lwesisu kanye nokopha.
• Ukuphuza utshwala kuthinta kabi imiphumela yokwelashwa kwamavithamini. Ikakhulukazi, ukulimala kwepheshana lesisu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi amavithamini athathwe ngomlomo awamuncwa kahle futhi ahlanganiswe, futhi aholela ekwephuleni ukuguqulwa kwawo abe yifomu elisebenzayo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kumavithamini B1, B6, PP, B12, C, A, kanye ne-folic acid.
• Ukubhema kuthuthukisa umphumela onobuthi wotshwala - kokubili ngokombono wokucindezela izinqubo ze-oxidative ngenxa yendlala ye-oxygen (khumbula nge-acetaldehyde. Yebo), futhi kusukela ekubukeni komphumela wokuvinjwa okuhlangene kuma-receptors avela ku-nicotine notshwala.

Ngamafuphi, utshwala akulula. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhle noma kubi, akekho owazi ngokuqinisekile, kodwa abajahi ukukushiya ngokuphelele.

Kuphuma kuwe.

Kuleli nothi elihle, ngizohamba. Ngethemba ukuthi ngikuthole kuthakasela futhi.

Iwayini lingumngane wethu, kepha kukhona inkohliso kulo.
Phuza kakhulu - ushevu, uphuze kancane - umuthi.
Ungazilimazi ngokweqisa
Phuza ngokuhluzekile futhi umbuso wakho uyokuma...

- Abu Ali Hussein ibn Abdullah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. Ngena ngemvume, wamukelekile.

Iyiphi ingxenye oyithanda kakhulu?

• Ubuthi obubi kakhulu

• Ubuthi obuncane obuthusayo

4 abasebenzisi abavotile. Umsebenzisi ongu-1 uyekile.

Source: www.habr.com