Ubuthi obubi kakhulu

Sawubona %username%

Yebo, ngiyazi, isihloko sigqekeziwe futhi kunezixhumanisi ezingaphezu kuka-9000 ku-Google ezichaza ubuthi obubi futhi zixoxe izindaba ezithusayo.

Kodwa angifuni ukubala okufanayo. Angifuni ukukala imithamo ye-LD50 futhi ngifune okwangempela.

Ngifuna ukubhala ngobuthi wena, %username%, osengozini enkulu yokuhlangana nabo nsuku zonke. Futhi okungelula njengozakwabo abaseduze kakhulu.

Udinga ukwazi isitha ngokubona. Futhi ngethemba ukuthi kuzoba mnandi.

Ngakho - eziyishumi zami ezibulalayo! Cha, ngisazoba owangempela kancane - NINE!

indawo yesishiyagalolunye

I-Thallium

I-Thallium iyinsimbi ethambile, esiliva-emhlophe enombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Esithombeni use-ampoule - futhi lokhu akuyona ingozi. U-600 mg we-thallium uzowisa ngokuthembekile noma yimuphi umuntu ophile kahle - kulokhu, i-thallium ivele ngokukhulu ukudlula zonke lezi ezinye izinsimbi zakho ezisindayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, njengazo zonke izinsimbi ezisindayo, i-thallium ihlukaniswa njengoshevu oqongelelekayo - oqongelela izimpawu ze-pathological ebusheni obungapheli.

Ngokungafani nezinsimbi ezisindayo zakudala, ezinamathela eqenjini le-cysteine ​​​​thiol kumaprotheni futhi liwavimbele ukuthi aphile, i-thallium iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: i-monovalent thallium ion inobukhulu obufanayo kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali njenge-potassium, ngakho-ke ithatha indawo ye-potassium ion ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali. I-Thallium igxile ezinweleni, emathanjeni, ezinso nasemisipha, ithinta isimiso sezinzwa se-peripheral, i-gastrointestinal tract kanye nezinso.

Uphawu oluphawulekayo lobuthi obunamakhompiyutha e-thallium ukulahlekelwa izinwele ngokwengxenye, ngomthamo obalulekile - i-alopecia ephelele. Ngesilinganiso esiphezulu, i-alopecia ayinasici, njengoba umuntu efa ngenxa yobuthi ngaphambi kokuqothuka kwezinwele. Okusho ukuthi, ngokuyisisekelo, uma uthanda ukushefa ngempandla, ungazama ukudlala ngomthamo, kodwa kunengozi yokungaqagela.

Uma kunobuthi nge-thallium noma izinhlanganisela zayo, i-Prussian eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka isetshenziswa njengekhambi, usizo lokuqala lokuphathwa kwe-thallium ukugezwa kwesisu ngesisombululo esingu-0,3% se-sodium thiosulfate enempushana yamalahle ecushiwe. Bathi kuyasiza, kodwa lokhu akulungile.

Ngokuvamile, i-thallium ihlukaniswa njengoshevu wamasu, kungani-ke isohlwini lwami? Iqiniso liwukuthi amalabhorethri amaningi enza ukuhlaziya amanzi nokudla asebenzisa isixazululo esimangalisayo sokulinganisa IV. Ngabona ukuthi lesi sixazululo sithathwe kanjani nge-pipette, futhi njengoba kwakungekho pear yerabha - wadonsa ikhambi ngomlomo. Pho ngingathini… Akuyona indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola umklomelo ka-Darwin.

Indawo yesishiyagalombili

Phosgene

I-Phosgene, elula kuze kube seqophelweni lokuhlazeka, empeleni inhle kakhulu: isintu besijwayelene nayo kusukela ngo-1812, kodwa le gesi "ekhiqizwa ukukhanya" (futhi yile ndlela igama elihunyushwe ngayo lisuka kunxiwa) ayilungile neze: ibangela i-toxic pulmonary edema, abanye abantu abalungile abayisebenzisa ngaphandle kokuzithiba lapho befaka ubuthi kwabanye abantu abalungile eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala. Ukuthintana kwe-phosgene nezicubu zamaphaphu kubangela ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-alveolar kanye ne-edema yamaphaphu ethuthuka ngokushesha. Abantu abalungile basizakala ngalokhu, kodwa futhi kuze kube namuhla, alikho ikhambi le-phosgene eliye lasungulwa.

Ubuhle nokulula kulele eqinisweni lokuthi izimpawu zokuqala ezihlukene zobuthi zivela ngemva kwesikhathi esicashile samahora angu-4 kuya kwayi-8, ngisho nezikhathi zamahora angu-15 ziye zabonwa. Lokhu kulandelwa ukukhwehlela okuqinile, ukuphefumula, i-cyanosis yobuso nezindebe. I-edema ye-pulmonary eqhubekayo iholela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu, ukucindezela okukhulu esifubeni, izinga lokuphefumula liyanda, ngezinye izikhathi lifika ku-60-70 ngomzuzu. Ukuphefumula okunamandla. Imininingwane embalwa: i-foamy ene-protein edematous kanye noketshezi lwe-viscous lufafazwa lusuka ku-alveoli kanye ne-bronchioles yamaphaphu lungene emigudwini yomoya ebanzi, okuholela ebunzimeni nasekungakwazini ukuphefumula. Wenzani umuntu oneshwa ngalesi sikhathi futhi ubukeka kanjani - uyazikhumbula izithombe ezisabekayo? Impela. Nge-edema ye-pulmonary enobuthi, cishe isigamu senani legazi eliphelele emzimbeni lidlulela emaphashini, okuthi, ngenxa yalokho, avuvuke futhi ande ngobuningi. Nakuba iphaphu elivamile linesisindo esingamagremu angu-500-600, amaphaphu “e-phosgene” anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-2,5 aye abonwa.

Ekugcineni, umfutho wegazi wehla kakhulu, umuntu onobuthi usejabulweni elinamandla, uphefumula ngomsindo, uphefumula umoya, khona-ke ukufa kwenzeka.

Kukhona futhi izimo lapho umuntu onoshevu egwema noma yikuphi ukunyakaza okungadingekile futhi ekhetha indawo enethezekile ukuze kube lula ukuphefumula. Izindebe zabantu abanoshevu abanjalo zimpunga, izithukuthuku ziyabanda futhi ziyacwebezela. Naphezu kokuphefumula, isikhwehlela asihlukaniswanga nabo. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, umuntu onoshevu uyafa. Akuvamile, ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-2-3, ukuthuthukiswa kwesimo kungase kwenzeke, okuthi ngemva kwamasonto angu-2-3 kubangele ukululama, kodwa izinkinga ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwanayo zesibili zivame, okuholela ekufeni.

Ngakho-ke, ungayihogela kanjani i-phosgene bese ubaleka ngaphandle kokungenwa ushevu, uma unikezwe isikhathi eside sokufiphala kanye neqiniso lokuthi leli gesi alinambitheki futhi linuka njengesithelo esibolile noma utshani - hhayi okubabayo kakhulu, ngokungafani nalokho elikunukela ebhasini, lapho uya khona? Akuyona into engavamile ukubhema: ukubhema emoyeni oqukethe i-phosgene akujabulisi noma akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele.

I-Phosgene isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ku-organic synthesis: ekukhiqizeni odayi, nasekukhiqizeni i-polycarbonate thermoplastics. Kodwa wena, %igama lomsebenzisi%, khumbula: i-phosgene yakheka ngesikhathi sokushiswa kwamafreon aqukethe i-chlorine. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngenxa yalokho, ukubhema akuvunyelwe lapho kulungiswa imishini yesiqandisi kanye nokufakwa. Ngenxa yokuthi umuntu obhemayo uvame ukuzwa ukuthi kukhona okungalungile, kunzima ukusho ukuthi yikuphi okubaluleke kakhulu.

Indawo yesikhombisa

Hola и I-Tetraethyl ihola

Yebo, wonke umuntu uyazi ngobuthi bomthofu nokuthi ubukeka kanjani. Noma kunjalo, akekho ozihluphayo ngokuyibamba ngezandla, futhi ngezinye izikhathi badla amasemishi ngazo kanye lezi zandla. Akekho ozihlupha ngokuncibilikisa ingots yomthofu futhi aphefumule intuthu. Okwamanje, umthofu unobuthi obukhulu futhi, njengazo zonke izinsimbi ezisindayo, unekhono elihle kakhulu lokuqongelela. Umthofu unganqwabelana emathanjeni, ubangele ukubhujiswa kwawo kancane kancane, ugxile esibindini nasezinso. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokuqongelela umthamo ofunwayo, wena, %username%, uzozizwa ungaphathekile kahle ngokwemvelo: kuzoba nobuhlungu besisu, emalungeni, amajaqamba, ukuquleka. Uma uqhubeka, kungenzeka ukuthi ubone ukukhanya ekugcineni komhubhe nayo yonke imiphumela.

Ukuchayeka komthofu kuyingozi ikakhulukazi ezinganeni: ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kubangela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kanye nesifo sobuchopho esingamahlalakhona.

Ngendlela, i-acetate eholayo inambitheka kamnandi! Ubuwazi %igama lomsebenzisi%? Yebo, yingakho kubizwa ngoshukela omthofu. USaltykov-Shchedrin waze wayisho lapho enza iwayini mbumbulu:

Ibhakede lotshwala lithelwa emgqonyeni, bese kuthi, kuye ngempahla yewayini elenziwayo: ama-molasses amaningi e-Madeira, i-tar ku-Malaga, i-sugar lead ewayinini le-Rhine, njll. Le ngxube iyanyakaziswa ize ibe yi-homogeneous , bese uvala...

Ngendlela, kunombono wokuthi igama lesiRashiya elithi "lead" lihlotshaniswa negama elithi "iwayini", phakathi kwamaRoma asendulo (naseCaucasus) iwayini laligcinwe ezitsheni zokuhola, okwanikeza ukunambitheka okungavamile. Lokhu kunambitha kwakwaziswa kakhulu kangangokuthi abazange banake ukuthi kungenzeka ukungenwa ubuthi ngezinto ezinobuthi. Yebo, yebo, phila ngokushesha - kufa usemncane ...

Kodwa umthofu we-tetraethyl udinga ukunakwa okukhethekile - uketshezi oluguquguqukayo olungenambala, olunamafutha osekuyisikhathi eside lusetshenziswa njengesengezo sokulwa nokungqongqoza kukaphethiloli (ofanayo noPhetroli Oholayo). E-USSR, udayi wengezwa kuphethiloli wemoto oqukethe i-tetraethyl lead ngenhloso yokumaka: kuze kube ngu-1979, uphethiloli i-AI93, A-76 no-A-66 oqukethe umthofu we-tetraethyl wawudayiwe okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, nowolintshi ngokulandelana; kusukela ngo-1979, uphethiloli onomthofu waqala ukudaywa ngemibala esawolintshi-bomvu (AI-93), ophuzi (A-76), oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (AI-98), oluhlaza okotshani (A-66) noma opinki (A-72).

Lokhu akwenzelwanga neze ubuhle nokuheha abathengi - ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi i-ehauus ingcolise yonke into ezungezile ngomthofu, umthofu we-tetraethyl wona unezinto eziningi ezijabulisayo, kusukela ku-carcinogenicity kuya ebuthi obuphezulu kakhulu. Kulesi simo, ukungena kungenzeka kokubili nge-vapors (lezi zinto ziguquguqukayo, ungakhohlwa) nangesikhumba. Le nto ithinta ngokukhetha isimiso sezinzwa, ibangele ubuthi obunamandla, obuncane nobungapheli (yebo, njengomthofu, le nto ithanda ukunqwabelana).

Ubuthi obuningi buyingozi futhi i-subacute. Okokuqala, i-cerebral cortex iyathinteka. Endaweni yezikhungo zezitshalo ze-diencephalon, kugxilwa kakhulu ekuvukeni kwe-congestive, okuholela ekwephuleni okukhulu kobudlelwane be-cortical-subcortical.

Esigabeni sokuqala sobuthi obunzima, ukuphazamiseka kwemifino okuveziwe kuyaphawulwa: izinga lokushisa lomzimba nomfutho wegazi wehla, ukulala kuyaphazamiseka, ukwesaba ukufa okuqhubekayo kubonakala ebusuku, isimo sengqondo sokukhathazeka, esicindezelekile. Kukhona ukuzwa kwebhola lezinwele noma izintambo olimini.

Esigabeni sangaphambi komvuthwandaba, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okumenyezelwe kuvela: ukwesaba ukufa kuqala ukuphazamisa ebusuku kuphela, kodwa futhi phakathi nosuku, kuvela imibono ezwakalayo, ebonakalayo, ethintekayo yemvelo ethusayo, ukukhohliswa kokushushiswa nobudlelwano. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-delirium, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kuyaqala, isiguli siba nolaka, kuvame ukuba nezimo lapho, bezama ukusindisa izimpilo zabo kubantu okuthiwa bayabasukela, abantu baziphonsa ngaphandle kwamafasitela.

Esigabeni somvuthwandaba, ukuvuswa kwengqondo kufinyelela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu. Ukuqonda kudidekile. Ngeshwa kubonakala sengathi uyasikwa abe yizicucu, izinyoka zigcwele umzimba wakhe, njll. Kungase kuqubuke isithuthwane. Ekuphakameni kwe-psychomotor arousal, izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka (kufika ku-40 ° C), ukucindezela nokushaya kwenhliziyo kuyanda. Isiphetho sicacile: ukuwa, ukufa.

Uma usenenhlanhla, ukubikezelwa kuyathandeka: ukuvuswa kwengqondo kushintshaniswa yisimo se-vegetative-asthenic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, ubuthuntu ngokomzwelo, ukuncipha kobuhlakani, ukulahlekelwa isithakazelo emvelweni, njll. kuhlala - kodwa uzophila. Angazi noma ijabule.

Hhayi-ke, uyazikhumbula izindaba zogogo mayelana nemilutha yezidakamizwa ezimbi ehogela uphethiloli? Hewu! Ngokombono onethonya ohlongozwayo ukuchaza ukushintshashintsha kwamazinga obugebengu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-1960 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1990, ubuthi be-tetraethyl obuhola ebuntwaneni buhilela ukwephulwa kokuthuthukiswa kwesimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, okuholela ekwandeni. ekuziphatheni okuxekethile lapho esekhulile, okwaholela ekwandeni kobugebengu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Ukwehla kwezinga lobugebengu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX, ngokwale nkolelo-mbono, kuchazwa ukwehla kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli owenziwe ngomthofu we-tetraethyl kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX.

Uma, noma kunjalo, unebhadi, futhi unobuthi bomthofu we-tetraethyl, khona-ke uzophathwa njengengqondo evamile kakhulu: amaphilisi okulala (barbiturates), i-hexenal, i-chlorpromazine, izidakamizwa (ngaphandle kwe-morphine, enikeza umphumela oyindida, ukuvuswa okwandayo. ). I-glucose ye-intravenous enamavithamini B kanye ne-ascorbic acid, ama-ejenti aqeda amanzi (i-glucose, i-magnesium sulfate), kanye nama-ejenti enhliziyo nemithambo yegazi (ngokuwa) nawo anqunyelwe. Mhlawumbe bayokwenza indoda ngawe emuva. Uma unenhlanhla, ke kunengqondo.

Ngendlela, i-tetraethyl lead ivinjelwe yonke indawo, yebo. ERussia - kusukela ngoNovemba 15, 2002, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, ngibheka abanye, ngiyangabaza ...

Indawo yesithupha.

Ubuthi be-botulinum

Iprotheyini eyinkimbinkimbi ye-neurotoxin ekhiqizwa i-bacterium Clostridium botulinum. I-neurotoxin enamandla kakhulu eyaziwayo umthamo obulalayo ocishe ube ngu-0,000001 mg/kg womzimba wakho obuthaka.

Ngendlela, ubuthi be-botulinum bungenye yamaprotheni ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ahlanganiswe emvelweni.

Uzozizwa kanjani lapho lesi siqongo se-synthesis yemvelo singena esiswini sakho? Ubuthi budala ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwezinzwa ze-cranial, imisipha yohlaka lwamathambo, kanye nezikhungo zezinzwa zenhliziyo. Inkungu izovela phambi kwamehlo akho, kuzovela amabala, futhi abaningi bazoqala ukucwayiza (futhi hhayi ngoba uphuze kakhulu emcimbini). Kamuva, kuvela izinkinga zokukhuluma nokugwinya kanye nobuso obufana nesifihla-buso. Ukufa kwenzeka ngenxa ye-hypoxia ebangelwa ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-oxygen metabolism, i-asphyxia yendlela yokuphefumula, ukukhubazeka kwemisipha yokuphefumula kanye nemisipha yenhliziyo. Ngamafuphi, uzofa, futhi kubuhlungu kakhulu kulokho.

Kungani kuphela endaweni yesithupha? Iqiniso liwukuthi i-clostridia botulinum - okuwukuphela kwabaphathi bokukhiqizwa kwalobu buthi abangayivezi imfihlo - abathandi ukusebenza emoyeni, ngakho-ke ungawathola ikakhulukazi ekudleni okusemathinini namasoseji - ikakhulukazi kumakhowe othosiwe. kanye nenyama nenhlanzi evunwa izingcezu ezinkulu ezinomonakalo ongaphezulu. Indawo yesibili imithi: lezi Botox, Relatox, Xeomin, BTXA, Dysport, Neuronox. Ngakho-ke uma ushaywa ngento enjalo, akhona wonke amathuba okuzwa inkimbinkimbi engachazeki yazo zonke izinzuzo ezichazwe ngenhla. Okubi kakhulu ukuthi ngeke kube khona ozomtshela.

Indlela yokusindiswa? Ungadli lutho. Futhi uma uyidla, emva kokwelashwa okushisa: ubuthi be-botulinum abuthandi kakhulu uma buthosiwe noma bubilisiwe. Naphezu kokuthi le nto ayesabi ijusi yesisu, ibhujiswa ngokuphelele uma ibilisiwe imizuzu engu-25-30.

Indawo yesihlanu

Amatoxin
Eqinisweni, leli iqoqo likashevu, konke kuncike ekutheni yini ozoyinamathisela esikhundleni sika-R1..R5. Ngokwemvelo, lawa ama-octapeptides angama-cyclic ahlanganisa izinsalela ze-amino acid eziyisishiyagalombili. Atholakala emizimbeni ethela izithelo yamakhowe ohlobo lwe-Amanita, i-Galerin kanye ne-Lepiota - yebo, i-grebe ephaphathekile ivela lapha.

Ama-Amatoxins angamanye ama-hepatotoxins anamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphuza kangakanani, %igama lomsebenzisi%, alinakuqhathaniswa nalobu buhle: ama-atoxins avimba ngokuthembekile i-RNA polymerase II, evimba ukuhlanganiswa kwe-RNA yesithunywa futhi ibangele i-necrosis ye-hepatocytes. Futhi njengoba emhlabeni wethu awukwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwesibindi - kahle, uyaqonda.

I-nuance emnandi kakhulu yalo doti isikhathi eside sokucashile: amahora angama-6-30. Okusho ukuthi, ngeke ube nesikhathi esithembekile sokubuyela ezingqondweni futhi ugeze isisu sakho. Izimpawu zivela ngokuzumayo: ukuhlanza okukhulu (okuqhubekayo), ubuhlungu besisu, isifo sohudo. Emikhiqizweni yohudo (kahle, uyaqonda), igazi liyabonwa, njengoba ukubhujiswa kwama-enterocyte emathunjini kwenzeka. Kwenzekani ngalesi sikhathi ngesibindi ... angifuni ngisho nokucabanga. Ubuthakathaka obukhulayo, ukwephulwa kwamanzi kanye nebhalansi ye-electrolyte. Ngosuku lwe-2 - lwesithathu, izimpawu ze-hepatopathy enobuthi zikhula: isibindi siyakhula, isimo sengqondo siba sibi, kuvela i-jaundice kanye ne-hemorrhagic diathesis - yilapho umbozwe ukuqubuka kwegazi. I-Nephropathy, ukwehluleka kwe-hepatic-renal, i-hepatargia, i-anuria, i-coma ikhula. Konke kudabukisa. Ushevu onzima kakhulu kwenzeka ezinganeni, kuyingozi ikakhulukazi uma inani elikhulu lobuthi (ngaphezu kwama-3 mg) lingene emzimbeni: kulokhu, ukukhula kokudakwa kwenzeka ngesivinini sombani, ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-atrophy yesibindi esibi kanye ne-atrophy yesibindi. ukufa okusheshayo.

Isizathu esiyinhloko sokufa ukwehluleka kwesibindi okunamandla, ukwehluleka kwesibindi esinamandla kakhulu nezinso. Ngisho noma usinda, cishe uzothola izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa ekwakhekeni kwezicubu zesibindi, ezivezwa yi-necrosis ephelele.

Ungasindiswa kanjani kulokhu? Ngeshwa, ama-atoxins amelana kakhulu nokushisa kunobuthi be-botulinum. Kunoma yikuphi, ungazenzi umqobi wamakhowe, futhi uma usuvele ungene ehlathini, zitholele okuthile okungcono ongakwenza! Ungawathengi amakhowe kogogo, ngisho noma ebukeka emuhle kakhulu! Khumbula nge-Snow White - futhi awunawo ama-gnomes noma izikhulu ezijwayelekile!

Okuxakayo ukuthi, imithamo ephezulu ye-penicillin isiza ngokudakwa. Amahemuhemu athi i-silibinin, empeleni ingxube yembewu yobisi yobisi, iyikhambi kuma-atoxins, kodwa lokhu akulungile. Abantu abaningi bacela ukubamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni, kodwa ngesizathu esithile akekho ovumayo.

Indawo yesine

I-Aflatoxins

I-Aflatoxins iyiqembu lama-polyketides akhiqizwa isikhunta esincanyana (micromycetes) wezinhlobo ezimbalwa zohlobo lwe-Aspergillus (ikakhulukazi i-A. flavus kanye ne-A. parasiticus). Lezi zingane zikhula okusanhlamvu, imbewu, nezithelo zezitshalo ezinamafutha amaningi, njengembewu yamakinati. Ama-aflatoxin akhiwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi anokugcinwa okungafanele emaqoqweni akudala etiye namanye amakhambi. Lobu buthi butholakala obisini lwezilwane ezidle ukudla okungcolile.

Kubo bonke ubuthi obukhiqizwa ngokwebhayoloji, ama-aflatoxin angama-hepatocarcinogens anamandla kakhulu atholakele kuze kube manje. Lapho umthamo omkhulu wobuthi ungena emzimbeni, ukufa kwenzeka phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa ngenxa yokulimala kwesibindi okungenakulungiseka; lapho umthamo ophansi ungeniswa, i-aflatoxicosis engapheli iqala, ebonakala ngokucindezelwa kwamasosha omzimba, ukulimala kwe-DNA, ukusebenza kwe-oncogenes - umdlavuza wesibindi. ngenxa yalokho. Yebo, %username%, uma ungawadli amakinati noma imbewu enhle, uzokufa. Mhlawumbe hhayi ngokushesha, kodwa kuqinisekisiwe futhi kubuhlungu.

Ama-aflatoxins amelana nokwelashwa kokushisa komkhiqizo - ngakho-ke lokhu kusebenza nakumakinati athosiwe.

Emazweni athuthukile, ukuqapha okuqinile kwemikhiqizo lapho i-aflatoxins ivame ukutholakala khona (amantongomane, ummbila, imbewu yamathanga, njll.) kwenziwa, inkatho enegciwane iyabhujiswa. Emazweni asathuthuka lapho ukulawulwa okunjalo kuntuleka khona, ukungcoliswa kokudla yisikhunta siseyisici esibi kakhulu ekufeni. Ngokwesibonelo, eMozambique, izinga lokufa kwabantu ngenxa yomdlavuza wesibindi liphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-50 kunaseFrance.

Iliphi izwe othi elakho libhekisele kulo, %igama lomsebenzisi%?

Ake siphakamise izigxobo! Indawo yesithathu

UMercury futhi ikakhulukazi - I-Methylmercury

Wonke umuntu uyazi ngezingozi ze-mercury. Mayelana nokuphula ama-thermometer kanye nokudlala ngamabhola omlingo amahle - ngiyethemba nami.

I-Mercury nazo zonke izinhlanganisela zayo zinobuthi. Ukuchayeka ku-mercury, ngisho nangemali encane, kungabangela izinkinga zempilo ezingathi sína futhi kube usongo ekukhuleni komntwana kanye nokukhula kwengane isencane. I-Mercury ingaba yingozi ezimisweni zezinzwa, zokugaya ukudla, namasosha omzimba, kanye nasemaphashini, izinso, isikhumba namehlo. I-WHO ibala i-mercury njengenye yamakhemikhali ayishumi amakhulu noma amaqembu amakhemikhali akhathaza kakhulu impilo yomphakathi.

Kodwa ngempela manje. Odokotela abafanayo kuze kube yiminyaka yawo-1970 babekhuthele kakhulu ekusebenziseni izinhlanganisela ze-mercury:

• i-mercury chloride (I) (calomel) - i-laxative;
• I-Mercusal ne-Promeran ama-diuretics aqinile;
• I-mercury (II) i-chloride, i-mercury (II) i-cyanide, i-mercury amidochloride ne-yellow mercury (II) oxide - ama-antiseptics (kuhlanganise nengxenye yamafutha).

Kunezimo lapho, ngesikhathi se-volvulus yamathumbu, ingilazi ye-mercury ithululelwa esiswini sesiguli. Ngokusho kwabelaphi basendulo ababenikeza le ndlela yokwelapha, i-mercury, ngenxa yobunzima nokuhamba kwayo, kwakudingeka idlule emathunjini futhi, ngaphansi kwesisindo sayo, iqondise izingxenye zayo ezisontekile.

Amalungiselelo e-Mercury asetshenziswe kusukela ngekhulu le-1963. (e-USSR kwaze kwaba ngu-XNUMX) ekwelapheni ugcunsula. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi i-treponema ephaphathekile, ebangela ugcunsula, izwela kakhulu kuma-organic and inorganic compounds avimba amaqembu e-sulfhydryl ama-enzyme e-thiol we-microbe - izinhlanganisela ze-mercury, i-arsenic, i-bismuth ne-iodine. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa okunjalo akuzange kuphumelele ngokwanele futhi kunobuthi kakhulu emzimbeni wesiguli, obuye ube namaqembu e-sulfhydryl, naphezu kwe-treponema eneshwa. Ukwelashwa okunjalo kwaholela ekulahlekelweni izinwele okuphelele kanye nengozi enkulu yokuba nezinkinga ezinkulu. Noma kunjalo, odokotela abanomusa, abanomusa baqhubekela phambili: basebenzisa izindlela zokwenza i-mercurization yomzimba jikelele, lapho isiguli sasibekwe esitsheni esishisayo, lapho kunikezwa khona umhwamuko we-mercury. Le nqubo, nakuba iphumelela ngokuqhathaniswa, imiphumela engemihle kanye nobungozi bobuthi obubulalayo be-mercury kwaholela ekuqedweni kwayo kancane kancane emtholampilo.

Ngendlela, i-amalgam yesiliva yayisetshenziswa kudokotela wamazinyo njengento yokugcwalisa amazinyo ngaphambi kokufika kwezinto zokuphulukisa ukukhanya. Khumbula lokhu njalo umakazi omuhle onezibuko egoba phezu kwakho!

Imihwamuko enobuthi kakhulu nezinhlanganisela zemercury ezincibilikayo. I-metallic mercury ngokwayo ayiyona ingozi encane, kodwa kancane kancane iyahwamuka ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, futhi umhwamuko ungabangela ubuthi obunzima - futhi ngendlela, umhwamuko awunuki. I-Mercury kanye nezinhlanganisela zayo (i-sublimate, i-calomel, i-cinnabar, i-mercury cyanide) ithinta isimiso sezinzwa, isibindi, izinso, i-gastrointestinal tract, futhi lapho ihogela, i-respiratory tract. I-Mercury imele oshevu abaqoqiwe.

Izinhlanganisela ze-organic mercury, ikakhulukazi, i-methylmercury, zime ngokuhlukana kancane. Yakhiwa, njengomthetho, ngenxa ye-metabolism yama-microorganisms aphansi lapho i-mercury ikhishwa emanzini. Isidakamizwa sinobuthi obukhulu. Ubuthi bukhulu kunobo be-mercury, ngenxa yokusebenzelana okusebenzayo namaqembu e-sulfhydryl ama-enzyme futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukungasebenzi kwalawa ma-enzyme. Njengoba i-substance i-covalent compound futhi ingaphansi kwe-polar kune-mercury cation ngokwayo, umphumela emzimbeni ufana ne-heavy metal poisoning (ikakhulukazi, i-mercury), kodwa inesici esiyingqayizivele: umonakalo ohlelweni lwezinzwa ubonakala kakhulu. Lesi silonda saziwa ngokuthi isifo saseMinamata.

Ngokokuqala ngqa, lesi sifo sabhaliswa futhi safundwa eJapane, eKumamoto Prefecture edolobheni laseMinamata ngo-1956. Imbangela yalesi sifo kwaba ukukhishwa isikhathi eside kwe-mercury engaphili eMinamata Bay nguChisso, eyaguqulwa yaba i-methylmercury amagciwane e-benthic ekugayweni kwawo kwe-metabolism, futhi njengoba lesi sakhi sivame ukunqwabelana ezintweni eziphilayo, ngenxa yalokho, ukugxila ezicutshini. zezinto eziphilayo ziyanda ngokukhula kwesikhundla sazo eketangeni lokudla. Ngakho, ezinhlanzini zaseMinamata Bay, okuqukethwe kwe-methylmercury kwakusukela ku-8 kuya ku-36 mg/kg, kuma-oyster - kufika ku-85 mg/kg, kuyilapho emanzini kwakungaqukethe okungaphezu kuka-0,68 mg/l.

Izimpawu zihlanganisa i-dysmotility, ukuvutha, ukunkenketha kanye nama-goosebumps emaphethelweni, ukukhubazeka kokuqonda, ukukhathala, ukunkenketha ezindlebeni, ukuncipha kwendawo yokubona, ukungezwa, nokunyakaza okuxakayo. Ezinye zezisulu ezimbi kakhulu zesifo saseMinamata zahlanya, zaquleka, futhi zafa phakathi nenyanga kusukela ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo.

Kukhona futhi izisulu ezinezimpawu ezingapheli zesifo saseMinamata, njengekhanda elibuhlungu, ukukhathala njalo, ukulahlekelwa iphunga nokunambitha, nokukhohlwa, okuyizinto ezicashile kodwa ezenza ukuphila kwansuku zonke kube nzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuneziguli ezinesifo sikaMinamata ezazalwa nazo ezazalwa zinesimo esingavamile ngenxa yokuchayeka ku-methylmercury zisesesiswini sonina abadla izinhlanzi ezingcolile.

Isifo saseMinamata asikaphuluki, ngakho ukwelapha kuhlanganisa ukuzama ukunciphisa izimpawu nokusebenzisa ukwelapha ngokomzimba. Ngaphezu kokulimala okungokomzimba okubangelwa impilo, kukhona nokulimala kwezenhlalo, okuwukubandlululwa kwezisulu zesifo saseMinamata. Hhayi-ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, usafuna ukuthuthela Ezweni laseFukushima, Minamata kanye neLanga Eliphumayo?

Ngendlela, ngo-1996, edolobheni laseMeseisei, eliseduze nechweba, iMinamata Disease Museum yakhiwa. Ngo-2006, kwakhiwa iSikhumbuzo ngezizathu zemnyuziyamu ukuze kukhunjulwe izisulu zobuthi be-mercury obubangelwa ukungcola eMinamata Bay. Kuthiwa izisulu azibakhululanga ngalokhu.

Indawo yesibili

Methanol

Wonke umuntu uyazi nge-methanol. Kodwa ngokubona kwami ​​ibukelwa phansi.

Inkinga ye-methanol akuyona inkinga yakhe ngempela, kodwa inkinga yomzimba wethu. Phela, iqukethe i-enzyme i-alcohol dehydrogenase (noma i-ADH I), esanikezwa yona ngokwemvelo ngokuwohloka kotshwala. Futhi uma, endabeni ye-ethanol evamile, iyiphula ibe yi-acetaldehyde (sawubona, i-hangover!), Futhi uma unenhlanhla, ihlephula ibe i-acetic acid engenangozi futhi enomsoco ngendlela ye-acetyl-coenzyme A, bese i-methanol yonakele: kuvela i-formaldehyde enobuthi kanye ne-formate . Ngokusobala, uMama weMvelo unomqondo ocacile wokuhlekisa.

Inkinga ibhebhethekiswa yiqiniso lokuthi, ngokusho kwama-daredevils (abaningi babo), i-methanol iyanambitheka futhi ayiphunga ihlukile kutshwala obuvamile, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu uma ixutshwe nayo. Ngendlela, ukusabela kwe-iodoform, lapho iodoform ephuzi idlula nge-ethyl alcohol, kodwa akukho lutho oluncibilika nge-methanol, akusebenzi ekunqumeni okuqukethwe kwe-methanol kusixazululo se-ethanol.

I-1-2 milliliters ye-methanol ngekhilogremu ngayinye yesidumbu ivame ukuqinisekiswa ukuthumela ama-daredevils kwabanye abantu abathakazelisayo abanamaphiko emhlane wabo, futhi ngenxa ye-predisposition ekhethekile yale nto ku-nerve optic, i-10-20 ml yenza umuntu abe yimpumputhe. Phakade.

Ngenhlanhla, imiphumela enobuthi ye-methanol ikhula emahoreni ambalwa, futhi ama-antidote asebenzayo anganciphisa umonakalo. Ngakho-ke, uma wena, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ngemuva kokulisebenzisa ngokweqile ngesizathu esithile, uzwa ubuhlungu bekhanda, ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile, ukudangala, ukugodola, isicanucanu nokuhlanza - uphuze kakhulu. Angidlali: njengoba kushiwo encwadini kadokotela wezimo eziphuthumayo, ngenxa yobuthi be-methanol, i-antidote i-ethanol, elawulwa nge-intravenously ngendlela yesisombululo se-10% ngokudonsa noma isisombululo se-30-40% ngomlomo ngesilinganiso. 1-2 amagremu esixazululo nge-1 kg yesisindo somzimba ngosuku. Umphumela onenzuzo kuleli cala uqinisekiswa ukuphambukiswa kwe-enzyme ye-ADH I ekufakweni kwe-ethanol yangaphandle. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uma ukuxilongwa kungalungile ngokwanele, ubuthi be-methanol bungenziwa iphutha ngokudakwa kotshwala okulula (njengoba usuphawulile ngenhla) noma ubuthi nge-1,2-dichloroethane noma i-carbon tetrachloride (izinyibilikisi eziphilayo, eziseyisipho, kodwa akukhanyi kangako) - Kulokhu, ukwethula amanani engeziwe otshwala be-ethyl kuyingozi. Sekukonke, uphelelwe inhlanhla, %igama lomsebenzisi%. Qina.

Ubuthi be-methanol buvame kakhulu. Ngakho, e-USA ngo-2013, amacala angu-1747 aqoshiwe (futhi yebo - e-USA). Iningi le-methanol poisonings liyaziwa:

• Ubuthi obukhulu be-methanol eSpain ekuqaleni kuka-1963; inani lokufa elisemthethweni lingama-51, kodwa kunezilinganiso ezisuka ku-1000 kuya ku-5000.
• Ubuthi obukhulu nge-methanol e-Bangalore (India) ngoJulayi 1981. Inani labashonile lingama-308.
• Ubuthi obuningi ngewayini le-methanol-laced e-Italy entwasahlobo ka-1986; Kwafa abantu abangu-23.
• I-mass methanol poisoning e-El Salvador ngo-Okthoba 2000 yabangela ukufa kwabantu abangu-122. Iziphathimandla zasola ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, njengoba i-methanol ayizange itholakale ophuzweni oludakayo ezindaweni ezikhiqizayo ngesikhathi sophenyo lwalesi sigameko.
• Ubuthi obukhulu nge-methanol ngo-September 9-10, 2001 edolobheni lasePärnu (Estonia); Kwafa abantu abangama-68.
• Ubuthi obuningi nge-methanol eCzech Republic, ePoland naseSlovakia ngoSepthemba 2012; Kwafa abantu abangu-51.
• Ubuthi obukhulu nge-methanol ngoDisemba 17-20, 2016 e-Irkutsk (Russia). Inani labashonile lingabantu abangama-78.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-methanol ithathe indawo yesibili ezingeni lethu. Futhi akusahleki.

Ta-dam! Umlandeli! Sinendawo yokuqala!

Okokuqala, ngeke sibe nezinto ezinobuthi obusabekayo ezingatholakala ndawana thize ezilwaneni noma ezinhlanzini ezishisayo. Ngakho-ke ake sikhohlwe nge-tetrodotoxin ne-batrachotoxin.

Ngeke kube uhlobo oluthile lwe-inorganic olungatholakala kuphela ezimbonini ezikhethekile - njenge-beryllium nitrate, okuyinto, ngendlela, futhi inambitha ubumnandi, noma i-arsenic chloride, ethandwa kakhulu ngeNkathi Ephakathi.

Ngeke kube uhlobo oluthile lwezinto eziphilayo, nazo ezingatholakali emini ngomlilo - njenge-ricin, noma eziye zafundwa kudala futhi zilele ekhabetheni lemithi - njenge-strychnine noma i-digitoxin.

Ngeke kube i-cyanide eshayiwe ne-hydrocyanic acid okungaphumelelanga kakhulu ku-Rasputin.

Ngeke kube yi-polonium-210 noma i-VX, okuqinisekisiwe ukuthi izobulala ngisho nangemithamo emincane - kodwa engatholakali nakancane emphakathini.

Cha, umholi wethu uzoba umbulali wangempela, onezigidi zezimpilo ku-akhawunti yakhe.

I-carbon monoxide

Eqinisweni, kwakuyi-carbon monoxide eyathumela isixuku sabantu emhlabeni olandelayo. Le gesi engenambala, engenaphunga futhi engenambitheki ingena emoyeni osemkhathini ngesikhathi sanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokusha. I-Carbon monoxide ibophezela ku-hemoglobin, yakhe i-carboxyhemoglobin, futhi ivimbele ukudluliswa komoya-mpilo kumaseli wezicubu, okuholela ohlotsheni lwe-hemic hypoxia. I-Carbon monoxide nayo ibandakanyeka ekuphenduleni kwe-oxidative, iphazamisa ibhalansi ye-biochemical ezicutshini. Kulokhu, isenzo saso sifana kakhulu ne-cyanide.

Ubuthi kungenzeka:

• ngesikhathi somlilo;
• ekukhiqizeni, lapho i-carbon monoxide isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izinto eziningi eziphilayo (i-acetone, i-methyl alcohol, i-phenol, njll.);
• ezakhiweni ezinegesi lapho kusetshenziswa khona okokusebenza kwegesi (izitofu, izifudumezi zamanzi ezisheshayo, amajeneretha okushisa anegumbi lomlilo elivulekile) ngaphansi kwezimo zokungashintshisani komoya okwanele, isibonelo, uma kukhona ukwephulwa kokusalungiswa koshimula kanye / noma imigudu yokukhipha umoya noma ukuntuleka komoya wokunikeza ukuvutha kwegesi;
• emagaraji angenawo umoya omncane, kwamanye amagumbi angenawo umoya noma angenawo umoya kahle, emhubheni, ngoba ukukhishwa kwemoto kuqukethe kufika ku-1-3% CO ngokwezindinganiso;
• lapho uhlala emgwaqeni omatasa isikhathi eside noma eduze kwawo - emigwaqweni emikhulu, ukuhlushwa okuphakathi kwe-COXNUMX kudlula umkhawulo wobuthi;
• ekhaya uma kwenzeka ukuvuza kwegesi yokukhanyisa futhi uma kwenzeka kuvalwe ngokungafanele ama-dampers esitofu emakamelweni anokushisa kwesitofu (izindlu, okugeza);
• lapho usebenzisa umoya osezingeni eliphansi ezinsizeni zokuphefumula;
• lapho ubhema i-hookah (yebo, amaphesenti amakhulu kakhulu abantu aphathwa yikhanda, isiyezi, isicanucanu, ukozela ngemva kokubhema i-hookah, okubangelwa ubuthi be-carbon monoxide obakheka lapho kuntuleka umoya-mpilo emshinini we-hookah).

Ngakho-ke wena, %username%, unamathuba amaningi okujwayela ushevu.

Ngokuqukethwe kwe-CO engu-0,08% emoyeni ohogelwe, umuntu uzwa ikhanda elibuhlungu kanye nokuqunjelwa. Ngokunyuka kokugxila kwe-CO kuya ku-0,32%, ukukhubazeka nokulahlekelwa ukwazi kwenzeka (ukufa kwenzeka ngemva kwemizuzu engama-30). Ekugxilweni okungaphezu kuka-1,2%, ukwazi kulahleka ngemva kokuphefumula kabili noma kathathu, umuntu uyafa ngaphansi kwemizuzu emi-3 ngokudlikizela. Ekugxilweni kwe-dotoxic (ngaphansi kuka-0,08%), ungathola lokhu okujabulisayo okulandelayo (njengoba ukugxila kuyanda):

1. Ukuncipha kwejubane lokusabela kwe-psychomotor, ngezinye izikhathi - ukwanda okuyisinxephezelo kokugeleza kwegazi ezithweni ezibalulekile. Kubantu abanenkinga enkulu ye-cardiovascular insufficiency - ubuhlungu besifuba ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca, ukuphefumula.
2. Ikhanda elibuhlungu elincane, ukuncipha kokusebenza kwengqondo nomzimba, ukuphelelwa umoya ngokuzikhandla okulinganiselwe ngokomzimba. Iziphazamiso ezibonakalayo. Kungase kubulale umbungu, abantu abanesifo senhliziyo esinzima.
3. Ubuhlungu bekhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, ukucasuka, ukungazinzi ngokomzwelo, ukuphazamiseka kwenkumbulo, isicanucanu, ukungakwazi ukusebenzisana nokunyakaza okuncane kwezandla.
4. Ikhanda elibuhlungu elibuhlungu, ubuthakathaka, ikhala eligelezayo, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukungaboni kahle, ukudideka.
5. Ama-hallucinations, ukwephulwa okukhulu kokuxhumana kokunyakaza kwemisipha - kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi abantu bavame ukufa emlilweni.

Ungasiza kanjani nge-carbon monoxide poisoning? Okokuqala, shiya indawo yokutheleleka. Ngendlela, imaski evamile yegesi, ama-rags amanzi ebusweni kanye namabhandeshi ekotini-gauze awagcini, i-carbon monoxide yawabona wonke endaweni ethakazelisayo futhi idlula kuwo ngokuthula - udinga imaski yegesi ene-cartridge ye-hopkalite - lokhu lena ene-copper oxide ekhipha i-carbon monoxide ibe isikhutha esiphephile. Bese - phefumula, phefumula! Hola umoya omusha, noma okungcono, umoya-mpilo, unikeze izicubu nezitho zakho ezineshwa lokho ezikudingayo!

Umuthi wezwe awuwazi ama-antidote athembekile ongawasebenzisa uma kunobuthi be-carbon monoxide. Kodwa! - ziqhenye: Ososayensi baseRussia baye bahlakulela izidakamizwa ezintsha "Acyzol", ezibekwe njengekhambi (nakuba ngesizathu esithile abanye ososayensi benokholo oluncane kulokhu). Iphathwa nge-intramuscularly njengesixazululo. Ibuye inikezwe njenge-prophylactic. Ososayensi baseRussia bamema ukuhlola lesi sidakamizwa, kodwa ngesizathu esithile ngisho nabantu abambalwa abasifunayo kunesimo se-antidote ye-atoxins.

Yilokho kuphela, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Ngethemba ukuthi angizange ngikonakalise isifiso sakho sokudla, bekuthakazelisa, futhi uzifundele okuthile okusha, futhi hhayi nje ukukhawulela ukudla kwakho nezindawo ongazivakashela.

Impilo kanye nenhlanhla!

Source: www.habr.com