Embonini, ngaphezu kuka-60% kagesi usetshenziswa amadrayivu kagesi asynchronous - ekumpompeni, ekucindezeleni, ekufakeni umoya nokunye ukufakwa. Lona uhlobo lwenjini olulula, futhi ngenxa yalokho olushibhile futhi oluthembekile kakhulu.
Inqubo yobuchwepheshe yemikhiqizo yezimboni ehlukahlukene idinga izinguquko eziguquguqukayo kujubane lokuzungezisa lanoma yiziphi iziqhumane. Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi nekhompiyutha, kanye nesifiso sokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kukagesi, kuvele amadivaysi okulawula ukonga kwama-motor kagesi ezinhlobo ezahlukene. Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngendlela yokuqinisekisa ukulawulwa okuphumelelayo kakhulu kwedrayivu kagesi. Ukusebenza enkampanini (iqembu lenkampani ), ngibona ukuthi amakhasimende ethu anaka kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla
Iningi lamandla kagesi asetshenziswa ukukhiqiza nokucubungula izitshalo asetshenziselwa ukwenza uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi wemishini. Ukushayela izingxenye ezisebenzayo zezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza nezobuchwepheshe, ama-motor kagesi asynchronous ane-squirrel-cage rotor asetshenziswa kakhulu (esikhathini esizayo sizokhuluma ngalolu hlobo lwemoto kagesi). Injini kagesi ngokwayo, uhlelo lwayo lokulawula kanye nethuluzi lomshini elidlulisela ukunyakaza ukusuka ku-motor shaft kuya kumshini wokukhiqiza kwenza uhlelo lokushayela ugesi.
Ukuba khona kokulahlekelwa okuncane kagesi kuma-windings ngenxa yokulawulwa kwejubane lokujikeleza kwezimoto, ithuba lokuqala elibushelelezi ngenxa yokwanda okufanayo kwemvamisa kanye ne-voltage - lezi yizici eziyinhloko zokulawula okusebenzayo kwama-motor kagesi.
Phela, ngaphambili kwakukhona futhi namanje zikhona izindlela zokulawula injini njenge:
- ukulawulwa kwefrikhwensi ye-rheostatic ngokwethula ukumelana okwengeziwe okusebenzayo kumasekethe ama-motor winding, ngokulandelana okufushane-circuited by contactors;
- ushintsho ku-voltage kumatheminali e-stator, kuyilapho imvamisa yaleyo voltage ingashintshi futhi ilingana nemvamisa yenethiwekhi ye-AC yezimboni;
- isinyathelo sokulawula ngokushintsha inani lamapheya e-pole of the stator winding.
Kodwa lezi kanye nezinye izindlela zokulawula imvamisa ziphethe i-drawback eyinhloko - ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwamandla kagesi, kanye nokulawulwa kwesinyathelo, ngencazelo, akuyona indlela eyanele eguquguqukayo.
Ingabe ukulahlekelwa akunakugwenywa?
Ake sihlale ngokuningiliziwe ekulahlekeni kukagesi okwenzeka ku-asynchronous electric motor.
Ukusebenza kwedrayivu kagesi kubonakala ngamanani amaningi kagesi kanye nemishini.
Amanani kagesi afaka:
- amandla kagesi,
- motor current,
- i-magnetic flux,
- amandla e-electromotive (EMF).
Amanani amakhulu emishini yilawa:
- isivinini sokuzungeza n (rpm),
- i-torque ejikelezayo engu-M (Nβ’m) yenjini,
- amandla omshini wemoto kagesi P (W), anqunywa umkhiqizo wetorque nesivinini sokujikeleza: P=(Mβ’n)/(9,55).
Ukukhombisa isivinini sokunyakaza okujikelezayo, kanye nemvamisa yokuzungezisa n, elinye inani elaziwa ku-physics lisetshenziswa - i-angular velocity Ο, evezwa ngama-radians ngomzuzwana (rad/s). Kunobudlelwano obulandelayo phakathi kwesivinini se-angular Ο kanye nemvamisa yokuzungezisa n:
kucatshangelwa ukuthi ifomula ithatha ifomu:
Ukuncika kwe-torque yenjini M ngesivinini sokujikeleza kwe-rotor n yayo kubizwa ngokuthi isici somshini wemoto kagesi. Qaphela ukuthi uma umshini ongavumelanisi usebenza, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amandla kazibuthe kagesi adluliswa ukusuka ku-stator kuya kurotha ngegebe lomoya kusetshenziswa inkambu ye-electromagnetic:
Ingxenye yala mandla idluliselwa ku-rotor shaft ngendlela yamandla emishini ngokusho kwenkulumo (2), kanti okunye kukhishwa ngendlela yokulahlekelwa ekuphikisaneni okusebenzayo kwazo zonke izigaba ezintathu zesifunda se-rotor.
Lokhu kulahlekelwa, okubizwa ngokuthi ugesi, kulingana nalokhu:
Ngakho, ukulahlekelwa kagesi kunqunywa isikwele samanje esidlula ama-windings.
Ikakhulukazi inqunywa umthwalo we-asynchronous motor. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo zokulahlekelwa, ngaphandle kwezikagesi, zishintsha kancane kakhulu ngomthwalo.
Ngakho-ke, ake sicabangele ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kukagesi kwe-asynchronous motor kushintsha kanjani lapho kulawulwa isivinini sokujikeleza.
Ukulahlekelwa kukagesi ngokuqondile ku-rotor winding ye-motor kagesi kukhishwa ngendlela yokushisa ngaphakathi komshini ngakho-ke kunquma ukushisa kwawo. Ngokusobala, ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kukagesi kumjikelezo we-rotor, ukwehla kokusebenza kahle kwenjini, ukusebenza kwayo kuyancipha.
Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwe-stator cishe ngokulingana nokulahlekelwa kwe-rotor, isifiso sokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kagesi ku-rotor siqondakala nakakhulu. Leyo ndlela yokulawula isivinini senjini iyonga, lapho ukulahlekelwa kagesi ku-rotor kuncane kakhulu.
Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwezinkulumo kulandela ukuthi indlela yokonga kakhulu yokulawula ama-motor ijubane le-rotor eliseduze ne-synchronous.
Amadrayivu Ashintshashintshayo Amafrikhwensi
Ukufakwa okufana namadrayivu e-variable-frequency drives (VFDs), okubuye kubizwe ngokuthi ama-frequency converters (FCs) ). Lezi zilungiselelo zikuvumela ukuthi ushintshe imvamisa kanye nobukhulu be-voltage yezigaba ezintathu ezinikezwe injini kagesi, ngenxa yokuthi kufinyelelwa ushintsho oluguquguqukayo ezindleleni zokusebenza zezindlela zokulawula.
I-High Voltage Variable Frequency Drive
Umklamo we-VFD
Nansi incazelo emfushane yeziguquli zefrikhwensi ezikhona.
Ngokwesakhiwo, isiguquli siqukethe amabhlogo ahlobene nokusebenza: i-input transformer block (i-transformer cabinet); i-inverter enamazinga amaningi (ikhabhinethi ye-inverter) kanye nesistimu yokulawula nokuvikela eneyunithi yokufaka ulwazi kanye neyunithi yokubonisa (ikhabhinethi yokulawula nokuvikela).
Ikhabhinethi ye-transformer yokufaka idlulisela amandla kusuka kugesi wezigaba ezintathu kuya ku-multi-winding input transformer, esabalalisa i-voltage encishisiwe ku-inverter enamazinga amaningi.
I-inverter enamazinga amaningi iqukethe amaseli ahlanganisiwe - iziguquli. Inani lamaseli linqunywa idizayini ethile nomkhiqizi. Iseli ngalinye lifakwe isihlungi kanye nesihlungi sesixhumanisi se-DC esine-inverter ye-voltage yebhuloho esebenzisa ama-transistors esimanje e-IGBT (isango elihlanganisiwe le-bipolar transistor). Okokufaka kwe-AC yamanje kuyalungiswa kuqala bese kuguqulelwa ekubeni isimanje esishintshayo esinefrikhwensi elungisekayo kanye ne-voltage kusetshenziswa isiguquli sesimo esiqinile.
Imithombo engumphumela yamandla kagesi ashintshayo alawulwayo ixhunywe ochungechungeni ibe izixhumanisi, yenze isigaba sikagesi. Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yamandla okuphuma kwezigaba ezintathu zenjini ye-asynchronous kwenziwa ngokuxhuma izixhumanisi ngokuya ngesekethe "STAR".
Isistimu yokulawula ukuvikela itholakala kukhabhinethi yokulawula nokuvikela futhi imelwe iyunithi ye-microprocessor enemisebenzi eminingi enesistimu yokuphakela amandla asuka kumthombo wamandla wesiguquli uqobo, idivayisi yokufaka ulwazi/yokukhiphayo kanye nezinzwa eziyinhloko zezindlela zokusebenza zikagesi zesiguquli.
Amandla okusindisa: ukubala ndawonye
Ngokusekelwe kudatha enikezwe i-Mitsubishi Electric, sizohlola amandla okonga amandla lapho sethula iziguquli zefrikhwensi.
Okokuqala, ake sibone ukuthi amandla ashintsha kanjani ngaphansi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokulawula injini:
Manje ake sinikeze isibonelo sokubala.
Ukusebenza kahle kwezimoto zikagesi: 96,5%;
Ukusebenza kahle kwe-variable frequency drive: 97%;
Amandla eshaft yefeni ngevolumu yegama: I-1100 kW;
Izici zabalandeli: H=1,4 p.u. at Q=0;
Isikhathi esigcwele sokusebenza ngonyaka: I-8000 Ρ.
Izindlela zokusebenza zabalandeli ngokuya ngeshejuli:
Kugrafu sithola idatha elandelayo:
100% ukusetshenziswa komoya - 20% wesikhathi sokusebenza ngonyaka;
70% ukusetshenziswa komoya - 50% wesikhathi sokusebenza ngonyaka;
50% ukusetshenziswa komoya - 30% isikhathi sokusebenza ngonyaka.
Ukonga phakathi kokusebenza kumthwalo olinganiselwe nokusebenza ngamandla okulawula isivinini semoto (ukusebenza ngokuhlanganyela ne-VFD) kulingana nalokhu:
7 kWh/ngonyaka - 446 kWh/unyaka= 400 kWh/ngonyaka
Ake sicabangele intela kagesi elingana ne-1 kWh / 5,5 ruble. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izindleko zithathwa ngokuya ngesigaba samanani sokuqala kanye nenani elijwayelekile lelinye lamabhizinisi ezimboni zePrimorsky Territory ka-2019.
Masithole ukonga ngokwemibandela yemali:
3 kWh/ngonyaka*600 rub/kWh= 000 rub/ngonyaka
Umkhuba wokusebenzisa amaphrojekthi anjalo uvumela, kucatshangelwa izindleko zokusebenza nokulungiswa, kanye nezindleko zabaguquli bemvamisa ngokwabo, ukufeza isikhathi sokukhokha seminyaka emi-3.
Njengoba izibalo zibonisa, akukho ukungabaza mayelana nokwenzeka kwezomnotho ukwethulwa VFDs. Nokho, umthelela wokuqaliswa kwazo awugcini nje emnothweni kuphela. Ama-VFD aqala kahle injini, enciphisa kakhulu ukuguga kwayo, kodwa ngizokhuluma ngalokhu ngokuzayo.
Source: www.habr.com