Ngizwakalise umbono wokungagwemeki kokushintshwa kwenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke ukusuka esakhiweni esigxile kusayithi ukuya kwese-user-centric emuva ngo-2012 ( noma ngendlela efushanisiwe ). Kulo nyaka ngizamile ukuthuthukisa indikimba ye-inthanethi entsha embhalweni . Manje ngithumela ingxenye yesibili yesihloko (Ngikweluleka ukuthi ubuyekeze leli khasi ngaphambi kokufunda).
Pho kwenzekani? Kukhona i-inthanethi kuwebhu 3.0, kodwa awekho amawebhusayithi? Kuyini-ke lapho?
Kukhona idatha ehlelwe yaba igrafu ye-semantic yomhlaba wonke: yonke into ixhunywe kukho konke, konke kulandela okuthile, konke kwaqashelwa, kwashintshwa, okudalwe othile othize. Amaphuzu amabili okugcina mayelana nokuthi βkufaneleβ kanye βnomuntuβ asikhumbuza ukuthi igrafu akufanele ibe inhloso, kodwa ibe isenzakalo. Kodwa lokhu kuzoba indaba ehlukile (bona kuqala). ). Okwamanje, kwanele ukuthi siqonde ukuthi igrafu ye-semantic yewebhu 3.0 ayiyona isethi yolwazi emile, kodwa ingeyesikhashana, irekhoda ubudlelwano bezinto nabalingisi banoma yimuphi umsebenzi ngokulandelana kwesikhathi sabo.
Futhi, uma sikhuluma ngesendlalelo sedatha, kufanele kwengezwe ukuthi igrafu yomhlaba wonke ihlukaniswe ngempela izingxenye ezimbili ezingalingani: isihlahla esiyimodeli esichaza ukuhlobana kwezenzo, imiqondo kanye nezakhiwo zazo (ihambisana nesethi yama-axioms wetemu ye-TBox ku-OWL) , kanye negrafu yesihloko equkethe izehlakalo zokulungiswa kwamanani athile wezakhiwo zezinto nezenzo (iqoqo lezitatimende ezimayelana nabantu be-ABox ku-OWL). Futhi uxhumano olucacile luyasungulwa phakathi kwalezi zingxenye ezimbili zegrafu: idatha mayelana nabantu ngabanye - okungukuthi, izinto ezithile, izenzo, abadlali - ingakhiqizwa futhi irekhodwe kugrafu kuphela futhi kuphela ngokusho kwamamodeli afanelekile. Yebo, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, igrafu yomhlaba wonke - okokuqala, ingxenye yemodeli yayo futhi, ngokufanele, ingxenye yesihloko - ihlukaniswe ngokwemvelo ibe izingxenye ngokuya ngezindawo ezinezihloko.
Futhi manje kusukela ku-semantics, kusukela kudatha, singadlulela engxoxweni ye-epithet yesibili yewebhu 3.0 - "i-decentralized", okungukuthi, encazelweni yenethiwekhi. Futhi kusobala ukuthi ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi kanye nezivumelwano zayo kufanele zilawulwe yi-semantics efanayo. Okokuqala, njengoba umsebenzisi engumkhiqizi kanye nomthengi wokuqukethwe, kungokwemvelo ukuthi yena, noma kunalokho idivayisi yakhe, kufanele ibe inethiwekhi yenethiwekhi. Ngakho-ke, iwebhu 3.0 inethiwekhi yontanga kuya kontanga yayo ama-node angamadivayisi wabasebenzisi.
Ukuze ulondoloze, isibonelo, incazelo yomuntu kugrafu yedatha, umsebenzisi kufanele enze umsebenzi wenethiwekhi ngokusekelwe kumodeli yomqondo ekhona. Idatha igcinwa kudivayisi yomsebenzisi nasemakhaleni abanye abasebenzisi ababhalisele le modeli. Ngakho-ke, ukushintshanisa ukuthengiselana ngokuya ngesethi engaguquki yamamodeli lapho imisebenzi yabo ehlanganyelwe yenziwa khona, ababambiqhaza kulo msebenzi bakha iqoqo elizimele noma elincane. Kuvele ukuthi yonke igrafu ye-semantic yomhlaba wonke igcinwa isatshalaliswa kumaqoqo ezifundo futhi ihlukaniselwe phakathi kwamaqoqo. I-node ngayinye, esebenza ngamamodeli athile, ingaba yingxenye yamaqoqo amaningana.
Lapho uchaza izinga lenethiwekhi, kuyadingeka ukusho amagama ambalwa mayelana nokuvumelana, okungukuthi, mayelana nezimiso zokuqinisekisa nokuvumelanisa idatha kuma-node ahlukene, ngaphandle kwalokho ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi ehlukaniswe ngokungenasisekelo akunakwenzeka. Ngokusobala, lezi zimiso akufanele zifane kuwo wonke amaqoqo nayo yonke idatha, ngoba ukuthengiselana kunethiwekhi kungaba kokubili okubalulekile ngokomthetho kanye nesevisi, udoti. Ngakho-ke, inethiwekhi isebenzisa amaleveli ambalwa we-algorithms yokuvumelana; ukukhetha okudingekayo kunqunywa imodeli yokwenziwe.
Kusele ukusho amagama ambalwa mayelana nomsebenzisi obonakalayo, mayelana nesiphequluli se-semantic. Imisebenzi yayo incane: (1) ukuzulazula kugrafu (ngamaqoqo anezihloko), (2) ukusesha nokubonisa idatha ngokuya ngamamodeli wesizinda, (3) ukudala, ukuhlela idatha kanye nokuthumela ukuthengiselana kwenethiwekhi ngokuya ngamamodeli ahambisanayo, (4) ukubhala nokwenza amamodeli esenzo ashukumisayo, futhi, kunjalo, (5) nokugcina izingcezu zamagrafu. Le ncazelo emfushane yemisebenzi yesiphequluli se-semantic iyimpendulo yombuzo: aphi amasayithi? Indawo kuphela lapho umsebenzisi "avakashela" kunethiwekhi yewebhu 3.0 isiphequluli sakhe se-semantic, okuyithuluzi lakho kokubili ukubonisa nokudala noma yikuphi okuqukethwe, noma iyiphi idatha, kuhlanganise namamodeli. Umsebenzisi ngokwakhe unquma imingcele kanye nendlela yokubonisa umhlaba wakhe wenethiwekhi, ukujula kokungena kugrafu ye-semantic.
Lokhu kuyaqondakala, kodwa aphi amawebhusayithi? Kufanele uye kuphi, yiliphi ikheli okufanele ulibhale kulesi βsiphequluli se-semanticβ ukuze ufike ku-Facebook? Ungayithola kanjani iwebhusayithi yenkampani? Ungathenga kuphi isikibha noma ubuke isiteshi sevidiyo? Ake sizame ukukuthola ngezibonelo ezithile.
Kungani sidinga i-Facebook noma enye inkundla yokuxhumana nabantu? Ngokusobala, ngokuxhumana: tshela okuthile ngawe futhi ufunde futhi ubone ukuthi abanye bathumela ini, shintshanisa imibono. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile ukuthi singabhali kuwo wonke umuntu futhi singafundi konke - ukuxhumana kuhlale kunqunyelwe emashumini, amakhulu, noma ngisho nezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zabangane be-virtual. Yini edingekayo ukuze uhlele ukuxhumana okunjalo ngaphakathi kokucushwa kwenethiwekhi ehlukaniselwe izwe? Kulungile: dala iqoqo lomphakathi elinesethi yamamodeli esenzo ajwayelekile (yenza okuthunyelwe, thumela umlayezo, beka amazwana, thanda, njll.), setha amalungelo okufinyelela kumamodeli futhi umeme abanye abasebenzisi ukuthi babhalisele le sethi. Lapha sine "facebook". Hhayi nje i-Facebook yomhlaba wonke, ebeka izimo kuwo wonke umuntu nakho konke, kodwa inethiwekhi yokuxhumana yasendaweni eyenziwe ngokwezifiso, etholakala ngokuphelele kubahlanganyeli beqoqo. Umsebenzisi uthumela ukuthengiselana kunethiwekhi ngokwenye yamamodeli omphakathi, athi, ukuphawula kwakhe, amalungu eqoqo abhalisele le modeli athola umbhalo wamazwana futhi awubhale endaweni yawo yokugcina (enamathiselwe engxenyeni yegrafu yesihloko) futhi bayibonise ezipheqululini zabo ze-semantic. Okusho ukuthi, sinenethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu ehlukaniselwe indawo (iqoqo) lokuxhumana phakathi kweqembu labasebenzisi, yonke idatha yabo egcinwa kumadivayisi abasebenzisi ngokwabo. Ingabe le datha ingabonakala kubasebenzisi abangaphandle kweqoqo? Lona umbuzo mayelana nezilungiselelo zokufinyelela. Uma kuvunyelwe, okuqukethwe kwamalungu omphakathi kungafundwa umenzeli wesofthiwe futhi kwethulwe esipheqululini sanoma ubani osesha igrafu. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi inombolo nobunkimbinkimbi bemodeli yeqoqo alinamkhawulo - noma ubani angenza umphakathi ngendlela oyifisayo ukuze uvumelane nezidingo zanoma yimuphi umsebenzi. Nokho, kusobala ukuthi abasebenzisi bangaba amalungu enani elithile lamaqoqo, kokubili njengabahlanganyeli abakhuthele, futhi ngokumane babhalisele amamodeli okufunda kuphela.
Manje ake siphendule umbuzo: singayithola kanjani iwebhusayithi yenkampani? Impendulo incane: indawo lapho idatha ephelele mayelana nazo zonke izinkampani iyingxenye ehambisanayo yegrafu ye-semantic. Ukuzulazula kwesiphequluli noma ukusesha ngegama lenkampani kuzokusiza ukuthi ufike kule ndawo. Khona-ke konke kuncike kumsebenzisi - yimaphi amamodeli awadingayo ukuze abonise idatha: isethulo esifushane, ulwazi olugcwele, uhlu lwezinsizakalo, uhlu lwezikhala noma ifomu lomlayezo. Okusho ukuthi, inkampani, ukuze izimele kugrafu ye-semantic, kufanele isebenzise isethi yamamodeli ajwayelekile ukuthumela ukuthengiselana kunethiwekhi, futhi ngokushesha idatha mayelana nayo izotholakala ukuze iseshwe futhi iboniswe. Uma udinga ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo futhi wandise isethulo se-inthanethi senkampani yakho, ungazakhela amamodeli akho, okuhlanganisa nabaklami. Ayikho imikhawulo lapha, ngaphandle kweyodwa: amamodeli amasha kufanele akhelwe esihlahleni esisodwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxhumana kwedatha kugrafu yesihloko.
Isixazululo siyinto encane futhi kwe-e-commerce. Umkhiqizo ngamunye (umakhalekhukhwini, isikibha) unesihlonzi esiyingqayizivele, futhi idatha yomkhiqizo ifakwa kunethiwekhi ngumkhiqizi. Ngokwemvelo, ukwenza lokhu kanye kuphela, asayine idatha ngokhiye wakhe oyimfihlo. Inkampani esilungele ukuthengisa lo mkhiqizo ibeka kugrafu ye-semantic izitatimende ezimbalwa ezenziwe ngokuya ngemodeli ejwayelekile mayelana nenani nezimo zokulethwa. Okulandelayo, umsebenzisi ngamunye uzinqumela ngokuzimela inkinga yokusesha: noma ngabe ufuna lokho akudingayo phakathi kwezimpahla umthengisi owaziwayo anganikeza, noma eqhathanisa imikhiqizo efanayo evela kubakhiqizi abahlukene bese ekhetha umphakeli ofanelekayo. Okungukuthi, futhi, indawo lapho ukukhethwa nokuthengwa kwezimpahla kwenzeka isiphequluli se-semantic somsebenzisi, hhayi iwebhusayithi ethile yomkhiqizi noma umdayisi. Nakuba, vele, bobabili umenzi kanye nomthengisi banethuba lokudala amamodeli wabo wokubonisa umkhiqizo umthengi angasebenzisa. Uma efuna, uma kubonakala kumlungele. Futhi ngakho, angenza yonke into esebenzisa ukusesha okujwayelekile namamodeli wokubonisa idatha.
Kuyafaneleka ukusho amagama ambalwa mayelana nokukhangisa kanye nendawo yakho kunethiwekhi ye-semantic. Futhi ukubekwa kwayo kuhlala kuyisiko: kungaba ngokuqondile kokuqukethwe (ithi, kumavidiyo), noma kumamodeli wokuboniswa kokuqukethwe. Kuphela phakathi kwabakhangisi nabanikazi bokuqukethwe noma amamodeli lapho umlamuli osesimweni somnikazi wesayithi osusiwe.
Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokusebenza lwenethiwekhi ye-semantic ehlukanisiwe, eyethulwa ngokombono womsebenzisi, imunye kakhulu: (1) konke okuqukethwe kutholakala kugrafu eyodwa yomhlaba wonke ye-semantic, (2) ukurekhoda, ukusesha nokubonisa okuqukethwe kulandela amamodeli wemicabango, aqinisekisa ukuxhumeka kwe-semantic kwedatha, ( 3) imisebenzi yabasebenzisi isetshenziswa ngokuya ngamamodeli aguqukayo, (4) okuwukuphela kwendawo lapho umsebenzi wenziwa khona isiphequluli se-semantic somsebenzisi.
Source: www.habr.com