Inja isidalwa esingavamile kakhulu. Akalokothi akuhlupha ngemibuzo mayelana nokuthi ukusiphi isimo sengqondo; akanandaba nokuthi ucebile noma umpofu, uyisiphukuphuku noma uhlakaniphile, uyisoni noma ungcwele. Ungumngane wakhe. Sekwanele kuye.
Lawa magama angawomlobi uJerome K. Jerome, abaningi bethu esibaziyo emsebenzini othi "Abathathu Esikebheni, Ungabali Inja" kanye nokuguqulwa kwefilimu yegama elifanayo noMironov, uShirvindt noDerzhavin.
Izinja bezilokhu zingabangane babantu izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka. Bangabangane bethu, abasizi bethu futhi ngezinye izikhathi bayasisekela, ngaphandle kwalokho okunzima ukuphila (ziyini izinja eziqondisayo, izinja zokuhlenga, njll). Ukuhlalisana okunjalo okude akuthinti thina kuphela kanye nesimo sethu sengqondo ngezinja, kodwa nezinja, hhayi kuphela ekuziphatheni, kodwa nangomqondo we-anatomical. Namuhla sizojwayelana nocwaningo lwe-physiognomy yezinja, lapho ososayensi bathola khona ubufakazi bokuthi abafowethu abancane baye bavela, bazivumelanisa nathi. Yiziphi ngempela izinguquko ze-anatomical ezatholwa, ziyini, futhi imizwa yenja ihluke kanjani emizweni yempisi ngokubuka kwe-physiognomy? Izimpendulo zisilindile embikweni wososayensi. Hamba.
Isisekelo socwaningo
Izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka edlule, hhayi ikakhulukazi abaphiwe ngokwengqondo, abahlaseli basendle nabangenangqondo bahamba emhlabeni - abantu. Izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo zazihlala ezindaweni ezihlala abantu. Abanye abameleli bezitshalo nezilwane kamuva bafuywa abantu ngezinhloso zabo, ngenxa yalokho manje sesinezilwane ezifuywayo namasimu kakolweni. Kodwa-ke, umthombo wangempela wenqubo yokufuywa ekhaya uhlala ungacacile, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuxhumana phakathi komuntu nempisi (kamuva inja). Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi abantu baqala ukuthambisa izimpisi, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi izimpisi ngokwazo zaqala ukusondela kubantu ngenxa yokusondelana kwazo.
Isithombe sedwala sokuzingela okuhlanganyelwe phakathi kwendoda nenja (i-Tassilin-Adjer plateau, Algeria)
Ngeke sasho ngokuqondile ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi komuntu nenja baqala kanjani, kodwa sazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi izinhlangothi zombili zazuza kanjani kule symbiosis. Abantu bangalezo zikhathi, nakuba babengakwazi ukubhala i-dissertation nge-quantum physics, baqonda kahle kakhulu ngokubona kwabo ukuthi izimpisi/izinja zinenombolo yezimpawu ezivelele: ukuzwa kahle, umuzwa ojulile wokuhogela, ikhono lokugijima ngokushesha nokuluma. kabuhlungu. Ngenxa yalokho, okokuqala, abantu babesebenzisa izinja ezifuywayo ukuzingela, ukuqapha amakhaya abo kanye namadlelo emfuyo efuywayo. Kukhona nezinye "amakhono" izinja eziningana eziwusizo - ziyadla futhi zifudumele. Kuzwakala kuxakile, ngiyazi, kodwa izinja ezihlala abantu zaziziphatha ngendlela ehlelekile (njengezintuthwane emahlathini), zidla izinsalela zokudla kwabantu. Futhi ngobusuku obubandayo, izinja zazikhonza abantu njengama-radiator aphilayo.
“The Boar Hunt” (1640, kaFrans Snyders)
Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo ezingokoqobo zezinja, kwakukhona nezenhlalo namasiko. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kwakungenxa yezinja ukuthi ezinye izici zokuziphatha kwabantu basendulo zashintsha: indawo yokumaka nokuzingela ngamaqembu.
Singabheka okhokho bethu abangebona abahlakaniphe kakhulu, ngakho-ke akuzona izidalwa ezinamasiko amaningi, kodwa lokhu kungaba isitatimende esiyiphutha, esiphikiswa ngokuphathelene nomuntu nenja, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Abavubukuli emhlabeni wonke bathola ukungcwatshwa komuntu nenja yakhe. Izilwane ezifuywayo azibulawanga ngemuva kokushona kwabanikazi bazo, ungakhathazeki. Inja yafa yangcwatshwa ethuneni lomnikazi wayo.
Ukumbiwa kokungcwatshwa komuntu nenja yakhe (iminyaka esukela ku-5000 kuya ku-8000 iminyaka).
Lena incazelo emfushane nje yobudlelwano phakathi kokhokho bethu nezinja, kodwa sekuvele kucace ukuthi inja kubantu ibilokhu ingaphezu nje kwesilwane esinamazinyo, izidladla nomsila. Inja isiphenduke ingxenye yenhlalo yomphakathi wesintu njenganoma yimuphi umuntu ngamunye.
Iyiphi enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlalisana kwabantu? Yiqiniso, ithuba kanye nekhono lokuxhumana, okungukuthi, ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye. Kulula kithina bantu - siyakwazi ukukhuluma. Izinja azinalo leli thuba, ngakho zisebenzisa konke ezinakho kuzikhali zazo ukuze siziqonde: zinyakazisa umsila, ukugquma noma ukukhonkotha, nesimo sobuso, noma kunalokho imilomo yazo. Futhi yilapho ubumnandi buqala khona. Umuntu unemisipha yobuso engama-43 (ngilungise uma le nombolo ingalungile). Ngenxa yaleli nani, singakwazi ukuveza imizwelo ebanzi kakhulu, eqhathaniswa ne-gradient yombala, equkethe kokubili amathoni ayisisekelo namathunzi. Asikwazi ukusho lutho, singanyakazi, sibheke iphuzu elilodwa, futhi ishiya eliphakanyiswe kancane lizobe seliwuphawu lomzwelo othile. Kuthiwani ngemizwa ezinjeni? Banazo, ake siqaphele kuqala. Ziziveza kanjani? Zigxume, zitshikizise umsila, zikhonkothe, zibhonge, ziklewule futhi ziphakamise amashiya. Iphuzu lokugcina liwukufaneleka komuntu, ngokwezinga elithile. Izinja zangaphambi komlando, njengezimpisi zanamuhla, azinayo imisipha ethile evumela izinja ezifuywayo ukuba zenze isimo sobuso esibizwa ngokuthi "amehlo enja ye-puppy."
Lona kanye ingqikithi yocwaningo esilucubungulayo namuhla. Manje ake sibhekisise imininingwane yayo.
Imiphumela yocwaningo
Okokuqala, ososayensi bayaqaphela ukuthi abantu banezintandokazi ezithile ezingabonakali uma kuziwa ebusweni (angifuni ngandlela-thile ukusebenzisa igama elithi "ubuso") bezilwane ezifuywayo, okungukuthi i-paedomorphism - ukuba khona kwezici zobuso bomntwana kumuntu omdala. noma isilwane. Esimweni sethu, izilwane ezifuywayo nazo zinezici ezinjalo - ebunzini eliphezulu, amehlo amakhulu, njll. Lokhu kubangelwa, njengoba abanye abacwaningi bekholelwa, yiqiniso lokuthi ingane ibonakala iyisidalwa esingenangozi kumuntu, kodwa isilwane esifuywayo (nakuba siyisilwane esifuywayo) siseyisilwane esingakwazi ukubikezelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuziphatha kwaso.
Lo mbono uhlukile kakhulu, kodwa uqinisekiswa ngisho naku-cinema, ikakhulukazi ku-animation.
Njengoba ubona, i-Toothless inamehlo amakhulu kakhulu, futhi lokho kungenxa yesizathu. Ngenxa yalokhu, sikubona ngokuzithoba ngombala omuhle womzwelo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi phambi kwethu kunodrako. Nodrako akazange athimule njengemvu (vele ubuze izakhamuzi zaseKing’s Landing).
Kunoma ikuphi, lapho izihloko zicelwa ukuba zikhethe ochungechungeni lwezithombe zezilwane ezizithanda kakhulu, iningi lakhetha lezo zilwane ezifuywayo ezazinezici ze-paedomorphic.
Ososayensi bakholelwa nokuthi izici ezinjalo zingathuthukiswa ngomsebenzi wemisipha ethile, okungukuthi, "zakhiwe" zathuthukiswa. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, ukucabanga okuthile kungase kubonakale kakade kumashiya aphakanyisiwe ezinja, kuchaza ukuthi kungani umuntu ovamile engakwazi ukumelana nesimo esinjalo sobuso.
Kunemisipha ephakamisa ingaphakathi leshiya, okwenza amehlo enja abonakale emakhulu futhi edangele. Kodwa ingabe izimpisi zinemisipha enjalo? Mhlawumbe bamane bangazisebenzisi, ngoba ukuxhumana kwabo nabantu kulinganiselwe kakhulu. Cha, izimpisi azinayo imisipha enjalo, ngoba zavela ngendlela ehlukile.
Ukufakazela lokhu, ososayensi benza ucwaningo ngesakhiwo semisipha yobuso yezimpisi ezimpunga (I-Canis lupus, amasampula ama-4) nezinja zasekhaya (Canis familiaris, 6 amasampula). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wonke amasampula okukhishwa anikezwe yi-Museum of Medicine, okungukuthi, izilwane zafa ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo futhi azizange zibulawe ucwaningo. Ukubhekwa futhi kwenziwa ngokuziphatha kwezimpisi (abantu abangu-9) nezinja (abantu abangu-27) ngesikhathi sokuxhumana nabantu, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona umsebenzi wemisipha ebusweni kuqala, njengokungathi.
Isithombe #1
Njengoba kungabonakala emfanekisweni wokuqhathanisa wohlelo lwemisipha yobuso benja (kwesokunxele) kanye nempisi (kwesokudla), kuzo zombili izinguqulo imisipha inezici ezifanayo, ngaphandle kwemininingwane eyodwa - imisipha ezungeze amehlo.
Ezinjeni, kubizwa umsipha i-levator anguli oculi medialis (I-LAOM) yayikhona ngokugcwele futhi yathuthukiswa, kuyilapho izimpisi zinemicu emincane yemisipha engathuthukisiwe, embozwe kakhulu ngezicubu ezixhumeneyo. Ezikhathini eziningi ezimpisini, ukuba khona kwe-tendon kwakubonwa ukuthi kuhlanganiswe nezingxenye ezimaphakathi zemicu ye-orbicularis oculi muscle endaweni lapho i-LAOM yayikhona ezinjeni.
Isithombe #2 (hhayi esokuquleka kwenhliziyo): ukuhlukaniswa kwekhanda lenja (kwesokunxele) kanye nempisi (kwesokudla), okubonisa umehluko (uhlaka oluluhlaza).
Lo mehluko osobala ekwakhiweni kwemisipha ubonisa ukuthi izimpisi zinesikhathi esinzima sokukhulisa ingaphakathi lamashiya azo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko ubonwe emsipha i-retractor anguli oculi lateralis muscle (I-RAOL). Lo msipha wawukhona kuzo zombili izinja nezimpisi. Kodwa ekugcineni kwavezwa ngokubuthakathaka futhi kwakumelela kuphela ukuqoqwa kwemisipha yemisipha.
Ithebula eliqhathanisa ukwakheka kwemisipha yobuso yezimpisi (C. lupus) nezinja (C. familiaris). Ukuqokwa: P - imisipha ikhona kuwo wonke amasampula; V - umsipha ukhona, kodwa hhayi kuwo wonke amasampula; A - imisipha ikhona kumasampula amaningi; * - umsipha wawungekho kwelinye lamasampula empisi; † - imisipha ezimpisini ayizange yethulwe njengento egcwele, kodwa njengokuqoqwa kwemicu; ‡ - imisipha yatholakala kuwo wonke amasampula e-canine ngaphandle kwe-Siberian Husky (ayikwazanga ukutholwa ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa).
Umsipha we-RAOL udonsa ikhoneni elingemuva lamajwabu amehlo libheke ezindlebeni. Izinja eziningi ezifuywayo zinale misipha, ngaphandle kwe-Husky yaseSiberia, njengoba lolu hlobo ludala kakhulu, okusho ukuthi luhlobene kakhulu nezimpisi kunezinye izinhlobo.
Lokhu okutholwe ocwaningweni lwe-anatomy yezimpisi nezinja kwaqinisekiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokuziphatha. Izinja ezingu-27 zalethwa zivela ezindlini ezihlukene, futhi umuntu ongamazi weza kuzo ngayinye ngayinye futhi wathwebula impendulo yazo kuye imizuzu engu-2. Izimpisi zilethwe ezikhungweni ezimbili ezahlukene lapho zihlala khona namaphakethe azo. Umuntu ongaziwa uphinde wasondela kuzo zonke izimpisi (abantu abangu-9) futhi wathwebula impendulo yabo imizuzu emi-2.
Amehlo ezinja ze-Puppy, ososayensi abanikeze igama lekhodi elinzima kakhulu elithi AU101, ahlaziywa futhi ahlukaniswa ngokwamandla, kusukela kokuphansi (A) kuya phezulu (E).
Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-AU101 imvamisa phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane kubonise ukuthi izinja zisebenzisa lesi simo sobuso ngokuphawulekayo kaningi kunezimpisi (Mdn = 2, Mann-Whitney: U = 36, z = -3.13, P = 0.001).
Ukuqhathaniswa kokuqina kwe-AU101 phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane kubonise ukuthi ukuqina okuphansi (A) kwenzeka ngokuvama okufanayo ezinjeni nasezimpisini. Ukuqina okwenyuka (C) kwenzeka kaningi ezinjeni, kodwa ukuqina okukhulu (D no-E) kwenzeka ezinjeni kuphela.
Ukusabela kwezimpisi ngesikhathi sokubuka okubonisa ukushuba kwesisho se-AU101:
Amandla A
Ukuqina B
Ukuqina C
Ukusabela kwezinja ngesikhathi sokubuka okubonisa ukushuba kwesisho se-AU101:
Amandla A
Ukuqina B
Ukuqina C
Amandla D
Amandla E
Okutholwe ngabacwaningi
Imiphumela yocwaningo lwesakhiwo semisipha yezinja nezimpisi, kuhlanganiswe nokubhekwa kokuziphatha, yanikeza ubufakazi obungenakuphikwa bokuthi imisipha yobuso yakhiwa ezinjeni ngesikhathi sokufuywa. Ososayensi bakuthola kumangalisa lokhu ngoba le nqubo yaqala esikhathini esingengakanani edlule, eminyakeni engu-33 edlule. Ubunzima bokuqhuba izifundo ezinjalo ukuthi izicubu ezithambile (kulokhu imisipha) azitholakali ngaso sonke isikhathi efomini lezinsalela. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zocwaningo. Kulo msebenzi, kwasetshenziswa izimpisi zanamuhla, ezingekude kakhulu ne-anatomically kusuka kokhokho bazo, ngokungafani nezinja ezifuywayo.
Isiphetho esilandelayo siwukuthi ukubonakala kwemisipha yobuso kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokuxhumana okuseduze phakathi kwezinja nabantu. Ngokuphakamisa ingxenye yangaphakathi yamashiya, inja yenza amehlo ayo abe mkhulu, ngaleyo ndlela abangele ukuhlangana okungaqondakali kumuntu ngento ephephile, enhle futhi edinga ukusabela okuhle ngokomzwelo. Lokhu akusona isimanga, uma kubhekwa ukubaluleka kwamashiya ekuxhumaneni komuntu nomuntu. Ukunyakaza nokuma kwamashiya kudlala indima ebalulekile ekugcizeleleni phakathi nengxoxo, njengezimpawu ezithile zemizwa. Abantu babukele ngokunganaki amashiya e-interlocutor yabo ngokunaka okukhethekile.
Into eyodwa ayikacaci - ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, ngesikhathi sokukhethwa, abantu babazi ngemisipha yobuso bezinja futhi bazama ngamabomu ukuzalanisa izinhlobo ezintsha ezizoba nazo, noma lesi sici se-anatomical asizange sifundwe ngabantu futhi sadluliselwa kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye. isizukulwane ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kokukhetha nganoma iyiphi indlela. Impendulo yalo mbuzo ayikatholakali, kodwa ososayensi abayeki ukufuna.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukubheka .
Epilogue
Inja umngane womuntu. Ezinkulungwaneni eziningi zeminyaka edlule, abantu nezinja baqala ukuhlala ndawonye, benakekela inhlalakahle yomunye. Futhi ngisho namanje, esikhathini sokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, lapho umsebenzi wenja ungenziwa irobhothi elithile eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, sisakhetha abangane bethu abanemilenze emine.
Izinja zenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile neyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela ekufuneni abantu abalahlekile ngemva kwezingozi kuya ekusizeni abanikazi abangaboni. Kodwa ngisho noma inja yakho ingeyena umhlengi noma inja eqondisayo, usayithanda futhi ngezinye izikhathi uyethemba ngaphezu kwabantu.
Izinja, njenganoma yisiphi esinye isilwane esifuywayo, akuzona nje amathoyizi aphilayo endlini, ziba amalungu omndeni futhi zifanelwe inhlonipho efanele, ukunakekelwa nothando. Phela, njengoba uJerome K. Jerome asho: “...akanandaba nokuthi ucebile noma umpofu, uyisiphukuphuku noma uhlakaniphile, uyisoni noma ungcwele. Ungumngane wakhe. Sekwanele kuye."
NgoLwesihlanu ekuseni:
Ungaziphatha kanjani ukuze ungajeziswa ngeqhinga elithile elingcolile? Kulula, udinga ukuba mnandi njengalezi zinja eziphendukile. 🙂
NgoLwesihlanu i-off-top 2.0 (i-cat edition):
Abukho ubuthakathaka obukhulu bamakati kunamabhokisi. Futhi akunandaba ukuthi awukwazi ukungena kukho konke. 🙂
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Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. , wamukelekile.
Ubani umngane omkhulu womuntu?
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Inja
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Ikati
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Noma yisiphi isilwane esifuywayo
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Izinkukhu
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Umphathi wendlu
Bangu-449 abasebenzisi abavotile. Abasebenzisi abangu-76 bagobile.
Source: www.habr.com