Ngokuqinisekile abaningi benu bayazi noma bake babona ukuthi izinto ezinkulu ezizenzakalelayo zilawulwa kanjani, isibonelo, isitshalo samandla enuzi noma imboni enemigqa eminingi yokukhiqiza: isenzo esiyinhloko sivame ukwenzeka ekamelweni elikhulu, elinenqwaba yezikrini, amalambu okukhanya. kanye nezilawuli kude. Lesi sakhiwo sokulawula ngokuvamile sibizwa ngokuthi igumbi lokulawula eliyinhloko - iphaneli yokulawula enkulu yokuqapha indawo yokukhiqiza.
Impela ubuzibuza ukuthi konke kusebenza kanjani ngokwehardware nesoftware, ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zihluke kanjani kumakhompyutha omuntu ajwayelekile. Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ukuthi idatha ehlukahlukene ifika kanjani ekamelweni lokulawula eliyinhloko, ukuthi imiyalo ithunyelwa kanjani kumishini, nokuthi yini edingekayo ngokuvamile ukulawula isiteshi se-compressor, isitshalo sokukhiqiza i-propane, umugqa wokuhlanganisa imoto, noma ngisho imboni yokumpompa indle.
Izinga eliphansi kakhulu noma i-fieldbus yilapho konke kuqala khona
Le sethi yamagama, engacacile kwabangaziwa, isetshenziswa uma kudingekile ukuchaza izindlela zokuxhumana phakathi kwama-microcontrollers kanye nemishini engaphansi, isibonelo, amamojula we-I/O noma amadivaysi okulinganisa. Ngokuvamile lesi siteshi sokuxhumana sibizwa ngokuthi “ibhasi lasendle” ngoba sinesibopho sokudlulisa idatha evela “esigangeni” iye kusilawuli.
“Inkundla” igama lochwepheshe elijulile elibhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi ezinye izinto zokusebenza (isibonelo, izinzwa noma ama-actuator) isilawuli esisebenzisana nazo zitholakala ndawana thize, kude, emgwaqeni, emasimini, ngaphansi kwekhava yasebusuku. . Futhi akunandaba ukuthi inzwa ingatholakala engxenyeni yemitha ukusuka kusilawuli futhi ilinganise, ithi, izinga lokushisa ekhabetheni le-automation, lisabhekwa ukuthi "lisensimini." Imvamisa, amasiginali asuka kuzinzwa ezifika kumamojula e-I/O asahamba amabanga ukusuka emashumini ukuya kumakhulu amamitha (futhi ngezinye izikhathi nangaphezulu), eqoqa ulwazi kumasayithi akude noma okokusebenza. Empeleni, yingakho ibhasi lokushintshana, lapho isilawuli ethola khona amanani avela kwalezi zinzwa ezifanayo, ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi ibhasi lenkundla noma, kancane kancane, ibhasi lezinga eliphansi noma ibhasi lezimboni.
Uhlelo olujwayelekile lokuzenzakalelayo lwendawo yezimboni
Ngakho-ke, isignali kagesi evela kunzwa ihamba ibanga elithile emigqeni yekhebula (imvamisa ihambisana nekhebula lethusi elivamile elinenani elithile lama-cores), lapho izinzwa eziningana zixhunywe khona. Isignali ibe isingena kumojula yokucubungula (imojula yokokufaka/yokukhipha), lapho iguqulelwa khona ibe ulimi lwedijithali oluqondakalayo kusilawuli. Okulandelayo, lesi signali ngebhasi yasensimini iya ngqo kusilawuli, lapho sicutshungulwa khona ekugcineni. Ngokusekelwe kumasignali anjalo, i-logic yokusebenza ye-microcontroller ngokwayo yakhiwe.
Izinga eliphezulu: kusuka ku-garland kuya endaweni yonke yokusebenza
Izinga eliphezulu libizwa ngokuthi konke okungathintwa umuntu ovamile ofayo olawula inqubo yezobuchwepheshe. Esimweni esilula, izinga eliphezulu liyisethi yezibani nezinkinobho. Amalambu okukhanya abonisa opharetha mayelana nemicimbi ethile eyenzekayo ohlelweni, izinkinobho zisetshenziselwa ukukhipha imiyalo kusilawuli. Lolu hlelo luvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-garland" noma "isihlahla sikaKhisimusi" ngoba sibukeka sifana kakhulu (njengoba ungabona esithombeni esisekuqaleni kwesihloko).
Uma u-opharetha enenhlanhla enkulu, khona-ke njengezinga eliphezulu uzothola iphaneli ye-opharetha - uhlobo lwekhompiyutha ye-flat-panel ukuthi ngandlela-thile ithola idatha ukuze iboniswe kumlawuli futhi ibonise esikrinini. Iphaneli elinjalo livame ukufakwa kukhabhinethi ye-automation ngokwayo, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile kufanele uxhumane nayo ngenkathi umile, okubangela ukuphazamiseka, kanye nekhwalithi nobukhulu besithombe kumaphaneli anefomethi encane kushiya okuningi okufanele ukwenze.
Futhi ekugcineni, ukukhangwa kokuphana okungakaze kubonwe - indawo yokusebenzela (noma izimpinda ezimbalwa), okuyikhompyutha yomuntu siqu ejwayelekile.
Izinto zokusebenza ezisezingeni eliphezulu kufanele zihlanganyele ngandlela thize nesilawuli esincane (ngaphandle kwalokho kungani sidingeka?). Ekusebenzisaneni okunjalo, izivumelwano ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye ne-transmission medium ethile isetshenziswa, isibonelo, i-Ethernet noma i-UART. Endabeni "yesihlahla sikaKhisimusi", ubuciko obunjalo akudingekile; izibani zikhanyiswa kusetshenziswa imigqa evamile yomzimba, azikho ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi noma izivumelwano lapho.
Ngokuvamile, leli zinga eliphezulu alithakazelisi kangako kunebhasi lensimu, ngoba leli zinga eliphezulu lingase lingabi khona nhlobo (akukho lutho u-opharetha angalubheka ochungechungeni; isilawuli ngokwaso sizobona ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe nokuthi kanjani. ).
Izivumelwano "zasendulo" zokudlulisa idatha: I-Modbus ne-HART
Bambalwa abantu abazi, kodwa ngosuku lwesikhombisa lokudalwa komhlaba, uNkulunkulu akazange aphumule, kodwa wadala i-Modbus. Kanye nephrothokholi ye-HART, i-Modbus mhlawumbe iyiphrothokholi endala yokudluliswa kwedatha yezimboni; yavela emuva ngo-1979.
I-serial interface yaqale yasetshenziswa njengendawo yokudlulisa, kwase kuthi i-Modbus yasetshenziswa nge-TCP/IP. Lena iphrothokholi ye-master-slave (i-master-slave) evumelanisiwe esebenzisa isimiso sokuphendula isicelo. Iphrothokholi inzima kakhulu futhi ihamba kancane, isivinini sokushintshisana sincike kuzici zomamukeli nesidlulisi, kodwa ngokuvamile isibalo sicishe sibe amakhulu ama-millisecond, ikakhulukazi uma sisetshenziswa kusetshenziswa isixhumi esibonakalayo seserial.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, irejista yokudlulisa idatha ye-Modbus iyi-16-bit, ebeka ngokushesha imingcele ekudlulisweni kwezinhlobo zangempela nezikabili. Zidluliselwa ngezingxenye noma ngokulahleka kokunemba. Nakuba i-Modbus isasetshenziswa kabanzi ezimweni lapho isivinini esikhulu sokuxhumana singadingeki futhi ukulahlekelwa kwedatha edlulisiwe akubalulekile. Abakhiqizi abaningi bemishini ehlukahlukene bathanda ukwandisa iphrothokholi ye-Modbus ngendlela yabo ekhethekile neyiyonayona, bengeza imisebenzi engajwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, le protocol inezinguquko eziningi kanye nokuphambuka kokujwayelekile, kodwa isaphila ngempumelelo ezweni lanamuhla.
Iphrothokholi ye-HART ibilokhu ikhona kusukela ngeminyaka yamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, iyiphrothokholi yezokuxhumana ezimbonini ngaphezulu komugqa weluphu wamanje onezintambo ezimbili oxhuma ngqo izinzwa ezingama-4-20 mA namanye amadivayisi anikwe amandla i-HART.
Ukushintsha imigqa ye-HART, kusetshenziswe amadivaysi akhethekile, okuthiwa amamodemu e-HART. Kukhona futhi iziguquli ezinikeza umsebenzisi, yithi, iphrothokholi ye-Modbus ekuphumeni.
I-HART mhlawumbe iyaphawuleka ngeqiniso lokuthi ngaphezu kwezimpawu ze-analog ze-4-20 mA izinzwa, isignali yedijithali yephrothokholi ngokwayo iphinde idluliselwe kumjikelezo, lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uxhume izingxenye zedijithali ne-analog emgqeni owodwa wekhebula. Amamodemu esimanje e-HART angaxhunywa embotsheni ye-USB yesilawuli, axhunywe nge-Bluetooth, noma ngendlela yesidala ngembobo ye-serial. Eminyakeni eyishumi nambili edlule, ngokufanisa ne-Wi-Fi, kwavela indinganiso engenantambo ye-WirelessHART, esebenza ebangeni le-ISM.
Isizukulwane sesibili samaphrothokholi noma okungewona amabhasi ezimboni ISA, PCI(e) kanye ne-VME
Izivumelwano ze-Modbus ne-HART zithathelwe indawo amabhasi angewona neze izimboni, njenge-ISA (MicroPC, PC/104) noma i-PCI/PCIe (CompactPCI, CompactPCI Serial, StacPC), kanye ne-VME.
Inkathi yamakhompiyutha isifikile anebhasi ledatha yendawo yonke, lapho amabhodi ahlukahlukene (amamojula) angaxhunywa ukuze kucutshungulwe isignali ethile ebumbene. Njengomthetho, kulokhu, i-module processor (ikhompyutha) ifakwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi luhlaka, okuqinisekisa ukuxhumana ngebhasi namanye amadivaysi. Uhlaka, noma, njengoba ochwepheshe beqiniso be-automation bethanda ukuyibiza ngokuthi, “ikhreyithi,” yenezelwa ngamabhodi okukhiphayo adingekayo: i-analog, i-discrete, i-interface, njll., noma konke lokhu kuhlanganiswa ngendlela yesemishi ngaphandle ifreyimu - ibhodi elilodwa phezu kwelinye. Ngemuva kwalokho, lezi zinhlobonhlobo ebhasini (ISA, PCI, njll.) zishintshanisa idatha ne-processor module, ngaleyo ndlela ithola ulwazi kusuka kuzinzwa futhi isebenzise ingqondo ethile.
Isilawuli kanye namamojula we-I/O kuhlaka lwe-PXI ebhasini le-PCI. Umthombo:
Konke kuzolunga ngalawa mabhasi e-ISA, PCI(e) kanye ne-VME, ikakhulukazi ngalezo zikhathi: isivinini sokushintshana asidumazi, futhi izingxenye zesistimu zitholakala kuhlaka olulodwa, oluhlangene futhi olulula, kungase kungabi khona ukushintshwa okushisayo. Amakhadi e-I/O, kodwa angikawafuni ngempela.
Kodwa kukhona impukane emafutheni, futhi ngaphezu kweyodwa. Kunzima kakhulu ukwakha uhlelo olusabalalisiwe ekucushweni okunjalo, ibhasi lokushintshana liyindawo, udinga ukuza nokuthile ukushintshanisa idatha nezinye izigqila noma ama-node kontanga, i-Modbus efanayo phezu kwe-TCP/IP noma enye iphrothokholi, jikelele, azikho izithasiselo ezanele. Nokho, into yesibili engemnandi kakhulu: amabhodi e-I/O ngokuvamile alindele uhlobo oluthile lwesignali ehlanganisiwe njengokufakwayo, futhi awanakho ukuhlukaniswa kwe-galvanic kusuka kumishini yasensimini, ngakho-ke udinga ukwenza uthango ngamamojula ahlukahlukene wokuguqula kanye nokujikeleza okuphakathi, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu isisekelo se-elementi.
Amamojula okuguqulwa kwesignali amaphakathi ane-galvanic isolation. Umthombo:
“Kuthiwani ngenqubo yamabhasi ezimbonini?” - uyabuza. Lutho. Alikho kulokhu kuqaliswa. Ngezintambo zekhebula, isignali isuka kuzinzwa iye kuziguquli zesignali, iziguquli zihlinzeka ngogesi ebhodini le-I/O le-analog, futhi idatha evela ebhodini isifundiwe kakade ngezimbobo ze-I/O kusetshenziswa i-OS. Futhi awekho amaphrothokholi akhethekile.
Asebenza kanjani amabhasi nezimboni zesimanje
Yini manje? Kuze kube manje, i-ideology ye-classical yokwakha izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo ishintshile kancane. Ziningi izinto ezidlale indima, ziqala ngeqiniso lokuthi okuzenzakalelayo kufanele futhi kube lula, futhi kugcine ngomkhuba obheke kumasistimu azenzakalelayo asabalalisiwe anamanodi aqhelile ukusuka kwelinye.
Mhlawumbe singasho ukuthi kunemiqondo emibili eyinhloko yokwakha amasistimu e-automation namuhla: izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo zendawo kanye nezisabalalisiwe.
Esimeni sezinhlelo zasendaweni, lapho ukuqoqwa nokulawula kwedatha kubekwe endaweni eyodwa endaweni ethile, umqondo wesethi ethile yamamojula okufaka/okukhiphayo axhunywe ibhasi elisheshayo elivamile, okuhlanganisa isilawuli esinephrothokholi yaso yokushintshisana, siyadingeka. Kulesi simo, njengomthetho, amamojula we-I / O ahlanganisa kokubili isiguquli sesignali kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-galvanic (nakuba, kunjalo, hhayi njalo). Okusho ukuthi, kwanele ukuthi umsebenzisi wokugcina aqonde ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezinzwa nezindlela ezizoba khona ohlelweni oluzenzakalelayo, abale inani elidingekayo lamamojula wokufaka / okukhiphayo wezinhlobo ezahlukene zamasignali bese uwaxhuma emgqeni owodwa ovamile nesilawuli. . Kulesi simo, njengomthetho, umkhiqizi ngamunye usebenzisa iphrothokholi yakhe yokushintshanisa eyintandokazi phakathi kwamamojula we-I/O nesilawuli, futhi kungaba nezinketho eziningi lapha.
Endabeni yezinhlelo ezisabalalisiwe, konke okushiwo maqondana nezinhlelo zasendaweni kuyiqiniso, ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuthi izingxenye ngazinye, ngokwesibonelo, isethi yamamojula okufaka okukhiphayo kanye nedivayisi yokuqoqa nokudlulisa imininingwane - a not i-microcontroller ehlakaniphe kakhulu emi ndawana thize edokodweni, eduze kwevalvu evala uwoyela - ingasebenzisana namanodi afanayo kanye nesilawuli esiyinhloko ebangeni elikhulu ngezinga lokushintshanisa elisebenzayo.
Onjiniyela bayikhetha kanjani iphrothokholi yephrojekthi yabo? Wonke amaphrothokholi okushintshana ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukukhetha komkhiqizi oyedwa noma omunye ngokuvamile akunqunywa izinga lokushintshisana kuleli bhasi lezimboni. Ukuqaliswa kwe-protocol ngokwayo akubalulekile kangako, ngoba, kusukela ekubukeni komthuthukisi wesistimu, kusazoba ibhokisi elimnyama elihlinzeka ngesakhiwo esithile sokushintshana kwangaphakathi futhi aklanyelwe ukuphazanyiswa kwangaphandle. Imvamisa, ukunaka kunakwa ezicini ezingokoqobo: ukusebenza kwekhompiyutha, ukusebenziseka kalula komqondo womkhiqizi emsebenzini owenziwayo, ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ezidingekayo zamamojula we-I/O, ikhono lamamojula ashintshwayo ashisayo ngaphandle kokuphulwa. ibhasi, njll.
Abahlinzeki bemishini edumile banikeza ukuqaliswa kwabo kwezivumelwano zezimboni: isibonelo, inkampani eyaziwa kakhulu i-Siemens ithuthukisa uchungechunge lwayo lwezivumelwano ze-Profinet ne-Profibus, i-B&R ithuthukisa i-Powerlink protocol, i-Rockwell Automation ithuthukisa iphrothokholi ye-EtherNet/IP. Isixazululo sasekhaya kulolu hlu lwezibonelo: inguqulo yephrothokholi ye-FBUS evela enkampanini yaseRussia i-Faswel.
Kukhona nezixazululo eziningi zomhlaba wonke ezingaboshiwe kumkhiqizi othize, njenge-EtherCAT ne-CAN. Sizohlaziya la maphrothokholi ngokuningiliziwe ekuqhutshweni kwe-athikili futhi sithole ukuthi yiziphi kuzo ezilungele kangcono izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile: izimboni zezimoto nezasemoyeni, ukukhiqiza ugesi, izinhlelo zokubeka indawo kanye namarobhothi. Hlala usithinta!
Source: www.habr.com