Ukukhishwa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga kungenye yezimpumelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomuntu mayelana namandla. Ubunzima obukhulu manje abukho ngisho nasekuqoqeni amandla elanga, kodwa ekugcinweni nasekusatshalalisweni kwawo. Uma le nkinga ingaxazululwa, izimboni zamafutha ezinsalela zakudala zingayekwa.
I-SolarReserve yinkampani ehlongoza ukusebenzisa usawoti oncibilikisiwe ezitshalweni zamandla elanga futhi isebenza ngesinye isisombululo sezinkinga zokugcina. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amandla elanga ukukhiqiza ugesi bese uwugcina kuma-solar panel, i-SolarReserve ihlongoza ukuyiqondisa kabusha kumadivayisi okugcina ashisayo (imibhoshongo). Umbhoshongo wamandla uzothola futhi ugcine amandla. Ikhono likasawoti oncibilikisiwe lokuhlala usesimweni esiwuketshezi liwenza ube indawo ekahle yokugcina ukushisa..
Inhloso yenkampani ukufakazela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bayo bungenza amandla elanga abe umthombo wamandla othengekayo osebenza ubusuku nemini (njenganoma iyiphi imboni yamandla kaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi). Ukukhanya kwelanga okugxilile kushisisa usawoti osembhoshongweni ufike ku-566°C, ogcinwa ethangini elikhulu elivalekile kuze kube yilapho usetshenziselwe ukwakha isitimu ukuze uqhube i-turbine.
Nokho, izinto zokuqala kuqala.
Начало
Uchwepheshe oyinhloko weSolarReserve, uWilliam Gould, usechithe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 enza ubuchwepheshe obuncibilikisiwe bukasawoti we-CSP (amandla elanga agxilile). Ngawo-1990s, wayengumphathi wephrojekthi woMnyango Wezamandla Osekelwa i-Solar Two indawo yokubonisa ogwadule lwaseMojave. Eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambili, kwahlolwa isakhiwo lapho, esaqinisekisa izibalo zethiyori mayelana nokwenzeka kokukhiqizwa kwamandla okuhweba kusetshenziswa ama-heliostats. Inselele kaGould yayiwukwenza umklamo ofanayo owawusebenzisa usawoti oshisayo esikhundleni sesitimu, kanye nokuthola ubufakazi bokuthi amandla angalondolozwa.
Lapho ekhetha isitsha sokugcina usawoti oncibilikisiwe, uGould washintshashintsha phakathi kwezinketho ezimbili: umkhiqizi ongubhayela onolwazi ezitshalweni zamandla kaphethiloli wendabuko, kanye ne-Rocketdyne, eyenza izinjini zamarokhethi ze-NASA. Ukhetho lwenziwe luvuna ososayensi be-rocket. Ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi u-Gould wayesebenze ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wokuba unjiniyela wezikhali zenuzi e-Bechtel ewumdondoshiya, esebenza kumareactor aseCalifornia eSan Onofre. Futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi wayengeke athole ubuchwepheshe obuthembeke kakhulu.
Umbhobho wenjini yejethi, okuphuma kuwo amagesi ashisayo, empeleni unamagobolondo amabili (ngaphakathi nangaphandle), eziteshini ezigayiwe lapho izingxenye zikaphethiloli zimpontshwa esigabeni soketshezi, ukupholisa insimbi nokugcina umlomo ungancibiliki. Okuhlangenwe nakho kuka-Rocketdyne ekuthuthukiseni amathuluzi afanayo nokusebenza kwensimbi enezinga eliphezulu lokushisa kwaba usizo lapho ethuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa usawoti oncibilikisiwe embonini yamandla elanga.
Iphrojekthi ye-Solar Two ye-10 MW yasebenza ngempumelelo iminyaka eminingana futhi yahoxiswa ngo-1999, okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kombono. Njengoba uWilliam Gould ngokwakhe evuma, lo msebenzi wawunezinkinga ezithile okwakudingeka zixazululwe. Kodwa ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo obusetshenziswa ku-Solar Two buphinde busebenze eziteshini zesimanje njenge-Crescent Dunes. Ingxube kasawoti we-nitrate namazinga okushisa okusebenza kuyafana, umehluko kuphela esikalini sesiteshi.
Inzuzo yobuchwepheshe bukasawoti oncibilikisiwe ukuthi ivumela amandla ukuthi alethwe ngokufunwa, hhayi nje lapho ilanga libalele. Usawoti ungagcina ukushisa izinyanga, ngakho usuku oluguquguqukayo ngezikhathi ezithile akuthinti ukutholakala kukagesi. Ukwengeza, ukukhishwa kwesikhungo sikagesi kuncane, futhi vele ayikho imfucuza eyingozi edalwe njengomkhiqizo wenqubo.
Izimiso zomsebenzi
Isizinda samandla elanga sisebenzisa izibuko ezingu-10 (ama-heliostats) asabalele ngaphezu kwamahektha angu-347 (lokho ubukhulu benkundla yebhola lezinyawo ezingu-647,5) ukugxilisa ukukhanya kwelanga embhoshongweni omaphakathi, ongamamitha angu-900 ukuphakama futhi ogcwele usawoti. Lo sawoti ushiswa imisebe yelanga ufike ku-195°C bese ukushisa kuyagcinwa bese kusetshenziselwe ukuguqula amanzi abe isitimu bese kugijima amajeneretha ukukhiqiza ugesi.
Izibuko zibizwa ngokuthi ama-heliostat ngoba ngayinye ingatsheka futhi ijikeleze ukuze iqondise kahle umsebe wayo wokukhanya. Njengoba zihlelwe ngokweziyingi ezigxilile, zigxilisa ukukhanya kwelanga “kwisamukeli” esingaphezulu kombhoshongo omaphakathi. Umbhoshongo ngokwawo awukhanyi; umamukeli umnyama matte. Umphumela wokukhanya uvela ngokunembile ngenxa yokugcwala kokukhanya kwelanga ukushisa isitsha. Usawoti oshisayo ugeleza ungene ethangini lensimbi engagqwali elinomthamo wezinkulungwane eziyi-16 m³.
I-Heliostat
Usawoti, obukeka futhi ugeleza njengamanzi kulawa mazinga okushisa, udlula endaweni yokushintsha ukushisa ukuze ukhiqize isitimu ukuze usebenzise i-turbogenerator evamile. Ithangi liqukethe usawoti oncibilikisiwe owanele ukusebenzisa ijeneretha amahora ayi-10. Lokhu kubalelwa ku-1100 megawatt-amahora okugcina, noma cishe izikhathi eziyi-10 kunezinhlelo zebhethri ze-lithium-ion ezinkulu kakhulu ezifakelwe ukugcina amandla avuselelekayo.
Indlela enzima
Naphezu kwesithembiso sombono, i-SolarReserve ngeke kushiwo ukuthi izuze impumelelo. Ngezindlela eziningi, inkampani yahlala iyisiqalo. Nakuba ukuqala kunamandla futhi kugqamile ngayo yonke indlela. Phela into yokuqala oyibonayo uma ubheka ngaseCrescent Dunes Power Plant ilula. Kukhanya kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukukubheka. Umthombo wokukhanya umbhoshongo wamamitha angu-195, ophakama ngokuziqhenya ngaphezu kwezindawo eziwugwadule zaseNevada cishe uhhafu wedolobhana laseReno neLas Vegas.
Ukuthi isikhungo sikagesi sasibukeka kanjani ezigabeni ezahlukene zokwakha
2012, ukuqala kokwakhiwa
2014, iphrojekthi isizophela
Disemba 2014, i-Crescent Dunes cishe isilungele ukusetshenziswa
Isiteshi esilungile
Cishe ihora ngemoto ukusuka lapha kuneNdawo edumile engu-51, isikhungo sezempi esiyimfihlo i-inthanethi yonke esabisa ngokuhlasela kuleli hlobo ukuze “isindise” abafokazi ezandleni zikahulumeni waseMelika. Lokhu kusondelana kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi abahambi ababona ukukhanya okugqamile ngokungavamile ngezinye izikhathi babuze izakhamuzi zendawo ukuthi zibone okuthile okungavamile noma okungavamile. Futhi-ke bathukuthela ngobuqotho lapho befunda ukuthi lokhu kumane nje kuyisitshalo samandla elanga, esizungezwe insimu yezibuko ezicishe zibe ngu-3 km ububanzi.
Ukwakhiwa kweCrescent Dunes kwaqala ngo-2011 ngemali mboleko evela kuhulumeni kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuvela kwa-NV Energy, okuyinkampani enkulu yezinsiza zaseNevada. Futhi isikhungo sikagesi sakhiwa ngo-2015, cishe eminyakeni emibili kamuva kunalokho okwakuhleliwe. Kodwa ngisho nangemva kokwakhiwa, akuhambanga kahle konke. Isibonelo, eminyakeni emibili yokuqala, amaphampu nama-transformers ama-heliostats, ayengenawo amandla anele, ayevame ukuphuka futhi angasebenzi kahle. Ngakho-ke, ukuphuma kwamandla e-Crescent Dunes kwakungaphansi kunalokho okwakuhleliwe eminyakeni yokuqala yokusebenza.
Kwakukhona omunye ubunzima - ngezinyoni. Ukuwela ngaphansi “kokubona” kokukhanya kwelanga okugxilile, inyoni eneshwa . Ngokusho kwabamele i-SolarReserve, isikhungo sabo samandla sikwazi ukugwema "ukushiswa" kwezinyoni okuvamile nobuningi. Uhlelo olukhethekile lwenziwa ngokuhlanganyela nezinhlangano eziningana zikazwelonke ukuze kuncishiswe noma yiziphi izinsongo ezingase zibe khona endaweni yokuphehla ugesi. Lolu hlelo lwavunywa ngo-2011 futhi lwenzelwe ukunciphisa ubungozi obungaba khona ezinyonini namalulwane.
Kodwa inkinga enkulu ye-Crescent Dunes kwaba ukuvuza ethangini lokugcina usawoti oshisayo elatholwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2016. Ubuchwepheshe busebenzisa indandatho enkulu esekelwa ama-pylons ngaphansi kwethangi ukuze kusatshalaliswe usawoti oncibilikisiwe njengoba ugeleza usuka esitshalweni. Ama-pylons ngokwawo kwakudingeka ashiselwe phansi, futhi indandatho yayidingeka ukuze ikwazi ukuhamba njengoba ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kubangela ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zande/inkontileka. Esikhundleni salokho, ngenxa yephutha lonjiniyela, yonke into yayihlanganiswe ngokuqinile ndawonye. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, iphansi lethangi lanyakaza futhi lavuza.
Ukuvuza kukasawoti oncibilikisiwe ngokwako akuyona ingozi ikakhulukazi. Lapho ishaya ungqimba lwamatshe ngaphansi kwethangi, ukuncibilika kwaphola ngokushesha, kuphenduka usawoti. Nokho, ukuvalwa kwesikhungo sikagesi kwadonsa izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili. Kucutshungulwe izimbangela zokuputshuka kwalesi sigameko, abadale lesi sigameko, imiphumela yesimo esiphuthumayo nezinye.
Izinkinga ze-SolarReserve azigcinanga lapho. Ukusebenza kwalesi sikhungo kwehle ngaphansi kokuhlosiwe okuhlosiwe ngo-2018, ngesilinganiso somthamo wama-20,3% uma kuqhathaniswa nenani elihleliwe elingu-51,9%, C. Ngenxa yalokho, i-US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) yaqala ucwaningo lwezinyanga eziyi-12 lwezindleko. iphrojekthi ye-CSP, egxile ezindabeni zokusebenza nezindleko ezingalindelekile. Ngenxa yalokho, inkampani yaqale yamangalelwa futhi yaphoqeleka ukuthi ishintshe abaphathi, kwathi ngo-2019 baphoqeleka ngokuphelele ukuthi bavume .
Akukapheli
Kodwa ngisho nalokhu akuzange kuqede ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe. Phela akhona amaphrojekthi afanayo nakwamanye amazwe. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo busetshenziswa e-Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park - inethiwekhi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yezitshalo zamandla elanga, ezihlangene endaweni eyodwa e-Dubai. Noma, yithi, Morocco. Kunezinsuku ezinelanga eziningi kakhulu lapho kunase-USA, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kahle kwesikhungo sikagesi kufanele kube phezulu. Futhi imiphumela yokuqala ibonisa ukuthi lokhu kunjalo ngempela.
Umbhoshongo ongu-150 MW CSP Noor III e-Morocco weqe umgomo wokusebenza nomthamo wokugcinwa kwempahla ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala zokusebenza. Futhi izindleko zokuxhasa ngezimali amaphrojekthi okugcina amandla ombhoshongo zihambisana nokuqagela okulindelekile, kuqinisekisa u-Xavier Lara, umeluleki omkhulu kwa-CSP Engineering Group Empresarios Agrupados (EA).
I-Noor III Power Plant
Ikhishwe ngoZibandlela wonyaka odlule, indawo yokuphehla ugesi i-Noor III ibonise ukusebenza okumangalisayo. I-Noor III, efakwe yi-SENER yaseSpain kanye nenhlangano yezokwakha amandla yaseChina i-SEPCO, iyisikhungo sombhoshongo esikhulu kunazo zonke esisebenza emhlabeni wonke futhi eyesibili ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokugcina usawoti oncibilikisiwe.
Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi idatha yokusebenza kwangaphambi kwesikhathi ka-Noor III eqinile mayelana nokusebenza, ukuguquguquka kwesizukulwane nokuhlanganiswa kwesitoreji kufanele kunciphise umbhoshongo we-CSP nezinkinga zokuthembeka kwesitoreji futhi kwehlise izindleko zekhephithali kumaphrojekthi azayo. E-China, uhulumeni usememezele uhlelo lokudala i-6000 MW ye-CSP enesitoreji. I-SolarReserve ibambisene neqembu likahulumeni i-Shenhua Group, elakha izizinda zokuphehla ugesi ngamalahle, ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-1000 MW ye-CSP yokuphehla usawoti oncibilikisiwe. Kodwa ingabe imibhoshongo enjalo izoqhubeka yakhiwe? Umbuzo.
Kodwa-ke, ngolunye usuku nje, inkampani yeHeliogen, ephethwe nguBill Gates, imemezele impumelelo yayo ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla elanga agxilile. IHeliogen ikwazile ukwandisa izinga lokushisa lisuka ku-565°C liya ku-1000°C. Ngakho-ke, ukuvula amathuba okusebenzisa amandla elanga ekukhiqizeni usimende, insimbi, nemikhiqizo ye-petrochemical.
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Bhalisela yethu -isiteshi ukuze ungaphuthelwa yisihloko esilandelayo! Asibhali ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ngesonto futhi ngebhizinisi kuphela. Siphinde sikukhumbuze ukuthi ungakwazi izixazululo zefu Cloud4Y.
Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. , wamukelekile.
Liquid usawoti power plant kuyinto
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Ubuchwepheshe bokufa
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Isiqondiso esithembisayo
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Ekuqaleni umbhedo
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Inguqulo yakho (emazwaneni)
Bangu-97 abasebenzisi abavotile. Abasebenzisi abangu-36 bagobile.
Source: www.habr.com