Disclaimer. I-athikili iyinguqulo enwetshiwe, elungisiwe futhi ebuyekeziwe Nathan Hurst. Futhi kusetshenziswe ulwazi oluthile oluvela esihlokweni mayelana lapho kwakhiwa impahla yokugcina.
Kukhona inkolelo-mbono (noma mhlawumbe indaba eyisixwayiso) phakathi kwezazi zezinkanyezi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Kessler syndrome, ebizwa nge-NASA astrophysicist eyahlongoza ngo-1978. Kulesi simo, isathelayithi ezungezayo noma enye into ngephutha ishayisa enye bese iphuka izicucu. Lezi zingxenye zizungeza uMhlaba ngesivinini samashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ngehora, zicekela phansi yonke into esendleleni yazo, kuhlanganisa namanye amasathelayithi. Iqala ukusabela kweketango okuyinhlekelele okuphetha ngefu lezigidi zezingcezu zemfucumfucu yasemkhathini engasebenzi ngokungapheli ezungeza iplanethi.
Isenzakalo esinjalo singenza indawo eseduze-Earth ingabi namsebenzi, sicekele phansi noma yimaphi amasathelayithi amasha athunyelwe kuwo futhi ngokunokwenzeka uvimbe ukufinyelela emkhathini ngokuphelele.
Ngakho lapho i-SpaceX (Federal Communications Commission - Federal Communications Commission, USA) ukuthumela amasathelayithi angu-4425 ku-low-Earth orbit (LEO, low-Earth orbit) ukuze kuhlinzekwe inethiwekhi ye-inthanethi enesivinini esiphezulu, i-FCC ibikhathazekile ngalokhu. Inkampani engaphezu konyaka amakhomishini kanye nezicelo zezimbangi ezifakwe ukuze kwenqabe isicelo, okuhlanganisa nokufaka "uhlelo lokunciphisa imfucumfucu ye-orbital" ukuze kudambise ukwesaba kwe-apocalypse ye-Kessler. NgoMashi 28, i-FCC yagunyaza isicelo se-SpaceX.
Imfucumfucu yasemkhathini akuyona ukuphela kwento ekhathaza i-FCC, futhi i-SpaceX akuyona yodwa inhlangano ezama ukwakha isizukulwane esilandelayo sezinkanyezi zesathelayithi. Izinkampani ezimbalwa, ezintsha nezindala, zamukela ubuchwepheshe obusha, zenza izinhlelo ezintsha zebhizinisi futhi zicela i-FCC ukuthi ifinyelele ezingxenyeni ze-spectrum yezokuxhumana eziyidingayo ukuze zembese Umhlaba nge-inthanethi esheshayo, ethembekile.
Amagama amakhulu ahilelekile - kusuka kuRichard Branson kuya ku-Elon Musk - kanye nemali enkulu. I-OneWeb kaBranson ikhuphule u-$1,7 billion kuze kube manje, kanti uMongameli we-SpaceX kanye no-COO Gwynne Shotwell balinganisele inani lephrojekthi ku-$ 10 billion.
Yebo, kunezinkinga ezinkulu, futhi umlando uphakamisa ukuthi umthelela wazo awumuhle neze. Abafana abalungile bazama ukuvala ukuhlukana kwedijithali ezindaweni ezingagciniwe, kuyilapho abantu ababi befaka amasathelayithi angekho emthethweni kumarokhethi. Futhi konke lokhu kuza njengoba isidingo sokulethwa kwedatha sikhuphuka kakhulu: ngo-2016, ithrafikhi ye-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke yadlula amabhayithi e-sextillion, ngokombiko ovela kwaCisco, oqeda inkathi ye-zettabyte.
Uma umgomo uwukunikeza ukufinyelela okuhle kwe-inthanethi lapho ingekho khona ngaphambili, amasathelayithi ayindlela ehlakaniphile yokufeza lokhu. Eqinisweni, izinkampani bezilokhu zenza lokhu amashumi eminyaka zisebenzisa amasathelayithi amakhulu e-geostationary (GSO), asezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu lapho isikhathi sokuzungeza silingana nesivinini sokuzungeza komhlaba, okubangela ukuthi alungiswe endaweni ethile. Kodwa ngaphandle kwemisebenzi embalwa egxile kancane, isibonelo, ukuhlola ubuso bomhlaba kusetshenziswa amasathelayithi angu-175 ajikeleza kancane futhi kudluliselwe ama-petabytes angu-7 edatha eMhlabeni ngesivinini esingu-200 Mbps, noma umsebenzi wokulandelela impahla noma ukuhlinzeka ngenethiwekhi. ukufinyelela ezisekelweni zempi, lolu hlobo lokuxhumana ngesathelayithi lwalungasheshi futhi luthembekile ngokwanele ukuze luqhudelane ne-fiber optic yesimanje noma i-inthanethi yekhebula.
Amasathelayithi angewona ama-geostationary (Non-GSOs) ahlanganisa amasathelayithi asebenza ku-Medium Earth orbit (MEO), ezindaweni eziphakeme phakathi kuka-1900 no-35000 km ngaphezu komhlaba, namasathelayithi aphansi e-Earth orbit (LEO), azungeza ezindaweni ezingaphansi kuka-1900 km. . Namuhla ama-LEO athandwa kakhulu futhi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kulindeleke ukuthi uma kungezona zonke iziphuphutheki ezizoba kanje, ngokuqinisekile kuzoba njalo.
Khonamanjalo, imithethonqubo yamasathelayithi angewona ama-geostationary kade yaba khona futhi ihlukaniswa phakathi kwama-ejensi angaphakathi nangaphandle kwe-US: i-NASA, i-FCC, i-DOD, i-FAA kanye ne-UN's International Telecommunication Union zonke zikugeyimu.
Nokho, ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe kukhona ezinye izinzuzo ezinkulu. Izindleko zokwakha isathelayithi zehlile njengoba ama-gyroscope namabhethri esethuthukile ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamaselula. Sekushibhile futhi ukuziqalisa, ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane bamasathelayithi ngokwawo. Amandla anyukile, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasathelayithi kwenze izinhlelo zashesha, futhi izitsha ezinkulu ezikhomba esibhakabhakeni ziphuma emfashinini.
Izinkampani eziyishumi nanye zifake izicelo ku-FCC, kanye ne-SpaceX, ngayinye ibhekana nenkinga ngendlela yayo.
U-Elon Musk umemezele uhlelo lwe-SpaceX Starlink ngo-2015 futhi wavula igatsha lenkampani eSeattle. Utshele abasebenzi ukuthi: “Sifuna ukuguqula ezokuxhumana ngesathelayithi ngendlela esiguqule ngayo isayensi yamarokhethi.”
Ngo-2016, inkampani yafaka isicelo ku-Federal Communications Commission icela imvume yokwethula amasathelayithi angu-1600 (kamuva ehliselwe ku-800) phakathi kwamanje no-2021, bese yethula asele kuze kube ngu-2024. Lawa masathelayithi aseduze nomhlaba azozungeza ezindizeni ezingama-83 ezihlukene. Umlaza, njengoba libizwa kanjalo iqembu lamasathelayithi, uzoxhumana wodwa nge-on-board optical (laser) izixhumanisi zokuxhumana ukuze idatha ikwazi ukubhampa esibhakabhakeni kunokuba ibuyele emhlabeni - idlula "ibhuloho" elide kunokuba ethunyelwa phansi naphezulu.
Emkhakheni, amakhasimende azofaka uhlobo olusha lwetheminali enama-antenna alawulwa nge-elekthronikhi azoxhuma ngokuzenzakalelayo kusathelayithi enikeza isignali ehamba phambili njengamanje—efana nendlela umakhalekhukhwini okhetha ngayo imibhoshongo. Njengoba amasathelayithi e-LEO ehambela eMhlabeni, uhlelo luzoshintsha phakathi kwawo njalo ngemizuzu eyi-10 noma ngaphezulu. Futhi njengoba kuzoba nezinkulungwane zabantu abasebenzisa uhlelo, kuzohlale kukhona okungenani i-20 ongakhetha kuyo, ngokusho kukaPatricia Cooper, iphini likamongameli wemisebenzi yesathelayithi e-SpaceX.
Itheminali yaphansi kufanele ibe ishibhile futhi kube lula ukuyifaka kunezimpondo zesathelayithi ezivamile, okufanele ziqondiswe ngokomzimba engxenyeni yesibhakabhaka lapho kutholakala khona isathelayithi ye-geostationary ehambisanayo. I-SpaceX ithi itheminali ngeke ibe nkulu kunebhokisi le-pizza (yize ingasho ukuthi izoba ngusayizi muni we-pizza).
Ukuxhumana kuzohlinzekwa ngamabhendi amafrikhwensi amabili: i-Ka ne-Ku. Zombili ziyingxenye yomsakazo, nakuba zisebenzisa amafrikhwensi aphezulu kakhulu kunalawo asetshenziselwa isitiriyo. I-Ka-band iphakeme kokubili, namafrikhwensi aphakathi kuka-26,5 GHz kanye no-40 GHz, kuyilapho i-Ku-band itholakala kusukela ku-12 GHz kuya ku-18 GHz ku-spectrum. I-Starlink ithole imvume ku-FCC yokusebenzisa amaza athile, ngokuvamile i-uplink esuka esitebhisini iye kusathelayithi izosebenza ngamaza asuka ku-14 GHz ukuya ku-14,5 GHz kanye ne-downlink esuka ku-10,7 GHz iye ku-12,7 GHz, kanti okunye kuzosetshenziselwa i-telemetry, ukulandelela nokulawula, kanye nokuxhuma amasathelayithi ku-inthanethi yasemhlabeni.
Ngaphandle kokufakwa kwe-FCC, i-SpaceX ithule futhi ayikadalula izinhlelo zayo. Futhi kunzima ukwazi noma yimiphi imininingwane yobuchwepheshe ngoba i-SpaceX isebenzisa lonke uhlelo, kusukela ezingxenyeni ezizohamba kumasathelayithi kuya kumarokhethi azowayisa esibhakabhakeni. Kodwa ukuze iphrojekthi ibe yimpumelelo, kuzoncika ekutheni isevisi kuthiwa iyakwazi ukunikeza isivinini esiqhathaniswa noma esingcono kunefayibha enamanani afanayo, kanye nokwethembeka kanye nolwazi oluhle lomsebenzisi.
NgoFebhuwari, i-SpaceX yethula ama-prototypes ayo amabili okuqala amasathelayithi e-Starlink, anomumo oyisilinda namaphaneli elanga anjengamaphiko. I-Tintin A no-B cishe ziyimitha ubude, futhi uMusk uqinisekise nge-Twitter ukuthi baxhumane ngempumelelo. Uma ama-prototypes eqhubeka nokusebenza, azojoyinwa ngamakhulu abanye ngo-2019. Uma uhlelo selusebenza, i-SpaceX izovala isikhala samasathelayithi anqanyuliwe ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuvinjwe ukudalwa kwemfucumfucu yasemkhathini, uhlelo luyobayala ukuba behlise imizila yabo ngesikhathi esithile, ngemva kwalokho baqale ukuwa futhi bashise phakathi. umkhathi. Esithombeni esingezansi ungabona ukuthi inethiwekhi ye-Starlink ibukeka kanjani ngemuva kokwethulwa okungu-6.
Umlando omncane
Emuva ngawo-80, u-HughesNet wayengumsunguli wezobuchwepheshe besathelayithi. Uyawazi lawo ma-antenna angangendishi ampunga afakwa yi-DirecTV ngaphandle kwezindlu? Bavela ku-HughesNet, yona ngokwayo eqhamuke ku-Howard Hughes oyiphayona lezokundiza. "Sisungule ubuchwepheshe obusivumela ukuthi sinikeze ukuxhumana okusebenzisanayo ngesathelayithi," kusho u-EVP uMike Cook.
Ngalezo zinsuku, i-Hughes Network Systems ngaleso sikhathi yayiphethe i-DirecTV futhi yayisebenzisa amasathelayithi amakhulu e-geostationary ayesakaza ulwazi kumathelevishini. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, inkampani iphinde yanikeza amabhizinisi izinsizakalo, njengokucubungula ukuthengiselana kwamakhadi esikweletu eziteshini zikaphethiloli. Iklayenti lokuqala lezentengiselwano kwakuyi-Walmart, eyayifuna ukuxhuma izisebenzi ezweni lonke nehhovisi lasekhaya e-Bentonville.
Maphakathi nawo-90s, inkampani yakha uhlelo lwe-inthanethi oluxubile olubizwa nge-DirecPC: ikhompyutha yomsebenzisi yathumela isicelo ngoxhumano lokudayela kuseva yeWebhu futhi yathola impendulo ngesathelayithi, edlulisela imininingwane eceliwe phansi esitsheni somsebenzisi. ngesivinini esisheshayo kunalokho obekungahlinzekwa ngokudayela. .
Cishe ngo-2000, u-Hughes waqala ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokufinyelela kunethiwekhi eziqondiswa kabili. Kodwa ukugcina izindleko zesevisi, kuhlanganise nezindleko zemishini yamakhasimende, ziphansi ngokwanele ukuze abantu bazithenge kube inselele. Ukwenza lokhu, inkampani yanquma ukuthi idinga amasathelayithi ayo futhi ngo-2007 yethula i-Spaceway. Ngokuka-Hughes, le sathelayithi, esasetshenziswa nanamuhla, yayibaluleke kakhulu lapho yethulwa ngoba bekungeyokuqala ukusekela ubuchwepheshe bokushintshwa kwephakethe le-onboard, empeleni yaba ukushintshwa komkhathi kokuqala ukuqeda i-hop eyengeziwe yesiteshi esingaphansi kwezokuxhumana. okunye. Umthamo wayo ungaphezu kuka-10 Gbit/s, ama-transponder angu-24 we-440 Mbit/s, okuvumela ababhalisile ukuba babe nokufika ku-2 Mbit/s ukuze badluliselwe futhi kufike ku-5 Mbit/s ukuze badawunilode. I-Spaceway 1 yakhiwe ngabakwa-Boeing ngesisekelo se-platform ye-satellite ye-Boeing 702. Isisindo sokwethulwa kwedivayisi sasingu-6080 kg. Okwamanje, i-Spaceway 1 ingenye yemikhumbi-mkhathi yezentengiselwano esinda kakhulu (SC) - yephule irekhodi lesathelayithi ye-Inmarsat 5 F4 eyethulwe kusetshenziswa imoto yokwethulwa kwe-Atlas 1 (5959 kg), ngenyanga edlule. Ngenkathi i-GSO yezohwebo enzima kakhulu, ngokusho kweWikipedia, eyethulwe ngo-2018, inesisindo samathani ayi-7. Idivayisi ifakwe i-Ka-band relay payload (RP). I-PN ihlanganisa uhlu olulawulwayo lwe-antenna lwamamitha angu-2 oluhlanganisa ama-elementi angu-1500. I-PN yenza ukusabalala kwemishayo eminingi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusakazwa kwamanethiwekhi ohlelo lwe-TV ahlukahlukene ezifundeni ezihlukene. I-antenna enjalo ivumela ukusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo kwamakhono emikhumbi-mkhathi ekushintsheni izimo zemakethe.
Khonamanjalo, inkampani ebizwa nge-Viasat yachitha cishe iminyaka eyishumi ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni ngaphambi kokwethula isathelayithi yayo yokuqala ngo-2008. Le sathelayithi, ebizwa nge-ViaSat-1, ihlanganise nobunye ubuchwepheshe obusha obufana nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-spectrum. Lokhu kuvumele isathelayithi ukuthi ikhethe phakathi komkhawulokudonsa ohlukene ukuze idlulisele idatha eMhlabeni ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, noma ngabe idlulisa idatha kanye ne-beam evela kwenye isathelayithi, ingaphinda isebenzise lolo hlu lwe-spectral ekuxhumekeni obekungahlangani.
Lokhu kunikeze isivinini esikhulu nokusebenza. Ngesikhathi iqala ukusebenza, ibe ne-140 Gbps, ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye iziphuphutheki ezihlanganisa i-US, ngokusho kukaMongameli we-Viasat u-Rick Baldridge.
"Imakethe yesathelayithi bekungeyabantu abangenakuzikhethela," kusho uBaldrige. “Uma ungakwazanga ukufinyelela nganoma iyiphi enye indlela, bekuwubuchwepheshe obenziwe ekugcineni. Empeleni ibinokumbozwa yonke indawo, kodwa ibingenayo imininingwane eminingi. Ngakho-ke, lobu buchwepheshe bebusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi imisebenzi efana nokuthengiselana eziteshini zikaphethiloli.”
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, i-HughesNet (manje ephethwe yi-EchoStar) kanye ne-Viasat bebelokhu bakha amasathelayithi e-geostationary asheshayo nasheshayo. I-HughesNet ikhiphe i-EchoStar XVII (120 Gbps) ngo-2012, i-EchoStar XIX (200 Gbps) ngo-2017, futhi ihlela ukwethula i-EchoStar XXIV ngo-2021, inkampani ethi izohlinzeka nge-100 Mbps kubathengi.
I-ViaSat-2 yethulwa ngo-2017 futhi manje isinamandla acishe abe ngu-260 Gbit/s, kanti i-ViaSat-3 ehlukene ihlelelwe u-2020 noma u-2021, ngayinye ihlanganisa izingxenye ezihlukene zomhlaba. I-Viasat ithe uhlelo ngalunye kwezintathu ze-ViaSat-3 kulindeleke ukuthi lube ne-terabits ngomzuzwana, okuphindwe kabili kunawo wonke amanye amasathelayithi azungeza uMhlaba ehlangene.
“Sinomthamo omningi esikhaleni oshintsha wonke amandla okulethwa kwezimoto. Akukho mingcele kulokho okungahlinzekwa,” kusho u-DK Sachdev, ongumeluleki wezobuchwepheshe ngesathelayithi nezokuxhumana osebenzela iLeoSat, enye yezinkampani ezethula umlaza we-LEO. "Namuhla, wonke amaphutha amasathelayithi ayasuswa ngayinye ngayinye."
Wonke lo mjaho wejubane wenzeka ngesizathu, njengoba i-inthanethi (ukuxhumana ngezindlela ezimbili) yaqala ukususa ithelevishini (ukuxhumana ngendlela eyodwa) njengesevisi esebenzisa amasathelayithi.
"Imboni yesathelayithi imatasatasa isikhathi eside, ithola ukuthi izosuka kanjani ekudluliseni ividiyo engaqondile iye ekudluliselweni kwedatha ephelele," kusho uRonald van der Breggen, umqondisi wezokuthobela kwaLeoSat. "Kunemibono eminingi mayelana nokuthi kwenziwa kanjani, okufanele kwenziwe, iyiphi imakethe okufanele uyithengise."
Inkinga eyodwa isasele
Libazisa. Ngokungafani nesivinini esiphelele, ukubambezeleka inani lesikhathi esithathayo ukuze isicelo sihambe sisuka kukhompuyutha yakho siye lapho siya khona futhi sibuye. Ake sithi uchofoza isixhumanisi kuwebhusayithi, lesi sicelo kufanele siye kuseva bese sibuyela emuva (ukuthi iseva isithole ngempumelelo isicelo futhi isizokunikeza okuqukethwe okuceliwe), ngemuva kwalokho ikhasi lewebhu lilayisha.
Ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukulayisha isayithi kuya ngesivinini sakho sokuxhuma. Isikhathi esisithathayo ukuqedela isicelo sokulanda ukubambezeleka. Ivamise ukukalwa ngama-millisecond, ngakho-ke ayibonakali uma uphequlula iwebhu, kodwa ibalulekile uma udlala imidlalo ye-inthanethi. Kodwa-ke, kukhona amaqiniso lapho abasebenzisi abavela ku-Russian Federation bekwazi futhi bekwazi ukudlala eminye yemidlalo ku-inthanethi ngisho nalapho ukubambezeleka (ping) sekuseduze nomzuzwana owodwa.
Ukubambezeleka ohlelweni lwe-fiber-optic kuncike ebangeni, kodwa ngokuvamile kubalwa kuma-microsecond ambalwa ngekhilomitha; ukubambezeleka okuyinhloko kuvela kumshini, nakuba kunezixhumanisi ezibonakalayo zobude obude ukubambezeleka kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ku-fiber. -optic communication line (FOCL) isivinini sokukhanya singama-60% kuphela wejubane lokukhanya endaweni engenalutho, futhi kuncike kakhulu kubude begagasi. Ngokusho kuka-Baldrige, ukubambezeleka lapho uthumela isicelo ku-satellite ye-GSO cishe ku-700 millisecond-ukukhanya kuhamba ngokushesha endaweni engenalutho kune-fiber, kodwa lezi zinhlobo zamasathelayithi zikude, yingakho kuthatha isikhathi eside. Ngokungeziwe ekudlaleni, le nkinga ibalulekile ezinkomfeni ngevidiyo, ekwenziweni kwezimali kanye nemakethe yamasheya, ukugadwa kwe-inthanethi Yezinto, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithembele esivinini sokusebenzisana.
Kodwa ibaluleke kangakanani inkinga yokubambezeleka? Iningi lomkhawulokudonsa osetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke linikezelwe kuvidiyo. Uma ividiyo isisebenza futhi ifakwe kubhafa ngokufanele, ukubambezeleka kuba ngaphansi kwesici futhi isivinini siba sibaluleke kakhulu. Akumangazi ukuthi i-Viasat ne-HughesNet bathambekele ekunciphiseni ukubaluleka kokubambezeleka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, nakuba bobabili basebenzela ukukunciphisa kumasistimu abo futhi. I-HughesNet isebenzisa i-algorithm ukuze ibeke kuqala ithrafikhi ngokusekelwe kulokho abasebenzisi abakunakayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulethwa kwedatha. I-Viasat imemezele ukwethulwa kweqoqo lezinkanyezi le-medium earth orbit (MEO) isathelayithi ukuze ihambisane nenethiwekhi yayo ekhona, okufanele yehlise ukubambezeleka futhi yandise ukusabalala, okuhlanganisa nezindawo eziphakeme lapho ama-GSO enkabazwe ene-latency ephakeme.
"Sigxile kakhulu kumthamo omkhulu kanye nezindleko zemali eziphansi kakhulu zokusebenzisa leyo volumu," kusho u-Baldrige. “Ingabe ukubambezeleka kubaluleke njengezinye izici zemakethe esiyisekelayo”?
Noma kunjalo, sikhona isixazululo; amasathelayithi e-LEO aseseduze kakhulu nabasebenzisi. Ngakho-ke izinkampani ezifana ne-SpaceX ne-LeoSat zikhethe lo mzila, zihlela ukuhambisa umlaza wamasathelayithi amancane kakhulu, asondelene, ne-latency elindelekile yama-millisecond angu-20 kuya kwangu-30 kubasebenzisi.
"Kuwukuhwebelana kulokho ngoba ku-orbit ephansi, uthola ukubambezeleka okuncane ohlelweni lwe-LEO, kodwa unohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi," kusho u-Cook. "Ukuze uqedele umlaza, udinga okungenani ube namakhulu amasathelayithi ngoba asendaweni ephansi, futhi ahambahamba eMhlabeni, edlula emkhathizwe ngokushesha futhi anyamalale... futhi udinga ukuba nesistimu ye-antenna engakwazi balandele.”
Kodwa kufanelekile ukukhumbula izindaba ezimbili. Ekuqaleni kwawo-90, uBill Gates kanye nozakwabo abambalwa batshale imali elinganiselwa ezigidini zamarandi kuphrojekthi ebizwa ngeTeledesic yokuhlinzeka nge-broadband ezindaweni ezazingakwazi ukukhokhela inethiwekhi noma ezingeke zisheshe zibone imigqa ye-fiber optic. Kwakudingeka ukwakha umlaza we-840 (kamuva wehliswa waba ngu-288) we-LEO satellites. Abasunguli bayo bakhulume ngokuxazulula inkinga ye-latency futhi ku-1994 bacela i-FCC ukuthi isebenzise i-Ka-band spectrum. Kuzwakala ujwayelekile?
I-Teledesic idle imali elinganiselwa ku-$9 billion ngaphambi kokuthi yehlule ngo-2003.
“Umbono awuzange usebenze ngaleso sikhathi ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zokunakekela kanye nezinsizakalo zomsebenzisi wokugcina, kodwa ubonakala ungenzeka manje,” kusho. , uprofesa wezinhlelo zolwazi e-California State University Dominguez Hills oqaphe izinhlelo ze-LEO kusukela i-Teledesic yaphuma. "Ubuchwepheshe abuzange buthuthuke ngokwanele kulokho."
Umthetho kaMoore kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwebhethri likamakhalekhukhwini, inzwa kanye nobuchwepheshe bokucubungula kunikeze imilaza ye-LEO ithuba lesibili. Ukwanda kwesidingo kwenza umnotho ubukeke ulingeka. Kodwa ngenkathi i-saga ye-Teledesic idlala, enye imboni yazuza ulwazi oluthile olubalulekile lokwethula izinhlelo zokuxhumana emkhathini. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-90, i-Iridium, i-Globalstar kanye ne-Orbcomm ngokuhlanganyela bethula amasathelayithi ahamba kancane angaphezu kwe-100 ukuze ahlinzeke ngomakhalekhukhwini.
“Kuthatha iminyaka ukwakha umlaza wonke ngoba udinga inqwaba yokuqaliswa, futhi kubiza ngempela,” kusho u-Zach Manchester, uprofesa osizayo wezobunhlakanipho nezinkanyezi e-Stanford University. "Esikhathini, ake sithi, iminyaka emihlanu noma ngaphezulu, ingqalasizinda ye-terrestrial cell tower iye yanda kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lapho ukumbozwa kukuhle ngempela futhi kufinyelela kubantu abaningi."
Zontathu izinkampani zawa ngokushesha. Futhi nakuba ngayinye isizisungule kabusha ngokunikeza ububanzi obuncane bezinsizakalo ngezinjongo ezithile, njengamabhakhoni ezimo eziphuthumayo nokulandelela impahla, ayikho ephumelele ukufaka esikhundleni sesevisi yomakhalekhukhwini esekelwe embhoshongweni. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-SpaceX ibilokhu yethula amasathelayithi e-Iridium ngaphansi kwenkontileka.
“Sesike sayibona le filimu,” kusho uManchester. "Angiboni lutho oluhluke ngokuphelele kulesi simo samanje."
Umncintiswano
I-SpaceX nezinye izinkampani eziyi-11 (kanye nabatshalizimali bazo) banombono ohlukile. I-OneWeb yethula amasathelayithi kulo nyaka kanti izinsizakalo kulindeleke ukuthi ziqale ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo, zilandelwe amaqoqo ezinkanyezi amaningi ngo-2021 nango-2023, ngomgomo wokugcina we-1000 Tbps ngo-2025. I-O3b, manje engaphansi kwe-SAS, inomlaza wamasathelayithi angu-16 e-MEO asesebenze iminyaka eminingana. I-Telesat isivele isebenzisa amasathelayithi e-GSO, kodwa ihlela uhlelo lwe-LEO luka-2021 oluzoba nezixhumanisi ezibonakalayo ezine-latency engu-30 kuya ku-50 ms.
I-Upstart Astranis nayo inesathelayithi ku-geosynchronous orbit futhi izokhipha okuningi eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. Nakuba bengayixazululi inkinga yokubambezeleka, inkampani ibheke ukunciphisa kakhulu izindleko ngokusebenzisana nabahlinzeki be-inthanethi bendawo nokwakha amasathelayithi amancane, ashibhe kakhulu.
I-LeoSat futhi ihlela ukwethula uchungechunge lokuqala lwamasathelayithi ngo-2019, futhi iqedele umlaza ngo-2022. Bazondiza bezungeza uMhlaba endaweni ephakeme eyi-1400 km, baxhumane namanye amasathelayithi kunethiwekhi kusetshenziswa ukuxhumana okubonakalayo futhi badlulise ulwazi phezulu naphansi ku-Ka-band. Sebethole i-spectrum edingekayo emhlabeni jikelele, kusho u-Richard van der Breggen, isikhulu esiphezulu se-LeoSat, futhi balindele ukugunyazwa kwe-FCC maduze.
Ngokuka-van der Breggen, ukuphusha kwe-inthanethi yesathelayithi esheshayo kwakusekelwe kakhulu ekwakheni amasathelayithi amakhulu, asheshayo akwazi ukudlulisa idatha eyengeziwe. Uyibiza ngokuthi "ipayipi": uma ipayipi likhulu, i-intanethi ingaqhuma kuyo. Kodwa izinkampani ezinjengaye zithola izindawo ezintsha ezingathuthukiswa ngokushintsha lonke uhlelo.
“Cabanga uhlobo oluncane lwenethiwekhi—amarutha amabili eCisco kanye nentambo phakathi kwawo,” kusho u-van der Breggen. "Okwenziwa yiwo wonke amasathelayithi ukuhlinzeka ngocingo phakathi kwamabhokisi amabili...sizoletha isethi yonke yabathathu emkhathini."
I-LeoSat ihlela ukukhipha amasathelayithi angama-78, ngalinye lilingana netafula lokudlela elikhulu futhi linesisindo esingaba ngu-1200 kg. Akhiwe yi-Iridium, afakwe amaphaneli elanga amane namalaser amane (eyodwa ekhoneni ngalinye) ukuze axhume komakhelwane. Lokhu ukuxhumana u-van der Breggen akubheka njengokubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokomlando, amasathelayithi abonisa isignali ngesimo sika-V ukusuka esiteshini esiphansi kuya kusathelayithi bese kuya kumamukeli. Ngenxa yokuthi amasathelayithi e-LEO aphansi, awakwazi ukuvela kude, kodwa angadlulisela idatha phakathi kwawo ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi lokhu kusebenza kanjani, kuyasiza ukucabanga nge-inthanethi njengento enebhizinisi langempela. Akuyona nje idatha, yilapho leyo datha ihlala khona nokuthi ihamba kanjani. I-inthanethi ayigcinwa endaweni eyodwa, kukhona amaseva emhlabeni wonke aqukethe olunye ulwazi, futhi uma ufinyelela kuwo, ikhompuyutha yakho ithatha idatha kweseduzane onalokho okufunayo. Ibaluleke kuphi? Kubaluleke kangakanani? Ukukhanya (ulwazi) kuhamba emkhathini cishe ngokuphindwe kabili kunefiber. Futhi uma usebenzisa uxhumo lwefayibha ezungeze iplanethi, kufanele ilandele indlela yokuchezuka ukusuka endaweni eyinodi ukuya endaweni, enokuzulazula okuzungeze izintaba namazwekazi. I-inthanethi yesathelayithi ayinakho lokhu kubi, futhi lapho umthombo wedatha ukude, naphezu kokwengeza amamayela ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa zebanga eliqondile, ukubambezeleka nge-LEO kuzoba ngaphansi kune-latency nge-fiber optic Internet. Isibonelo, i-ping esuka e-London iya e-Singapore ingaba ngu-112 ms esikhundleni sika-186, okungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuxhumana.
Yile ndlela u-van der Breggen awuchaza ngayo umsebenzi: yonke imboni ingabhekwa njengokuthuthukiswa kwenethiwekhi esabalalisiwe engahlukile ku-inthanethi iyonke, nje emkhathini. Ukubambezeleka nesivinini kokubili kudlala indima.
Nakuba ubuchwepheshe benkampani eyodwa bungase bube phezulu, lona akuwona umdlalo we-zero-sum futhi ngeke kube nabawinile noma abahluliwe. Eziningi zalezi zinkampani zibheke izimakethe ezahlukene futhi zize zisizane ukuthola imiphumela eziyifunayo. Kwabanye yimikhumbi, izindiza noma izizinda zamasosha; kwabanye abathengi basemaphandleni noma amazwe asathuthuka. Kodwa ekugcineni, izinkampani zinomgomo ofanayo: ukudala i-intanethi lapho ingekho khona, noma lapho ingenele khona, futhi ikwenze ngezindleko eziphansi ngokwanele ukusekela imodeli yebhizinisi labo.
“Sicabanga ukuthi akubona ubuchwepheshe obuqhudelanayo ngempela. Sikholelwa ukuthi ngandlela thile, ubuchwepheshe be-LEO ne-GEO buyadingeka,” kusho u-Cook weHughesNet. “Ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezinhlelo zokusebenza, njengokusakazwa kwevidiyo ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwe-GEO lubiza kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukubambezeleka okuphansi... I-LEO iyindlela okufanele uhambe ngayo."
Eqinisweni, i-HughesNet ibambisene ne-OneWeb ukuze inikeze ubuchwepheshe besango obulawula ithrafikhi futhi busebenzisane nesistimu nge-inthanethi.
Kungenzeka ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi umlaza ohlongozwayo we-LeoSat uncane ngokuphindwe ka-10 kune-SpaceX. Kulungile, kusho u-Van der Breggen, ngoba i-LeoSat ihlose ukusebenzela amakhasimende ezinkampani kanye nakahulumeni futhi izohlanganisa izindawo ezimbalwa kuphela. I-O3b ithengisa i-inthanethi emikhunjini yokuhamba ngomkhumbi, okuhlanganisa i-Royal Caribbean, kanye nozakwethu nabahlinzeki bezokuxhumana e-American Samoa nase-Solomon Islands, lapho kunokushoda kokuxhumana okunezintambo ezinesivinini esikhulu.
Isiqalo esincane sase-Toronto esibizwa nge-Kepler Communications sisebenzisa ama-CubeSats amancane (cishe usayizi wesinkwa) ukuze anikeze ukufinyelela kwenethiwekhi kumakhasimende asebenzisa isikhathi eside ukubambezeleka, u-5GB wedatha noma ngaphezulu angatholwa esikhathini esiyimizuzu eyi-10, ehambisana ne-polar. ukuhlola, isayensi, izimboni nezokuvakasha. Ngakho-ke, lapho ufaka i-antenna encane, isivinini sizofika ku-20 Mbit / s ukuze silayishe futhi sifinyelele ku-50 Mbit / s ukuze ilandwe, kodwa uma usebenzisa "isitsha" esikhulu, isivinini sizoba phezulu - 120 Mbit / s yokulayisha kanye ne-150 Mbit/s yokwamukela. Ngokuka-Baldrige, ukukhula okuqinile kwe-Viasat kuvela ekunikezeni i-inthanethi ezinkampanini zezindiza ezentengiselwano; basayine izivumelwano ne-United, JetBlue ne-American, kanjalo neQantas, SAS nabanye.
Khona-ke, le modeli yezohwebo eqhutshwa yinzuzo izovala kanjani ukuhlukana kwedijithali futhi ilethe i-inthanethi emazweni asathuthuka kanye nenani labantu abanganakiwe okungenzeka bangakwazi ukuyikhokhela futhi abazimisele ukukhokha kancane? Lokhu kuzokwenzeka ngenxa yefomethi yesistimu. Njengoba amasathelayithi angawodwana omlaza we-LEO (Low Earth Orbit) elokhu enyakaza, kufanele asatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo emhlabeni wonke, okuwenze ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile ahlanganise izifunda lapho kungahlali muntu noma inani labantu limpofu kakhulu. Ngakho, noma iyiphi imajini engatholwa kulezi zifunda izoba inzuzo.
"Ukuqagela kwami ukuthi bazoba namanani ahlukene okuxhumana emazweni ahlukene, futhi lokhu kuzobavumela ukuthi benze i-inthanethi itholakale yonke indawo, noma ngabe isifunda esimpofu kakhulu," kusho u-Press. "Uma i-constellation of satellites ikhona, khona-ke izindleko zayo sezivele zilungisiwe, futhi uma i-satellite iphezu kweCuba futhi kungekho muntu oyisebenzisayo, khona-ke noma iyiphi imali engenayo abangayithola eCuba incane futhi imahhala (ayidingi ukutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe)" .
Ukungena emakethe yabathengi abaningi kungaba nzima kakhulu. Eqinisweni, impumelelo enkulu ezuzwe yimboni iqhamuke ekuhlinzekeni nge-inthanethi ebiza kakhulu kohulumeni namabhizinisi. Kodwa i-SpaceX kanye ne-OneWeb ikakhulukazi baqondise ababhalisile bezitini nodaka ezinhlelweni zabo zebhizinisi.
Ngokusho kukaSachdev, isipiliyoni somsebenzisi sizobaluleka kule makethe. Kufanele umboze Umhlaba ngesistimu esebenziseka kalula, esebenza kahle futhi eyongayo. "Kodwa lokho kukodwa akwanele," kusho uSachdev. "Udinga umthamo owanele, futhi ngaphambi kwalokho, udinga ukuqinisekisa amanani athengekayo emishini yamakhasimende."
Ubani onesibopho sokulawula?
Izingqinamba ezimbili ezinkulu i-SpaceX okwakufanele izixazulule ne-FCC ukuthi i-spectrum yezokuxhumana ngesathelayithi ekhona (nesikhathi esizayo) izokwabiwa kanjani nokuthi ingavinjwa kanjani imfucumfucu yasemkhathini. Umbuzo wokuqala umthwalo we-FCC, kodwa owesibili ubonakala ufanelekile ku-NASA noma uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US. Zombili ziqapha izinto ezizungezayo ukuze zigweme ukushayisana, kodwa nomlawuli akasona isilawuli.
"Awukho ngempela inqubomgomo edidiyelwe kahle yokuthi yini okufanele siyenze mayelana nemfucumfucu yasemkhathini," kusho uStanford's Manchester. "Njengamanje, laba bantu abaxhumani ngempumelelo, futhi awukho umgomo ongaguquki."
Inkinga iphinde ibe yinkimbinkimbi ngoba amasathelayithi e-LEO adlula emazweni amaningi. I-International Telecommunication Union idlala indima efana ne-FCC, yabela i-spectrum, kodwa ukuze isebenze ngaphakathi kwezwe, inkampani kufanele ithole imvume kulelo zwe. Ngakho, amasathelayithi e-LEO kufanele akwazi ukushintsha amabhendi e-spectral awasebenzisayo kuye ngezwe atholakala kulo.
"Ingabe ngempela ufuna i-SpaceX ibe ne-monopoly ekuxhumekeni kulesi sifunda?" Cindezela kubuza. “Kuyadingeka ukulawula imisebenzi yabo, futhi ubani onelungelo lokwenza lokhu? Bangama-supranational. I-FCC ayinawo amandla okuphatha kwamanye amazwe. "
Nokho, lokhu akwenzi i-FCC ingabi namandla. Ngasekupheleni konyaka odlule, isiqalo esincane saseSilicon Valley esibizwa ngokuthi i-Swarm Technologies sanqatshelwa imvume yokwethula ama-prototypes amane amasathelayithi ezokuxhumana e-LEO, ngalinye lincane kunencwadi eyiphepha. Ukuphikisa okuyinhloko kwe-FCC kwakuwukuthi amasathelayithi amancane angaba nzima kakhulu ukuwalandelela ngakho-ke awabikezeleki futhi abe yingozi.
I-Swarm yethula noma kunjalo. Inkampani yakwa-Seattle ehlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokwethulwa kwesathelayithi ibathumele e-India, lapho begibele irokhethi ethwele inqwaba yamasathelayithi amakhulu, kubika i-IEEE Spectrum. I-FCC ithole lokhu futhi yahlawulisa inkampani u-$900, okumele ikhokhwe iminyaka emi-000, futhi manje isicelo se-Swarm samasathelayithi amakhulu amane asisabonakali njengoba inkampani isebenza ngokuyimfihlo. Kodwa-ke, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule kwavela izindaba zokuthi imvume yamukelwe futhi . Ngokuvamile, imali nekhono lokuxoxisana kwakuyisixazululo. Isisindo samasathelayithi sisuka ku-310 siye ku-450 amagremu, okwamanje kukhona amasathelayithi ayi-7 ku-orbit, futhi inethiwekhi egcwele izosetshenziswa maphakathi no-2020. Umbiko wakamuva uphakamisa ukuthi cishe izigidi ezingama-25 zamaRandi isivele itshaliwe enkampanini, okuvula ithuba lokufinyelela emakethe hhayi kuphela ezinkampanini zomhlaba.
Kwezinye izinkampani ze-inthanethi zesathelayithi ezizayo kanye nalezo ezikhona ezihlola amaqhinga amasha, iminyaka emine kuya kweyisishiyagalombili ezayo izoba bucayi ekunqumeni ukuthi sikhona yini isidingo sobuchwepheshe bazo lapha namanje, noma sizobona umlando uziphinda nge-Teledesic ne-Iridium. Kodwa kwenzekani ngemva kwalokho? I-Mars, ngokusho kukaMusk, inhloso yakhe ukusebenzisa i-Starlink ukuhlinzeka ngemali yokuhlola i-Mars, kanye nokwenza isivivinyo.
"Singasebenzisa lolu hlelo olufanayo ukudala inethiwekhi ku-Mars," etshela abasebenzi bakhe. "I-Mars izodinga nohlelo lwezokuxhumana lomhlaba wonke, futhi azikho izintambo ze-fiber optic noma izintambo nanoma yini."
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