Ithebula lezikhathi ezithile kusayensi yekhompyutha yesikole

(Amakhadi okulawula)
(Kunikezelwe Onyakeni Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wethebula Lezikhathi Zezinto Zamakhemikhali)
(Izengezo zakamuva zenziwe ngo-April 8, 2019. Uhlu lwezengezo ngokushesha lungaphansi kokusikiwe)

(Imbali kaMendeleev, Umthombo)

Ngikhumbula sidlula idada. Lezi kwakuyizifundo ezintathu ngesikhathi esisodwa: geography, isayensi yemvelo kanye Russian. Esifundweni sesayensi, idada lalifundelwa njengedada, yiziphi izimpiko elinazo, ukuthi linamiphi imilenze, libhukuda kanjani, nokunye. Esifundweni se-geography, idada elifanayo lafundwa njengesakhamuzi sembulunga yonke: kwakudingeka ukuthi kuboniswe kumephu lapho lihlala khona nalapho lingahlali khona. NgesiRashiya, uSerafima Petrovna wasifundisa ukubhala “u-t-k-a” futhi sifunde okuthile ngamadada aseBrem. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wasazisa ukuthi ngesiJalimane idada linje, nangesiFulentshi kanje. Ngicabanga ukuthi yayibizwa ngokuthi “indlela eyinkimbinkimbi” ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokuvamile, konke kwaphuma “ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.”

Veniamin Kaverin, Okapteni ababili

Kulesi sicaphuno esingenhla, uVeniamin Kaverin wabonisa ngobuciko ukushiyeka kwendlela yokufundisa eyinkimbinkimbi, noma kunjalo, kwezinye izimo (mhlawumbe ezingavamile kakhulu), izici zale ndlela zifanelekile. Esinye sezimo ezinjalo yithebula lezikhathi ezithile lika-D.I. Mendeleev ezifundweni zesayensi yekhompyutha yesikole. Umsebenzi we-software othomathikhi wezenzo ezijwayelekile ngethebula le-periodic ucacile ezinganeni zesikole eziqale ukufunda i-chemistry, futhi ihlukaniswe ngezinkinga eziningi zamakhemikhali ezijwayelekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesayensi yekhompiyutha, lo msebenzi usivumela ukuba sibonise ngendlela elula indlela yokulawula amakhadi, okungase kuthiwe yi-graphical programming, eqondwa ngomqondo obanzi wegama njengokuhlela usebenzisa izakhi zegraphic.

(April 8, 2019 izengezo ezenziwe:
Isengezo 1: Indlela Isibali SeKhemistry Esisebenza Ngayo
Isithasiselo 2: izibonelo zemisebenzi yezihlungi)

Ake siqale ngomsebenzi oyisisekelo. Esimweni esilula, ithebula le-periodic kufanele liboniswe esikrinini efomini lewindi, lapho esitokisini ngasinye kuzoba nokuqokwa kwamakhemikhali kwesici: H - hydrogen, He - helium, njll. Uma ikhesa yegundane ikhomba kuseli, khona-ke ukuqokwa kwesici nenombolo yayo kuboniswa endaweni ekhethekile efomini lethu. Uma umsebenzisi ecindezela i-LMB, igama nenombolo yale elementi ekhethiwe izokhonjiswa kwenye indawo yefomu.

Inkinga ingaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa noma yiluphi ulimi lomhlaba wonke. Sizothatha i-Delpi-7 yakudala elula, eqondakala cishe kuwo wonke umuntu. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuhlela ku-PL, ake sidwebe izithombe ezimbili, isibonelo, ku-Photoshop. Okokuqala, ake sidwebe I-Periodic Table ngendlela esifuna ukuyibona kuhlelo. Londoloza umphumela efayeleni eliyisithombe ithebula01.bmp.

Ngomdwebo wesibili sisebenzisa owokuqala. Sizogcwalisa ngokulandelana amaseli ethebula, asulwe kuzo zonke izithombe, ngemibala ehlukile kumodeli yombala we-RGB. U-R no-G kuyohlale kungu-0, futhi B=1 ku-hydrogen, 2 kwe-helium, njll. Lo mdwebo uzoba ikhadi lethu lokulawula, esizoligcina efayeleni elibizwa ngokuthi. ithebula2.bmp.

Isigaba sokuqala sohlelo lwezithombe ku-Photoshop siqediwe. Masiqhubekele kuhlelo lwegraphical GUI ku-Delpi-7 IDE. Ukuze wenze lokhu, vula iphrojekthi entsha, lapho efomini eliyinhloko sibeka inkinobho yengxoxo (ithebulaDlg), lapho kuzokwenziwa khona umsebenzi netafula. Okulandelayo sisebenza nefomu ithebulaDlg.

Faka ingxenye yekilasi efomini I-TImage. Siyathola Image1. Qaphela ukuthi ngokuvamile, kumaphrojekthi amakhulu, amagama akhiqizwa ngokuzenzakalela efomu IsithombeNkuphi N ingafinyelela ishumi nambili noma ngaphezulu - lesi akusona isitayela esihle kakhulu sokuhlela, futhi amagama anengqondo kufanele anikezwe. Kodwa kuphrojekthi yethu encane, kuphi N ngeke idlule u-2, ungayishiya njengoba yenziwe.

Kumpahla Isithombe1.Isithombe layisha ifayela ithebula01.bmp. Siyadala Image2 bese ulayisha ikhadi lethu lokulawula lapho ithebula2.bmp. Kulokhu, senza ifayela libe lincane futhi lingabonakali kumsebenzisi, njengoba kuboniswe ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokunxele lefomu. Sengeza izakhi zokulawula ezengeziwe, inhloso esobala. Isigaba sesibili se-graphical GUI programming ku-Delpi-7 IDE siqediwe.

Masiqhubekele esigabeni sesithathu - ukubhala ikhodi ku-Delpi-7 IDE. Imojula iqukethe izibambi zomcimbi ezinhlanu kuphela: ukwakhiwa kwamafomu (FormCreate), ukunyakaza kwekhesa Image1 (Image1MouseHambisa), ngokuchofoza i-LMB kuseli (Isithombe1Chofoza) bese uphuma engxoxweni usebenzisa izinkinobho OK (OKBtnChofoza) noma Khansela (KhanselaBtnClick). Izihloko zalezi zibambi zenziwa ngendlela evamile kusetshenziswa i-IDE.

Ikhodi yomthombo wemojuli:

unit tableUnit;
// Периодическая таблица химических элементов Д.И.Менделеева
//
// third112
// https://habr.com/ru/users/third112/
//
// Оглавление
// 1) создание формы
// 2) работа с таблицей: указание и выбор
// 3) выход из диалога

interface

uses Windows, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Forms, Controls, StdCtrls, 
  Buttons, ExtCtrls;

const
 size = 104; // число элементов
 
type
 TtableDlg = class(TForm)
    OKBtn: TButton;
    CancelBtn: TButton;
    Bevel1: TBevel;
    Image1: TImage;  //таблица химических элементов
    Label1: TLabel;
    Image2: TImage;  //управляющая карта
    Label2: TLabel;
    Edit1: TEdit;
    procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject); // создание формы
    procedure Image1MouseMove(Sender: TObject; Shift: TShiftState; X,
      Y: Integer);                        // указание клетки
    procedure Image1Click(Sender: TObject); // выбор клетки
    procedure OKBtnClick(Sender: TObject);  // OK
    procedure CancelBtnClick(Sender: TObject); // Cancel
  private
    { Private declarations }
    TableSymbols : array [1..size] of string [2]; // массив обозначений элементов
  public
    { Public declarations }
    selectedElement : string; // выбранный элемент
    currNo : integer;         // текущий номер элемента
  end;

var
  tableDlg: TtableDlg;

implementation

{$R *.dfm}

const
PeriodicTableStr1=
'HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLa';
PeriodicTableStr2='CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu';
PeriodicTableStr3='HfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAc';
PeriodicTableStr4='ThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrKu ';

// создание формы  ==================================================

procedure TtableDlg.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);
// создание формы
var
  s : string;
  i,j : integer;
begin
  currNo := 0;
// инициализация массива обозначений элементов:
  s := PeriodicTableStr1+ PeriodicTableStr2+PeriodicTableStr3+PeriodicTableStr4;
  j := 1;
  for i :=1 to size do
   begin
     TableSymbols [i] := s[j];
     inc (j);
     if s [j] in ['a'..'z'] then
      begin
        TableSymbols [i] := TableSymbols [i]+ s [j];
        inc (j);
      end; // if s [j] in
   end; // for i :=1
end; // FormCreate ____________________________________________________

// работа с таблицей: указание и выбор =========================================

procedure TtableDlg.Image1MouseMove(Sender: TObject; Shift: TShiftState;
  X, Y: Integer);
// указание клетки
var
  sl : integer;
begin
  sl := GetBValue(Image2.Canvas.Pixels [x,y]);
  if sl in [1..size] then
   begin
    Label1.Caption := intToStr (sl)+ ' '+TableSymbols [sl];
    currNo := sl;
   end
  else
    Label1.Caption := 'Select element:';
end; // Image1MouseMove   ____________________________________________________

procedure TtableDlg.Image1Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
  if currNo <> 0 then
   begin
    selectedElement := TableSymbols [currNo];
    Label2.Caption := intToStr (currNo)+ ' '+selectedElement+ ' selected';
    Edit1.Text := selectedElement;
   end;
end; // Image1Click  ____________________________________________________

// выход из диалога  ==================================================

procedure TtableDlg.OKBtnClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
    selectedElement := Edit1.Text;
    hide;
end;  // OKBtnClick ____________________________________________________

procedure TtableDlg.CancelBtnClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
  hide;
end;  // CancelBtnClick ____________________________________________________

end.

Enguqulweni yethu, sithathe ithebula lezinto eziyi-104 (njalo usayizi). Ngokusobala lo sayizi ungandiswa. Izimpawu ze-elementi (izimpawu zamakhemikhali) zibhalwa ohlwini IthebulaIzimpawu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezizathu zokubumbana kwekhodi yomthombo, kubonakala kuhle ukuthi kubhalwe ukulandelana kwalezi zimpawu ngendlela yezintambo ezingaguquki. I-PeriodicTableStr1..., I-PeriodicTableStr4ukuze kuthi lapho ifomu lidalwa, uhlelo ngokwalo luhlakaza lezi zimpawu phakathi kwezakhi zohlelo. Isici ngasinye siqukethe uhlamvu olulodwa noma ezimbili zesiLatini, uhlamvu lokuqala lungosonhlamvukazi bese lwesibili (uma lukhona) lunohlamvu oluncane. Lo mthetho olula usetshenziswa lapho kulayishwa amalungu afanayo. Ngakho, ukulandelana kwamanothi kungabhalwa ngendlela efingqiwe ngaphandle kwezikhala. Ukuhlukanisa ukulandelana kube izingxenye ezine (constants I-PeriodicTableStr1..., I-PeriodicTableStr4) kungenxa yokucatshangelwa kokulula ukufunda ikhodi yomthombo, ngoba Ulayini omude kakhulu ungase ungalingani ngokuphelele esikrinini.

Lapho ikhesa yegundane ihamba phezu kwe Image1 umphathi Image1MouseHambisa lo mcimbi unquma inani lengxenye yombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wephikseli yekhadi lokulawula Image2 kuzixhumanisi zekhesa zamanje. Ngokwakha Image2 leli nani lilingana nenombolo ye-elementi uma ikhesa ingaphakathi kweseli; zero uma emngceleni, futhi 255 kwezinye izimo. Izenzo ezisele ezenziwa wuhlelo zincane futhi azidingi kuchazwa.

Ngaphezu kwamasu okuhlelwa kwesitayela okuphawulwe ngenhla, kufanelekile ukuphawula isitayela sokuphawula. Uma sikhuluma nje, ikhodi okuxoxwe ngayo incane futhi ilula kangangokuthi ukuphawula akubonakali kudingekile ngokukhethekile. Kodwa-ke, zengezwe nangezizathu ze-methodological - ikhodi emfushane isivumela ukuthi senze iziphetho ezijwayelekile ngokucacile. Ekhodini ethulwe kumenyezelwe isigaba esisodwa (I-TtableDlg). Izindlela zaleli klasi zingashintshwa futhi lokhu ngeke kuthinte ukusebenza kohlelo nganoma iyiphi indlela, kodwa kungase kuthinte ukufundeka kwalo. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngokulandelana:

OKBtnClick, Image1MouseMove, FormCreate, Image1Click, CancelBtnClick.

Kungase kungabonakali kakhulu, kodwa kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukufunda nokuqonda. Uma zingekho ezinhlanu, kodwa izindlela eziphindwe kashumi esigabeni ukuqaliswa banokuhleleka okuhluke ngokuphelele kunezincazelo zekilasi, khona-ke isiphithiphithi sizokhula kuphela. Ngakho-ke, nakuba kunzima ukufakazela ngokuqinile futhi kungase kungenzeki, umuntu angathemba ukuthi ukwethula ukuhleleka okwengeziwe kuzothuthukisa ukufundeka kwekhodi. Lo myalelo owengeziwe wenziwa lula ukuqoqwa okunengqondo kwezindlela ezimbalwa ezenza imisebenzi ehlobene. Iqembu ngalinye kufanele linikezwe isihloko, isibonelo:

// работа с таблицей: указание и выбор

Lezi zihloko kufanele zikopishwe ekuqaleni kwemojuli futhi zifomethwe njengethebula lokuqukethwe. Kwezinye izimo zamamojula amade, amathebula okuqukethwe ahlinzeka ngezinketho ezengeziwe zokuzulazula. Ngokufanayo, emzimbeni omude wendlela eyodwa, inqubo noma umsebenzi, kufanelekile, okokuqala, ukumaka ukuphela kwalo mzimba:

end; // FormCreate

futhi, okwesibili, ezitatimendeni ezinamagatsha ezinobakaki bohlelo ziqala - ekugcineni, maka isitatimende lapho ubakaki wokuvala ubhekise kuso:

      end; // if s [j] in
   end; // for i :=1
end; // FormCreate

Ukuze ugqamise izihloko zeqembu neziphetho zemizimba yezindlela, ungakwazi ukwengeza imigqa eyeqa ubude babasebenzisi abaningi futhi ihlanganisa, isibonelo, izinhlamvu “=" kanye no-“_”, ngokulandelana.
Futhi, sidinga ukubhukha: isibonelo sethu silula kakhulu. Futhi uma ikhodi yendlela ingalingani esikrinini esisodwa, kungaba nzima ukuqonda iziphetho eziyisithupha ezilandelanayo ukuze wenze izinguquko zekhodi. Kwabanye abahlanganisi abadala, ngokwesibonelo, i-Pascal 8000 ye-OS IBM 360/370, ikholomu yesevisi efana nale yaphrintwa kwesokunxele ohlwini.

B5
…
E5

Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi abakaki abavala kulayini u-E5 bahambisana nabakaki abavula kulayini B5.

Yiqiniso, isitayela sokuhlela siyinkinga ephikisana kakhulu, ngakho-ke imibono evezwe lapha kufanele ithathwe njengento engeyona nje into yokucabanga. Kungaba nzima kakhulu ukuthi abahleli bezinhlelo ababili abanolwazi olunzulu, asebethuthuke futhi bajwayele izitayela ezahlukene eminyakeni eminingi yomsebenzi, ukuthi bafinyelele esivumelwaneni. Kuwudaba oluhlukile ngomfundi ofunda ukuhlela ongakabi naso isikhathi sokuzitholela esakhe isitayela. Ngicabanga ukuthi kulokhu uthisha kufanele okungenani adlulisele kubafundi bakhe umbono olula, kodwa ongabonakali kubo wokuthi impumelelo yohlelo incike kakhulu kwisitayela lapho kubhalwa khona ikhodi yomthombo. Umfundi angase angasilandeli isitayela esinconyiwe, kodwa makacabange okungenani ngesidingo sezenzo “ezengeziwe” zokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwekhodi yomthombo.

Ukubuyela enkingeni yethu eyisisekelo ku-Periodic Table: ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kungaya ngezindlela ezihlukene. Enye yezikhombisi-ndlela ingeyereferensi: uma uhambisa ikhesa yegundane phezu kweseli yetafula, kuvela iwindi lolwazi eliqukethe ulwazi olwengeziwe kusici esishiwo. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo izihlungi. Isibonelo, kuye ngokufakwa, iwindi lolwazi lizoqukatha kuphela: ulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu olungokwenyama namakhemikhali, ulwazi ngomlando wokutholwa, ulwazi mayelana nokusabalalisa emvelweni, uhlu lwezinhlanganisela ezibaluleke kakhulu (okuhlanganisa lesi sici), izakhiwo ze-physiological, igama ngolimi lwangaphandle, njll. e. Ukukhumbula "idada" likaKaverin lapho lesi sihloko siqala, singasho ukuthi ngalokhu kuthuthukiswa kohlelo sizothola ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kwesayensi yemvelo: ngaphezu kwekhompyutha isayensi, i-physics kanye ne-chemistry - biology, geography yezomnotho, umlando wesayensi ngisho nezilimi zakwamanye amazwe.

Kodwa i-database yendawo ayiwona umkhawulo. Uhlelo luxhumeka ku-inthanethi ngokwemvelo. Uma ukhetha i-elementi, isixhumanisi siyasebenza, futhi isihloko se-Wikipedia mayelana nale sici sivulwa efasiteleni lesiphequluli sewebhu. I-Wikipedia, njengoba wazi, ayiwona umthombo ogunyaziwe. Ungasetha izixhumanisi emithonjeni egunyaziwe, isibonelo, i-encyclopedia yamakhemikhali, i-TSB, amajenali angabonakali, oda imibuzo ezinjinini zokusesha zalesi sici, njll. Lokho. Abafundi bazokwazi ukuqeda izabelo ezilula kodwa eziphusile ku-DBMS nezihloko ze-inthanethi.

Ngokungeziwe emibuzweni yento ngayinye, ungakha ukusebenza okuzokwenza, isibonelo, kumake amaseli kuthebula ahlangabezana nemibandela ethile enemibala ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, izinsimbi kanye non-metal. Noma amaseli alahlwa emanzini yisitshalo samakhemikhali sasendaweni.

Ungakwazi futhi ukusebenzisa imisebenzi yomhleli wencwajana. Isibonelo, gqamisa kuthebula izici ezifakwe esivivinyweni. Bese ugqamisa izici ezifundwe/eziphindwa ngumfundi ekulungiseleleni ukuhlolwa.

Futhi lapha, ngokwesibonelo, kungenye yezinkinga ezijwayelekile zamakhemikhali esikole:

Inikezwe 10 g woshoki. Ingakanani i-hydrochloric acid okufanele ithathwe ukuze kuhlakazwe wonke loshoki?

Ukuxazulula le nkinga, kuyadingeka ukubhala phansi i-chem. ukusabela nokubeka ama-coefficients kuwo, bala izisindo zamangqamuzana e-calcium carbonate ne-hydrogen chloride, bese uhlanganisa futhi uxazulule isilinganiso. Isibali esisekelwe ohlelweni lwethu oluyisisekelo singabala futhi sixazulule. Yiqiniso, usazodinga ukucabangela ukuthi i-asidi kufanele ithathwe ngokweqile futhi ngokugxilisa okunengqondo, kodwa lokhu kumakhemikhali, hhayi isayensi yekhompyutha.
Isengezo 1: Indlela Isibali SeKhemistry Esisebenza NgayoAke sihlaziye ukusebenza komshini wokubala sisebenzisa isibonelo senkinga engenhla yoshoki kanye ne "hodgepodge". Ake siqale ngokusabela:

I-CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O

Kulokhu siyabona ukuthi sizodinga izisindo ze-athomu zalezi zakhi ezilandelayo: i-calcium (Ca), i-carbon (C), i-oxygen (O), i-hydrogen (H) ne-chlorine (Cl). Esimeni esilula kakhulu, singabhala lezi zisindo zibe uhlobo olulodwa lohlangothi oluchazwa ngokuthi

AtomicMass : array [1..size] of real;

lapho inkomba yamalungu afanayo ihambisana nenombolo ye-elementi. Okuningi ngesikhala samahhala sefomu ithebulaDlg beka amasimu amabili. Emkhakheni wokuqala kubhalwe ukuthi: "I-reagent yokuqala inikezwa", okwesibili - "I-reagent yesibili ukuthola x". Ake sisho amasimu i-reagent1, i-reagent2 ngokulandelana. Ezinye izengezo zohlelo zizocaca esibonelweni esilandelayo sesibali.

Sithayipha kukhibhodi yekhompyutha: 10 g. Umbhalo ensimini i-reagent1 izinguquko: "I-reagent yokuqala inikezwa i-10 g." Manje sifaka ifomula yale reagent, futhi isibali sizobala futhi sibonise isisindo saso samangqamuzana lapho usifaka.

Chofoza i-LMB kuseli yetafula enophawu lwe-Ca. Umbhalo ensimini i-reagent1 izinguquko: "I-reagent yokuqala engu-Ca 40.078 inikezwe u-10 g."

Chofoza i-LMB kuseli yetafula enophawu C. Umbhalo osenkambu i-reagent1 izinguquko: "I-reagent yokuqala i-CaC 52.089 inikezwe u-10 g." Labo. Umshini wokubala wengeze izisindo ze-athomu ze-calcium ne-carbon.

Chofoza i-LMB kuseli yetafula enophawu O. Umbhalo osenkambu i-reagent1 izinguquko: "I-reagent yokuqala i-CaCO 68.088 inikezwe u-10 g." Isibali sengeze isisindo se-athomu somoya-mpilo esambeni.

Chofoza i-LMB kuseli yetafula enophawu O. Umbhalo osenkambu i-reagent1 izinguquko: "I-reagent yokuqala i-CaCO2 84.087 inikezwe u-10 g." Isibali siphinde sengeza isisindo se-athomu somoya-mpilo esambeni.

Chofoza i-LMB kuseli yetafula enophawu O. Umbhalo osenkambu i-reagent1 izinguquko: "I-reagent yokuqala i-CaCO3 100.086 inikezwe i-10 g." Isibali siphinde sengeza isisindo se-athomu somoya-mpilo esambeni.

Cindezela u-Enter kukhibhodi yekhompyutha yakho. Ukwethulwa kwe-reagent yokuqala kuqediwe futhi kushintshelwa ensimini i-reagent2. Qaphela ukuthi kulesi sibonelo sinikeza inguqulo encane. Uma uthanda, ungakwazi ukuhlela kalula ukuphindaphinda kwama-athomu ohlobo olufanayo, ukuze, ngokwesibonelo, ungachithi izikhathi eziyisikhombisa zilandelana kuseli komoyampilo lapho ufaka ifomula ye-chromium (K2Cr2O7).

Chofoza i-LMB kuseli yetafula enophawu H. Umbhalo osenkambu i-reagent2 izinguquko: "Isisetshenziswa sesibili H 1.008 thola x."

Chofoza i-LMB kuseli yethebula enophawu lwe-Cl. Umbhalo ensimini i-reagent2 izinguquko: "Isisetshenziswa sesibili i-HCl 36.458 thola x." Umshini wokubala wengeze izisindo ze-athomu ze-hydrogen ne-chlorine. Kule equation yokusabela engenhla, i-hydrogen chloride yandulelwa i-coefficient engu-2. Ngakho-ke, chofoza i-LMB enkundleni. i-reagent2. Isisindo samangqamuzana siphindwe kabili (kathathu uma icindezelwe kabili, njll.). Umbhalo ensimini i-reagent2 izinguquko: "Isisetshenziswa sesibili esingu-2HCl 72.916 thola x."

Cindezela u-Enter kukhibhodi yekhompyutha yakho. Ukufakwa kwe-reagent yesibili kuqediwe, futhi isibali sithola u-x esilinganisweni

Yilokho ebesikudinga ukuze sikuthole.

Inothi 1. Incazelo yengxenye engumphumela: yokuqedwa 100.086 Da ushoki udinga i-72.916 Da acid, futhi ukuncibilikisa u-10 g woshoki udinga i-asidi engu-x.

Inothi 2. Amaqoqo ezinkinga ezifanayo:

Khomchenko I. G., Ukuqoqwa kwezinkinga nokuzivocavoca ku-chemistry 2009 (amabanga 8-11).
Khomchenko G. P., Khomchenko I. G., Ukuqoqwa kwezinkinga kukhemistry kwabafake izicelo kumanyuvesi, 2019.

Inothi 3. Ukuze wenze umsebenzi ube lula, ungenza lula ukufakwa kwefomula enguqulweni yokuqala futhi umane wengeze uphawu lwesici ekupheleni komugqa wefomula. Khona-ke ifomula ye-calcium carbonate izoba:
CaCOOO
Kodwa uthisha we-chemistry cishe ngeke akuthande ukuqoshwa okunjalo. Akunzima ukwenza ukungena okulungile - ukwenza lokhu udinga ukwengeza uhlu:

formula : array [1..size] of integer;

lapho inkomba iyinombolo ye-elementi yamakhemikhali, futhi inani kule nkomba liyinombolo yama-athomu (ekuqaleni zonke izici zohlelo zisethwa kabusha ukuze zibe uziro). Indlela ama-athomu abhalwe ngayo ngendlela, njengoba yamukelwe kumakhemikhali, kufanele inakwe. Isibonelo, bambalwa abantu abazothanda i-O3CaC noma. Masishintshe isibopho kumsebenzisi. Ukwenza uhlu:

 formulaOrder : array [1..size] of integer; // можно взять покороче

lapho sibhala khona inombolo yento yamakhemikhali ngokwenkomba yokubukeka kwayo efomini. Ukwengeza i-athomu i-currNo kufomula:

if formula [currNo]=0 then //этот атом встретился первый раз
 begin
 orderIndex := orderIndex+1;//в начале ввода формулы orderIndex=0
 formulaOrder [orderIndex] :=  currNo;
 end;
formula [currNo]:=formula [currNo]+1;

Ukubhala ifomula emgqeni:

s := ''; // пустая строка для формулы
for i:=1 to  orderIndex do // для всех хим.символов в формуле 
 begin
 s:=s+TableSymbols [ formulaOrder[i]];// добавляем хим.символ
 if formula [formulaOrder[i]]<>1 then //добавляем кол-во атомов
  s:=s+ intToStr(formula [formulaOrder[i]]);
 end;

Inothi 4. Kunengqondo ukunikeza ikhono lokufaka ifomula ye-reagent kusuka kukhibhodi. Kulokhu, uzodinga ukusebenzisa umhlahleli olula.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi:

Namuhla, kunezinguqulo ezingamakhulu amaningana zetafula, futhi ososayensi bahlala benikeza izinketho ezintsha. (I-Wikipedia)

Abafundi bangabonisa ubuhlakani babo kulokhu ngokusebenzisa eyodwa yezinketho ezihlongozwayo kakade noma bazame ukwenza eyabo yoqobo. Kungase kubonakale sengathi lesi isiqondiso esincane esiwusizo sezifundo zesayensi yekhompyutha. Kodwa-ke, ngendlela ye-Periodic Table esetshenziswe kulesi sihloko, abanye abafundi bangase bangaboni noma iyiphi inzuzo yamakhadi okulawula ngaphezu kwesinye isisombululo besebenzisa izinkinobho ezijwayelekile. Inkinobho. Umumo ovunguzayo wetafula (lapho amangqamuzana enezimo ezihlukene) uzobonisa ngokucace kakhudlwana izinzuzo zesixazululo esihlongozwayo lapha.

(Enye isistimu yama-elementi ngu-Theodore Benfey, Umthombo)

Siphinde sengeza ukuthi inamba yezinhlelo zekhompiyutha ezikhona njengamanje ze-Periodic Table zichazwe ku-Habré esanda kushicilelwa. isihloko.

Isithasiselo 2: izibonelo zemisebenzi yezihlungiUkusebenzisa izihlungi ungakwazi ukuxazulula, isibonelo, imisebenzi elandelayo:

1) Khetha etafuleni zonke izakhi ezaziwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi.

2) Khomba zonke izakhi ezaziwa ngesikhathi sokutholwa koMthetho Wezikhathi.

3) Thola izakhi eziyisikhombisa izazi ze-alchem ​​ezazibheka izinsimbi.

4) Khetha zonke izakhi ezisesimweni segesi ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile (n.s.).

5) Khetha zonke izakhi ezisesimeni se-liquid ngo-no.

6) Khetha zonke izakhi ezisesimweni esiqinile kunombolo.

7) Khetha zonke izakhi ezingavezwa emoyeni isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwezinguquko eziphawulekayo ezimweni ezivamile.

8) Khetha zonke izinsimbi ezincibilika ku-hydrochloric acid.

9) Khetha zonke izinsimbi ezincibilika ku-sulfuric acid ku-no.

10) Khetha zonke izinsimbi ezincibilika ku-sulfuric acid lapho kushisa.

11) Khetha zonke izinsimbi ezincibilika ku-nitric acid.

12) Hlukanisa zonke izinsimbi ezisabela ngobudlova emanzini ezimeni ezizungezile.

13) Khetha zonke izinsimbi.

14) Thola izakhi ezisabalele ngokwemvelo.

15) Thola izakhi ezitholakala emvelweni esimweni esikhululekile.

16) Thola izakhi ezidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu nesilwane.

17) Khetha izakhi ezisetshenziswa kabanzi empilweni yansuku zonke (ngefomu lamahhala noma izinhlanganisela).

18) Khomba izici eziyingozi kakhulu ukusebenza futhi ezidinga izinyathelo ezikhethekile kanye nempahla yokuzivikela.

19) Khomba izakhi ukuthi, ngendlela yamahhala noma ngendlela yezinhlanganisela, ezibeka usongo olukhulu emvelweni.

20) Khetha izinsimbi eziyigugu.

21) Thola izakhi ezibiza kakhulu kunezinsimbi eziyigugu.

Amanothi

1) Kunengqondo ukunikeza izihlungi eziningi. Isibonelo, uma uvula isihlungi ukuze uxazulule inkinga 1 (zonke izakhi ezaziwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi) no-20 (izinsimbi eziyigugu), khona-ke amaseli anezinsimbi eziyigugu ezaziwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi azogqanyiswa (ngokwesibonelo, ngombala) ( isibonelo, i-palladium ngeke igqanyiswe , yavulwa ngo-1803).

2) Kunengqondo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izihlungi eziningana zisebenza ngendlela yokuthi isihlungi ngasinye sikhetha amaseli ngombala waso, kodwa asisusi ngokuphelele ukukhethwa kwesinye isihlungi (ingxenye yeseli embala owodwa, ingxenye kwenye). Khona-ke, esimweni sesibonelo sangaphambilini, izakhi zokuphambana kwamasethi ezitholwe eNkathini Ephakathi nezinsimbi eziyigugu, kanye nezakhi ezingezawokuqala kanye nesethi yesibili kuphela, zizobonakala. Labo. izinsimbi eziyigugu ezazingaziwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi, kanye nezakhi ezaziwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi kodwa hhayi izinsimbi eziyigugu.

3) Kunengqondo ngemva kokusebenzisa isihlungi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka omunye umsebenzi ngemiphumela etholiwe. Isibonelo, ukuba nezinto ezikhethiwe ezaziwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi, umsebenzisi uchofoza i-LMB kusici esikhethiwe futhi uyiswa esihlokweni se-Wikipedia mayelana nale nto.

4) Kunengqondo ukunikeza umsebenzisi amandla okuyekisa ukukhetha ngokuchofoza i-LMB kuseli yethebula elikhethiwe. Isibonelo, ukususa izinto ezivele zibukiwe.

5) Kunengqondo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlu lwamaseli akhethiwe lugcinwa efayeleni nokuthi ifayela elinjalo lilayishwe ngokukhethwa okuzenzakalelayo kwamaseli. Lokhu kuzonikeza umsebenzisi ithuba lokuthatha ikhefu emsebenzini.

Sisebenzise imephu yokulawula emile, enqunywe kusengaphambili, kodwa kunemisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile lapho amamephu okulawula aguqukayo ashintshayo njengoba uhlelo luqhubeka angasetshenziswa. Isibonelo kungaba umhleli wegrafu, lapho umsebenzisi asebenzisa khona igundane ukuze abonise ukuma kwama-vertices efasiteleni futhi adwebe imiphetho phakathi kwawo. Ukuze ususe i-vertex noma umphetho, umsebenzisi kufanele akhombe kuyo. Kodwa uma kulula kakhulu ukukhomba i-vertex ephawulwe ngombuthano, kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukukhomba onqenqemeni oludwetshwe ngomugqa omncane. Imephu yokulawula izosiza lapha, lapho ama-vertices namaphethelo ehlala ezindaweni ezibanzi kunasesithombeni esibonakalayo.

Umbuzo oseceleni othakazelisayo ohlobene nale ndlela yokuqeqeshwa okuyinkimbinkimbi uwukuthi: ingabe le ndlela ingaba usizo ekuqeqesheni i-AI?

Source: www.habr.com