Ukuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe kwendlela yamandla okushisa okuhlaziya izindawo

Encwadini yokuqala (Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okushisa ekuhlaziyweni kwezindawo) sichaze ukuthi amandla okushisa angasetshenziswa kanjani ukuze kuhlaziywe izindawo ngokujwayelekile. Ezincwadini ezilandelayo kwakuhlelwe ukuthi kuchazwe ukuthi ulwazi mayelana nezinto zendawo lugcinwa kanjani kudathabheyisi, ukuthi amamodeli avela ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko akhiwa kanjani, futhi ngokuvamile ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi yokuhlaziya indawo engaba. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Ukusebenzisa indlela engase ibe namandla okushisa kuqala kukho konke kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola umbono ojwayelekile wendawo esithakaselayo. Isibonelo, ukuthatha ulwazi lokuqala oluvela ku-OSM lwedolobha lase-Barcelona (Catalonia), futhi senze ukuhlaziya okuphelele ngaphandle kokukhetha amapharamitha, singathola izithombe "ezishisayo" zezingxenye zokuqala eziyinhloko. Siphinde sakhuluma ngamamephu "wokushisa" esihlokweni sokuqala, kodwa ngeke kube iphutha ukukhumbula ukuthi igama elithi "ukushisa" imephu yavela ngenxa yencazelo ebonakalayo yamandla asetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa okuhlangene. Labo. ezinkingeni zefiziksi, amandla angamazinga okushisa, futhi ezinkingeni zokuhlaziya indawo, amandla awo wonke umphumela wawo wonke amaphuzu anomthelela endaweni ethile endaweni.

Ngezansi isibonelo semephu "yokushisa" yedolobha lase-Barcelona etholwe ngenxa yokuhlaziywa okubalulekile.

Imephu "Yokushisa" yengxenye yokuqala eyinhloko, ngaphandle kokukhetha ipharamitha, i-Barcelona

Futhi ngokusetha ipharamitha ethile (kulokhu, sikhethe imboni), ungathola imephu "yokushisa" ngqo kuyo.

Imephu yokushisa yengxenye yokuqala eyinhloko, imboni, i-Barcelona

Yiqiniso, izinkinga zokuhlaziya zibanzi kakhulu futhi zihluke kakhulu kunokuthola ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwendawo ekhethiwe, ngakho-ke, njengesibonelo, kulesi sihloko sizocabangela inkinga yokuthola indawo engcono kakhulu lapho ubeka into entsha kanye nobuchwepheshe. ukuqaliswa kwendlela engase ibe nokushisa yokuyixazulula, futhi ezincwadini ezizayo sizobheka ezinye.

Ukuxazulula inkinga yokuthola indawo engcono kakhulu lapho ubeka into entsha kuzosiza ekunqumeni ukuthi insimu “ilungele” kanjani ukwamukela le nto entsha, izohlobana kanjani nezinye izinto esezikhona kakade endaweni, ukuthi le nto entsha izoba yigugu kangakanani insimu kanye nenani elizokwengeza.

Izigaba zokuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe

Ukuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe kungamelwa ukulandelana kwezinqubo ezibalwe ngezansi:

1. Ukulungiselela indawo yolwazi.
2. Ukucinga, ukuqoqwa kanye nokucutshungulwa kolwazi lomthombo.
3. Ukwakhiwa kwegridi yamanodi endaweni ehlaziywe.
4. Ukuhlukanisa izici zendawo zibe izingcezu.
5. Ukubalwa kwamandla okuvela ezintweni.
6. Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokudala izici ezibalulekile zetimu yendawo.
7. Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yengxenye eyinhloko ukuthola izinkomba ezibalulekile zendawo.
8. Ukwakhiwa kwamamodeli okukhetha indawo yokwakha indawo entsha.

Isiteji 1. Ukulungiselela indawo yolwazi

Kulesi sigaba, kubalulekile ukukhetha uhlelo lokuphathwa kwedatha (DBMS), ukunquma imithombo yolwazi, izindlela zokuqoqa ulwazi, kanye nenani lolwazi oluqoqwe.
Emsebenzini wethu, sisebenzise i-PostgeSql database (DB), kodwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi noma iyiphi enye isizindalwazi esisebenza nemibuzo ye-SQL izokwenza.

I-database izogcina ulwazi lokuqala - idatha yendawo mayelana nezinto: izinhlobo zedatha (amaphuzu, imigqa, amapholigoni), izixhumanisi zabo nezinye izici (ubude, indawo, inani), kanye nawo wonke amanani abaliwe atholwe ngenxa umsebenzi owenziwe kanye nemiphumela yomsebenzi ngokwawo .

Ulwazi lwezibalo luphinde lwethulwe njengedatha yendawo (isibonelo, izifunda zesifunda ezinedatha yezibalo eyabelwe lezi zifunda).

Njengomphumela wokuguqulwa nokucutshungulwa kolwazi lokuqala oluqoqiwe, amathebula akhiwa aqukethe ulwazi mayelana nemigqa, amaphuzu kanye nezici zendawo, izihlonzi zabo kanye nezixhumanisi.

Isigaba 2 Ukucinga, ukuqoqwa kanye nokucutshungulwa kolwazi lomthombo

Njengolwazi lokuqala lokuxazulula le nkinga, sisebenzisa ulwazi oluvela emithonjeni evulekile ye-cartographic equkethe ulwazi mayelana nendawo. Umholi, ngokubona kwethu, ulwazi lwe-OSM, oluvuselelwa nsuku zonke emhlabeni jikelele. Nokho, uma ukwazi ukuqoqa ulwazi kweminye imithombo, ngeke kube kubi nakakhulu.
Ukucutshungulwa kolwazi kuhlanganisa ukulenza lifane, ukususa ulwazi olungamanga nokululungiselela ukuthi lulayishwe kusizindalwazi.

Isiteji sesi-3. Ukwakhiwa kwegridi yamanodi endaweni ehlaziywe

Ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwensimu ehlaziywe, kuyadingeka ukwakha igridi kuyo, ama-node anezixhumanisi ohlelweni olunikeziwe lokuxhumanisa. Kunodi yegridi ngayinye inani elingaba namandla liyonqunywa kamuva. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi ubone ngeso lengqondo izindawo ezilinganayo, amaqoqo kanye nemiphumela yokuhlaziya yokugcina.

Kuye ngemisebenzi ezoxazululwa, izinketho ezimbili zokwakha igridi zingenzeka:
- Igridi enesinyathelo esijwayelekile (S1) - iyabonakala kuyo yonke indawo. Isetshenziselwa ukubala amandla kusuka kuzici, ukucacisa izici ezibalulekile zendawo (izingxenye eziyinhloko namaqoqo) nokubonisa imiphumela yokumodela.

Lapho ukhetha le gridi, kufanele ucacise:

• isikhala segridi - isikhawu lapho ama-grid nodes azotholakala khona;
• umngcele wendawo ehlaziywe, ongahambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwendawo yokuphatha, noma kungaba indawo kumephu ekhawulela indawo yokubala ngendlela yepholigoni.

- Igridi enezikhala ezingajwayelekile (S2) ichaza amaphuzu angawodwana endawo (isibonelo ama-centroids). Iphinde isetshenziselwe ukubala amandla avela kuzici, futhi kunqunywe izici ezibalulekile zendawo (izingxenye eziyinhloko namaqoqo). Ukumodela ngezingxenye eziyinhloko ezibaliwe kwenziwa ngokunembile kugridi ngesinyathelo esingajwayelekile, futhi ukuze ubone ngeso lengqondo imiphumela yokulingisa, izinombolo zeqoqo ezisuka ku-grid nodes ezinesinyathelo esingajwayelekile zidluliselwa kuma-grid nodes ngesinyathelo esivamile ngokuvumelana nomgomo wokuba seduze kwezixhumanisi. .
Kusizindalwazi, ulwazi mayelana nezixhumanisi zamanodi egridi lugcinwa ngendlela yethebula eliqukethe ulwazi olulandelayo lwenodi ngayinye:

• I-ID ye-node;
• izixhumanisi zenodi (x, y).

Izibonelo zamagridi anezikhala ezijwayelekile zezindawo ezihlukene ezinezikhala ezihlukene zikhonjisiwe ezithombeni ezingezansi.

Igridi yokuhlanganisa yaseNizhny Novgorod (amachashazi abomvu). Igridi yokuhlanganisa yesifunda saseNizhny Novgorod (amachashazi aluhlaza).

Isigaba 4 Ukuhlukanisa izici zendawo zibe izingcezu

Ukuze kuhlaziywe okwengeziwe, izici ezinwetshiwe zendawo kufanele ziguqulelwe zibe izici ezihlukahlukene ukuze inodi yegridi ngayinye iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nento ngayinye ekhona kuyo. Izici zomugqa zihlukaniswe ngamasegimenti, izici zendawo zibe yizicucu.

Isinyathelo sokuhlukanisa sikhethwa ngokusekelwe endaweni yendawo kanye nesici esithile; ezindaweni ezinkulu (isifunda) isinyathelo sokuhlukanisa singaba ngu-100-150 m; ezindaweni ezincane (idolobha) isinyathelo sokuhlukanisa singaba ngu-25-50 m. .

Kusizindalwazi, ulwazi mayelana nemiphumela ehlukanisayo lugcinwa ngendlela yethebula eliqukethe ulwazi olulandelayo kucezu ngalunye:

• isihlonzi isici;
• izixhumanisi zamasentimitha ezingcezu zokuhlukanisa eziwumphumela (x, y);
• ubude/indawo yezingcezu zokuhlukanisa.

Isigaba 5 Ukubalwa kwamandla okuvela ezintweni

Enye yezindlela ezingenzeka neziqondakalayo zokuhlaziya ulwazi lokuqala ukucabangela izici njengamandla avela ezintweni ezinomthelela.

Masisebenzise isixazululo esiyisisekelo sesibalo sika-Laplace kukesi enezinhlangothi ezimbili - i-logarithm yebanga ukusuka endaweni.

Kucatshangelwa imfuneko yenani elinamandla elinomkhawulo kuziro kanye nomkhawulo wevelu engaba khona emabangeni amakhulu, amandla anqunywa kanjena:

kwe r (1)

kwe-r2>r>=r1

kwe r>=r2

Uhlobo lwethonya elinamandla elivela entweni yephoyinti

Umsebenzi we-logarithmic kufanele uboshwe ku-zero futhi uboshwe ngokunengqondo ebangeni elithile ukusuka kuzinto. Uma singazange senze imingcele emabangeni amakhulu ukusuka kusici, kuzodingeka sicabangele inani elikhulu lolwazi kude nephuzu elihlaziywe, elingenawo umthelela ekuhlaziyeni. Ngakho-ke, sethula inani lerediyasi yesenzo sesici, ngaphezu kwalokho umnikelo wokuba namandla ovela kusici unguziro.

Edolobheni, irediyasi yesici ithathwa njengelingana nengxenye yehora abahamba ngezinyawo ukufinyeleleka - 2 amamitha. Ngesifunda kufanele sikhulume cishe isigamu sehora ezokuthutha ukufinyeleleka - 20 amamitha.

Ngakho, ngenxa yokubala amanani angaba khona, sinamandla aphelele avela kusici ngasinye endaweni ngayinye yegridi evamile.

Isigaba 6. Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokudala izici ezibalulekile zetimu yendawo

Kulesi sigaba, izici ezibaluleke kakhulu nezifundisayo zikhethwa ukuze kwakhiwe izici ezibalulekile zetimu yendawo.

Ukukhethwa kwezinto kungenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokubeka imingcele ethile yemingcele (ukuxhumana, iphesenti lomthelela, njll.), noma kungenziwa ngobuchwepheshe, ukwazi isihloko senkinga kanye nokuqonda okuthile kwendawo.

Ngemuva kokuthi izici ezibaluleke kakhulu nezifundisayo sezikhethiwe, ungaqhubekela ezinyathelweni ezilandelayo - ukuchazwa kwezingxenye eziyinhloko.

Isigaba 7 Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yengxenye eyinhloko ukuthola izinkomba ezibalulekile zendawo. Ukuhlanganisa

Ulwazi lokuqala mayelana nezici zendawo, eziguqulelwe esigabeni sangaphambilini zibe amandla abalwe ku-grid node ngayinye, luhlanganiswa lube izinkomba ezintsha ezibalulekile - izingxenye eziyinhloko.

Indlela yengxenye eyinhloko ihlaziya ukuhlukahluka kwezinto endaweni yocwaningo bese ithola, ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yalokhu kuhlaziywa, inhlanganisela yawo yomugqa eguquguqukayo kakhulu, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubala isilinganiso soshintsho lwazo - ukuhlakazeka endaweni.

Ake sithathe inkinga evamile ukuze sakhe imodeli yokulinganisa umsebenzi wemodeli yomugqa kumanani anikeziwe
(2)
Lapho ngikhona inombolo yengxenye,
n – inani lezingxenye ezibandakanyekayo ekubalweni
j – inkomba yenodi yephoyinti lendawo, j=1..k
k - inani lawo wonke ama-node wegridi yendawo lapho kubalwa izingxenye eziyinhloko
— i-coefficient yengxenye ye-i-th eyinhloko yemodeli
– inani lengxenye ye-i-th eyinhloko endaweni ka-j-th
B - igama lamahhala lemodeli
- amandla endaweni ye-j-th yesici esakhela sona imodeli

Ake sinqume okungaziwa kwi-equation (2) okungenani indlela yesikwele, kusetshenziswa izici zezingxenye eziyinhloko:
(3)
Lapho i-i ne-i2 kuyizinombolo zezingxenye, i<>i2
j - inkomba yendawo
k inombolo yawo wonke ama-node endawo
(4)

(3) kusho akukho ukuhlobana phakathi kwezingxenye
(4) – inani eliphelele lanoma iyiphi ingxenye inguziro.

Sithola:

(5)
Lapha ukuphawula kuyafana naku-Eq. (2), kusho inani elingaba namandla elimaphakathi

Lo mphumela ungahunyushwa kanje:
Imodeli iyinkulumo elula ehlanganisa inani eliyisilinganiso senani elilingiswayo kanye nezilungiso ezilula kuso zengxenye ngayinye. Okungenani, umphumela kufanele uhlanganise ithemu B eyidumi kanye nengxenye yokuqala eyinhloko. Ngezansi kunezibonelo zamamephu okushisa wezingxenye zokuqala eziyinhloko zesifunda saseNizhny Novgorod.

Ngokusekelwe ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko ezibaliwe, izifunda ezilinganayo zingakhiwa. lokhu kungenziwa kokubili kuwo wonke amapharamitha futhi, isibonelo, kuphela ngamanani entengo - i.e. enze amaqoqo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ungasebenzisa Indlela ye-K. Esifundeni ngasinye esine-homogeneous, inani elimaphakathi lengxenye yokuqala eyinhloko liyabalwa, libonisa izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwendawo.
Isibonelo sokuhlanganisa ngamapharamitha wamanani wesifunda saseNizhny Novgorod sinikezwe ngezansi.

Futhi, sisebenzisa izingxenye eziyinhloko ezitholiwe njengamapharamitha wemodeli yezindleko, singathola indawo yentengo yendawo.

Intengo ebusweni Nizhny Novgorod

Isigaba 8. Ukwakhiwa kwamamodeli okukhetha indawo yokwakha indawo entsha

Ukuze ukhethe indawo ekhangayo kakhulu yendawo yento entsha (ngemuva kwalokhu ebizwa ngokuthi "into"), kuyadingeka ukuqhathanisa indawo "yento" nengqalasizinda ezungezile. Ukuze “into” isebenze, kufanele kube nezinsiza ezanele zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo, inani elikhulu lezinto, kokubili imithelela emihle nemibi “entweni,” kufanele inakwe. Isethi yonke yalezi zici ingachazwa njengendawo "enomsoco" yokusebenza "kwento". Ukuxhumana kwenani lezinto nenani lezinsiza zensimu kuyisisekelo sokusebenza okuzinzile "kwento".

Umphumela walokhu kuqhathanisa amandla abalwe endaweni ngayinye yendawo nokuvumela ukuhlaziya okubukwayo nokuhlaziya ukukhetha kwendawo yokubeka "into" entsha.

Ngokwezohwebo, isibonelo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwabathengi kubalulekile, okusho ukuthi uhlu lwezici okufanele zicatshangelwe ezintweni zokuhweba kufanele futhi zifake lezo eziqinisekisa lokhu kugeleza (isibonelo, izikhungo zengqalasizinda yezenhlalakahle, izikhungo zengqalasizinda yezenhlalakahle, izikhungo zengqalasizinda yezenhlalakahle, ukuhweba, ukuhwebelana, isibonelo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwabathengi kubalulekile, okusho ukuthi uhlu lwezinto okufanele zicatshangelwe ezintweni zokuhweba kufanele zifake nalabo abaqinisekisa lokhu kugeleza (isibonelo, izinsiza zengqalasizinda yezenhlalakahle, izikhungo zengqalasizinda yezenhlalakahle, ukugeleza kwabathengi). izindawo zokusebenza, izindawo zokuhlala, imizila yezokuthutha, njll.).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho zonke izimo zihlangene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwezikhungo zokuthengisa, kuyadingeka ukucabangela ukuminyana kwezikhungo zokuthengisa, ngoba "ukusetshenziswa" kwemvelo kuholela ekunciphiseni kokuthengwa. Ukugeleza kwabantu akunamkhawulo, futhi okufanayo kusebenza ezinsizeni zabo zezezimali namakhono angokwenyama.

I-algorithm yokuxazulula inkinga yokukhetha indawo engcono kakhulu yento yehlela eqinisweni lokuthi amandla atholakala njengomsebenzi wezingxenye eziyinhloko asondelene kakhulu namandla esethi yezinto zohlobo "lwento"; bese kubalwa umehluko phakathi kwamandla emodeli namandla ezinto zohlobo lwe "into"; inani lamandla omnikelo "wento" eyodwa lisuswa kumehluko owumphumela; Amanani amabi atholwe kuleli cala athathelwa indawo yi-zero, okungukuthi, lezo zindawo ezingenazo izinsiza ezanele zokusebenza "kwento" entsha ziyasuswa.

Njengomphumela wezenzo ezithathiwe, sithola amaphuzu endawo ngevelu elihle elingaba namandla, okungukuthi, izindawo ezivumayo "zento" yethu.

Ngamanye amazwi, sinamandla okubaliwe azo zonke izici esinazo kanye nento esifuna ukwakha imodeli yayo futhi sihlaziye indawo enesihloko esikhethiwe (uhwebo, imboni, isiko, umkhakha wezenhlalo, njll.)

Ukuze wenze lokhu, kubalulekile ukukhetha izici zokwakha eziguquguqukayo zemvelo - izingxenye eziyinhloko - bese ubala amamodeli ngokusekelwe kuzo.
Siphakamisa ukukhetha izici ngokuhlaziya ukuhlobana kwazo zonke izici ne-reference factor yendawo yetimu. Isibonelo, kwezamasiko kungaba amathiyetha, ohlelo lwezemfundo, izikole, njll.

Sibala ukuhlotshaniswa kwamandla ajwayelekile namandla azo zonke izici. Sikhetha lezo zici ama-coefficients wazo wokuxhumanisa ngobukhulu obukhulu kunevelu ethile (ngokuvamile inani le-coefficient encane yokuhlobana = 0 liyathathwa).
(6)
kuphi - inani eliphelele le-coefficient yokuhlobana ye-i-th factor enezinga.

Ukuxhumana kubalwa kuwo wonke ama-grid node amboze indawo.

Umehluko phakathi kwamandla emodeli namandla ezinto zohlobo olufanayo nento entsha kusibalo (2) ibonisa amandla ensimu, angasetshenziswa ukuze kutholakale izakhiwo ezintsha.

Ngenxa yalokho, sithola inani elingaba namandla, elibonisa izinga lenzuzo yendawo "yento" endaweni yocwaningo.

Isibonelo sokuthi ungabonisa kanjani ngezithombe izindawo ezinconyiwe "zento" entsha sinikezwe ngezansi.

Ngakho-ke, umphumela wokuxazulula inkinga yokukhetha indawo engcono kakhulu yento entsha ungamelwa njengokuhlolwa kwendawo ngamaphuzu endaweni ngayinye, unikeze umbono wamandla okuthola into yokutshalwa kwezimali, okungukuthi ukuphakama kwendawo amaphuzu, kunenzuzo eyengeziwe yokuthola into.

Sengiphetha, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi kulesi sihloko sicabangele inkinga eyodwa kuphela engaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwendawo, ukuba nedatha evela emithonjeni evulekile esandleni. Eqinisweni, kunezinkinga eziningi ezingaxazululwa ngosizo lwayo, inombolo yazo inqunyelwe kuphela ngomcabango wakho.

Source: www.habr.com