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Ingcaphuno ethi "Thermodynamics of black holes" ngaphansi kokusikwa.
Kuze kube manje, siye sabheka izimbobo ezimnyama njengezinto ze-astrophysical ezakhiwa ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwe-supernova noma ezilele ezikhungweni zemithala. Sizibheka ngokungaqondile ngokukala ukusheshisa kwezinkanyezi eduze kwazo. Ukutholwa okudumile kwe-LIGO kwamagagasi adonsela phansi ngoSepthemba 14, 2015 kwakuyisibonelo sokubonwa okuqondile kokushayisana kwemigodi emnyama. Amathuluzi ezibalo esiwasebenzisayo ukuze siqonde kangcono ubunjalo bezimbobo ezimnyama yilawa: ijiyomethri ehlukanisayo, izibalo zika-Einstein, nezindlela ezinamandla zokuhlaziya nezinombolo ezisetshenziswa ukuxazulula izibalo zika-Einstein kanye nokuchaza ijiyomethri yesikhathi sasemkhathini ezibangelwa izimbobo ezimnyama. Futhi ngokushesha nje lapho singakwazi ukunikeza incazelo ephelele yobuningi besikhathi sesikhala esikhiqizwe umgodi omnyama, kusukela ekubukeni kwe-astrophysical, isihloko semigodi emnyama singabhekwa njengevaliwe. Ngokombono obanzi wetiyori, sisesikhulu isikhala sokuhlola. Inhloso yalesi sahluko ukugqamisa ezinye zentuthuko yethiyori yesimanjemanje ye-black hole physics, lapho imibono evela ku-thermodynamics kanye nethiyori ye-quantum ihlanganiswa nokuhlobana okujwayelekile ukuze kuvele imiqondo emisha engalindelekile. Umqondo oyisisekelo wukuthi izimbobo ezimnyama azizona nje izinto zejometri. Zinezinga lokushisa, zine-entropy enkulu, futhi zingabonisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-quantum entanglement. Izingxoxo zethu zezici ze-thermodynamic kanye ne-quantum zefiziksi yemigodi emnyama zizoba yizicucu futhi zibe phezulu kunokuhlaziywa kwezici zejometri zesikhathi se-space emigodini emnyama ethulwe ezahlukweni ezedlule. Kodwa lezi, futhi ikakhulukazi i-quantum, izici ziyingxenye ebalulekile futhi ebalulekile yocwaningo oluqhubekayo lwethiyori emigodini emnyama, futhi sizozama kanzima ukuveza, uma kungenjalo imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi, okungenani umoya wale misebenzi.
Ekuhlobaneni okujwayelekile okujwayelekile - uma sikhuluma ngejiyomethri ehlukile yezixazululo zezibalo zika-Einstein - izimbobo ezimnyama zimnyama ngempela ngomqondo wokuthi akukho okungaphunyuka kuzo. UStephen Hawking wabonisa ukuthi lesi simo sishintsha ngokuphelele lapho sicabangela imiphumela ye-quantum: izimbobo ezimnyama ziphumela ekukhipheni imisebe ezingeni lokushisa elithile, elaziwa ngokuthi izinga lokushisa lika-Hawking. Emigodini emnyama yobukhulu bezinkanyezi (okungukuthi, kusukela ku-stellar-mass kuya emigodini emnyama enkulu), izinga lokushisa lika-Hawking alinalutho uma liqhathaniswa nezinga lokushisa lesizinda se-cosmic microwave - imisebe egcwalisa yonke i-Universe, okuyinto, ngendlela, engakwazi ngayo. ngokwayo kubhekwe njengokwahluka kwemisebe ye-Hawking. Izibalo zika-Hawking zokunquma izinga lokushisa lezimbobo ezimnyama ziyingxenye yohlelo olukhulu locwaningo emkhakheni obizwa nge-black hole thermodynamics. Enye ingxenye enkulu yalolu hlelo ucwaningo lwe-black hole entropy, ekala inani lolwazi olulahlekile ngaphakathi kwembobo emnyama. Izinto ezijwayelekile (njengenkomishi yamanzi, ibhulokhi ye-magnesium emsulwa, noma inkanyezi) nazo zine-entropy, futhi esinye sezitatimende ezimaphakathi ze-black hole thermodynamics ukuthi umgodi omnyama wosayizi onikeziwe une-entropy eyengeziwe kunanoma iyiphi enye indlela. yendaba engaqukethwe ngaphakathi.indawo enosayizi ofanayo, kodwa ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kwembobo emnyama.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi singene sijule ezindabeni ezithinta imisebe ye-Hawking kanye ne-black hole entropy, ake siphambuke ngokushesha emikhakheni ye-quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, kanye nokubambeka. I-Quantum mechanics yathuthukiswa ikakhulukazi ngeminyaka yawo-1920, futhi inhloso yayo enkulu kwakuwukuchaza izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu zento, njengama-athomu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-quantum mechanics kwaholela ekugugulekeni kwemiqondo enjalo eyisisekelo ye-physics njengendawo eqondile yezinhlayiyana ngazinye: kwavela, isibonelo, ukuthi indawo ye-electron njengoba izungeza i-nucleus ye-athomu ayikwazi ukunqunywa ngokunembile. Esikhundleni salokho, ama-electron anikezwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-orbits, lapho izikhundla zawo zangempela zinganqunywa kuphela ngomqondo ongase ube khona. Ngezinjongo zethu, nokho, kubalulekile ukuthi singasheshi singene kulolu hlangothi lwezinto olungase lube khona. Ake sithathe isibonelo esilula: i-athomu ye-hydrogen. Kungase kube sesimweni esithile se-quantum. Isimo esilula kakhulu se-athomu ye-hydrogen, esibizwa ngokuthi i-ground state, isimo esinamandla aphansi kakhulu, futhi la mandla aziwa ngokunembile. Ngokuvamile, i-quantum mechanics isivumela (empeleni) ukwazi isimo sanoma iyiphi isistimu ye-quantum ngokunemba okuphelele.
Amathuba aqala ukusebenza lapho sibuza izinhlobo ezithile zemibuzo mayelana nesistimu ye-quantum mechanical. Isibonelo, uma kuqinisekile ukuthi i-athomu ye-hydrogen isendaweni ephansi, singabuza, "Iphi i-electron?" futhi ngokwemithetho ye-quantum
umakhenikha, sizothola isilinganiso esithile samathuba alo mbuzo, cishe into efana nalena: “mhlawumbe i-electron itholakala ebangeni elingafika kuhhafu we-angstrom ukusuka kuyinucleus ye-athomu ye-hydrogen” (i-angstrom eyodwa ilingana 
amamitha). Kodwa sinethuba, ngokusebenzisa inqubo ethile yomzimba, ukuthola indawo ye-electron ngokunembe kakhulu kune-angstrom eyodwa. Le nqubo evamile ku-physics ihlanganisa ukudubula i-photon ye-wavelength emfushane kakhulu ibe yi-electron (noma, njengoba izazi zefiziksi zisho, ukusabalalisa i-photon nge-electron) - ngemva kwalokho singakwazi ukwakha kabusha indawo ye-electron ngesikhathi sokuhlakazeka nge-electron. ukunemba cishe okulingana ne-wavelength photon. Kodwa le nqubo izoshintsha isimo se-electron, ukuze ngemva kwalokhu ngeke isaba ngaphansi kwe-athomu ye-hydrogen futhi ngeke ibe namandla achazwe ngokunembile. Kodwa isikhathi esithile isikhundla saso sizobe sinqunywe cishe ncamashi (ngokunemba kwe-wavelength ye-photon esetshenziselwa lokhu). Isilinganiso sokuqala sendawo ye-electron singenziwa kuphela ngendlela engenzeka ngokunemba cishe kwe-angstrom eyodwa, kodwa uma sesiyilinganisile siyazi kahle ukuthi bekuyini. Ngamafuphi, uma silinganisa isistimu ye-quantum mechanical ngandlela-thile, khona-ke, okungenani ngomqondo ojwayelekile, "siyiphoqa" ibe yisimo esinenani elithile lenani esilinganisayo.
I-Quantum mechanics ayisebenzi kumasistimu amancane kuphela, kodwa (siyakholwa) kuzo zonke izinhlelo, kodwa kumasistimu amakhulu imithetho ye-quantum mechanical ngokushesha iba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Umqondo oyinhloko ukuboshwa kwe-quantum, isibonelo esilula okuwumqondo we-spin. Ama-electron angawodwana ane-spin, ngakho-ke ekusebenzeni i-electron eyodwa ingaba ne-spin eqondiswe phezulu noma phansi ngokuphathelene ne-axis yendawo ekhethiwe. I-spin ye-electron iyinani elibonakalayo ngoba i-electron ikhiqiza inkambu kazibuthe ebuthakathaka, efana nensimu yebha kazibuthe. Khona-ke ukuphotha phezulu kusho isigxobo esisenyakatho se-electron sibheke phansi, futhi ukuphotha phansi kusho isigxobo esisenyakatho sibheke phezulu. Ama-electron amabili angafakwa esimweni se-quantum conjugated, lapho enye yazo ine-spin up kanti enye ine-spin eya phansi, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi iyiphi i-electron enama-spin. Empeleni, esimweni esiphansi se-athomu ye-helium, ama-electron amabili akulesi simo, esibizwa ngokuthi i-spin singlet, njengoba ukuzungeza okuphelele kwawo womabili ama-electron kunguziro. Uma sihlukanisa lawa ma-electron ngaphandle kokushintsha ama-spins awo, sisengasho ukuthi angama-spin singlets ndawonye, kodwa asikwazi ukusho ukuthi i-spin yanoma iyiphi yazo ingaba yini ngayinye. Manje, uma silinganisa enye yama-spins abo futhi sithola ukuthi iqondiswe phezulu, sizobe sesiqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi eyesibili iqondiswe phansi. Kulesi simo, sithi ama-spins abambekile—akukho kwawodwa onevelu eqondile, kuyilapho ehlangene asesimweni esiqondile se-quantum.
U-Einstein wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngesenzo sokubanjwa: kwakubonakala kusongela izimiso eziyisisekelo zethiyori yokuhlobana. Ake sicabangele indaba yama-electron amabili endaweni eyodwa e-spin, lapho eqhelelene kakhulu emkhathini. Ukuze uqiniseke, vumela u-Alice athathe oyedwa wabo bese uBob athathe omunye. Ake sithi u-Alice walinganisa ukujikeleza kwe-electron yakhe futhi wathola ukuthi yayiqondiswe phezulu, kodwa uBob akazange alinganise lutho. Kuze kube yilapho u-Alice enza ukulinganisa kwakhe, kwakungenakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi yini i-spin ye-electron yakhe. Kodwa lapho nje eqeda ukulinganisa kwakhe, wayazi ngokuphelele ukuthi i-spin ye-electron kaBob yayiqondiswe phansi (ehlangothini eliphambene ne-spin ye-electron yakhe). Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ukulinganisa kwakhe kubeka ngokushesha i-electron ka-Bob esimweni sokuphenduka? Kungenzeka kanjani lokhu uma ama-electron ehlukaniswa ngendawo? U-Einstein nabahlanganyeli bakhe uNathan Rosen no-Boris Podolsky baba nomuzwa wokuthi indaba yokulinganisa amasistimu abambene yayiyimbi kangangokuthi yayisongela khona kanye ukuba khona komshini we-quantum. I-Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox (EPR) abayakhayo isebenzisa ukuhlola komcabango ofana nalona esisanda kuwuchaza ukuze siphethe ngokuthi i-quantum mechanics ayikwazi ukuba incazelo ephelele yeqiniso. Manje, ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwakamuva lwethiyori kanye nezilinganiso eziningi, ukuvumelana okujwayelekile kusungulwe ukuthi indida ye-EPR iqukethe iphutha futhi ithiyori ye-quantum ilungile. I-Quantum mechanical entanglement ingokoqobo: izilinganiso zezinhlelo eziboshelwe zizohlobana noma ngabe amasistimu aqhelelene kakhulu nesikhathi somkhathi.
Ake sibuyele esimweni lapho sibeka khona ama-electron amabili esimweni se-spin singlet futhi sawanika u-Alice no-Bob. Yini esingayifunda ngama-electron ngaphambi kokuba izilinganiso zenziwe? Ukuthi bobabili ndawonye basesimweni esithile se-quantum (spin-singlet). I-spin ye-electron ka-Alice kungenzeka ngokulinganayo iqondiswe phezulu noma phansi. Ngokunembayo, isimo se-quantum se-electron yayo singaba nethuba elilinganayo libe linye (spin up) noma elinye (spin down). Manje kithina umqondo wamathuba uthatha incazelo ejulile kunangaphambili. Ngaphambili sibheke isimo esithile se-quantum (isimo esiphansi se-athomu ye-hydrogen) futhi sabona ukuthi kunemibuzo "engalungile", njengokuthi "Iphi i-electron?" - imibuzo lapho izimpendulo zayo zikhona kuphela ngomqondo ongase ube khona. Uma sibuza imibuzo “emihle,” njengokuthi “Ayini amandla ale electron?”, sizothola izimpendulo eziqondile. Manje, ayikho imibuzo “emihle” esingayibuza mayelana ne-electron ka-Alice engenazo izimpendulo ezincike ku-electron ka-Bob. (Asikhulumi ngemibuzo ewubuphukuphuku njengokuthi "Ngabe i-electron ka-Alice inalo ngisho ukuzungeza?" - imibuzo enempendulo eyodwa kuphela.) Ngakho, ukuze sinqume imingcele yengxenye eyodwa yesistimu ebambekayo, kuzodingeka sisebenzise ulimi olungenzeka. Isiqiniseko sivela kuphela uma sicabangela ukuxhumana phakathi kwemibuzo u-Alice noBob abangayibuza mayelana nama-electron abo.
Siqale ngamabomu ngenye yezinhlelo ezilula ze-quantum mechanical esizaziyo: uhlelo lokuphonswa kwama-electron ngamanye. Kunethemba lokuthi amakhompyutha e-quantum azokwakhiwa ngesisekelo salezi zinhlelo ezilula. Isistimu ye-spin yama-electron ngamanye noma amanye amasistimu e-quantum afanayo manje abizwa ngokuthi ama-qubits (okufushane ngokuthi "ama-quantum bits"), okugcizelela indima yawo kumakhompiyutha e-quantum, efana nendima edlalwa ama-bits ajwayelekile kumakhompyutha edijithali.
Manje ake sicabange ukuthi sishintshe i-electron ngayinye ngohlelo lwe-quantum oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, hhayi nje ezimbili, izifunda ze-quantum. Ngokwesibonelo, banikeza u-Alice noBob imigoqo ye-magnesium ehlanzekile. Ngaphambi kokuthi u-Alice no-Bob bahambe ngezindlela zabo ezihlukene, imigoqo yabo ingasebenzisana, futhi siyavuma ukuthi ngokwenza kanjalo bathola isimo esithile esivamile se-quantum. Lapho nje u-Alice no-Bob behlukana, imigoqo yabo ye-magnesium iyayeka ukuxhumana. Njengama-electron, ibha ngayinye isesimweni se-quantum engapheli, nakuba ndawonye, njengoba sikholelwa, bakha isimo esichazwe kahle. (Kule ngxoxo, sicabanga ukuthi u-Alice no-Bob bayakwazi ukuhambisa izinsimbi zabo ze-magnesium ngaphandle kokuphazamisa isimo sabo sangaphakathi nganoma iyiphi indlela, njengoba nje sasicabange ngaphambili ukuthi u-Alice no-Bob bangahlukanisa ama-electron abo abanjwe ngaphandle kokushintsha ama-spins abo.) Kodwa kukhona umehluko Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu kuhlolwa komcabango kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-electron ukuthi ukungaqiniseki esimweni se-quantum sebha ngayinye kukhulu kakhulu. Ibha ingathola izifunda eziningi ze-quantum kunenombolo yama-athomu ku-Universe. Yilapho i-thermodynamics iqala khona ukudlala. Amasistimu angachazwa kahle kakhulu angase abe nezici ezithile ze-macroscopic ezichazwe kahle. Isici esinjalo, isibonelo, izinga lokushisa. Izinga lokushisa isilinganiso sokuthi cishe noma iyiphi ingxenye yesistimu ingaba namandla athile ayisilinganiso, namazinga okushisa aphezulu ahambisana nethuba elikhulu lokuba namandla amakhulu. Enye ipharamitha ye-thermodynamic i-entropy, elingana ne-logarithm yenani lezifunda uhlelo olungazithatha. Esinye isici se-thermodynamic esingabalulekile kubha ye-magnesium ukudonsa kwayo inetha, okuyipharamitha ekhombisa ukuthi maningi kangakanani ama-electron a-spin-up kubha kunama-electron a-spin-down.
Silethe i-thermodynamics endabeni yethu njengendlela yokuchaza amasistimu lapho i-quantum state ingaziwa ngokunembile ngenxa yokuhlangana kwawo namanye amasistimu. I-Thermodynamics iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlaziya izinhlelo ezinjalo, kodwa abadali bayo abazange babone nakancane ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngale ndlela. USadi Carnot, uJames Joule, uRudolf Clausius babeyizibalo zenguquko yezimboni yekhulu le-XNUMX, futhi babenesithakazelo emibuzweni esebenzayo kunazo zonke: zisebenza kanjani izinjini? Ingcindezi, umthamo, izinga lokushisa nokushisa kuyinyama negazi lezinjini. UCarnot uthole ukuthi amandla asesimweni sokushisa awasoze aguqulwa ngokuphelele abe umsebenzi owusizo njengokuphakamisa imithwalo. Amanye amandla ayohlala emoshwa. UClausius wenze umnikelo omkhulu ekudalweni kombono we-entropy njengethuluzi lomhlaba wonke lokunquma ukulahleka kwamandla phakathi kwanoma iyiphi inqubo ehilela ukushisa. Impumelelo yakhe eyinhloko kwaba ukuqaphela ukuthi i-entropy ayinciphi - cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo iyanda. Izinqubo lapho ukwanda kwe-entropy kubizwa ngokuthi akunakuhlehliswa, ngokuqondile ngoba azikwazi ukuhlehliswa ngaphandle kokuncipha kwe-entropy. Isinyathelo esilandelayo sokuthuthukiswa komshini wezibalo sathathwa nguClausius, uMaxwell noLudwig Boltzmann (phakathi kwabanye abaningi) - babonisa ukuthi i-entropy iyisilinganiso sokuphazamiseka. Imvamisa, uma wenza okuthile kokuthile, udala ukuphazamiseka okwengeziwe. Futhi ngisho noma uklama inqubo umgomo wayo kuwukubuyisela ukuhleleka, nakanjani izodala i-entropy eyengeziwe kunaleyo ezocekelwa phansi—ngokwesibonelo, ngokukhulula ukushisa. I-crane ebeka imishayo yensimbi ngokuhleleka okuphelele idala ukuhleleka ngokuhlelwa kwemishayo, kodwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwayo ikhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu kangangokuthi i-entropy iyonke isakhula.
Kodwa noma kunjalo, umehluko phakathi kokubuka kwe-thermodynamics yezazi ze-physics zekhulu le-XNUMX kanye nombono ohlotshaniswa ne-quantum entanglement awumkhulu njengoba kubonakala. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho isistimu isebenzisana ne-ejenti yangaphandle, isimo sayo se-quantum sibanjiswa isimo se-quantum somenzeli. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuholela ekwandeni kokungaqiniseki kwesimo se-quantum yesistimu, ngamanye amazwi, ekwandeni kwenani lezifunda ze-quantum lapho uhlelo lungaba khona. Njengomphumela wokuxhumana nezinye izinhlelo, i-entropy, echazwe ngokwenani lezifunda ze-quantum ezitholakala ohlelweni, ngokuvamile ziyanda.
Ngokuvamile, i-quantum mechanics inikeza indlela entsha yokubonisa amasistimu aphathekayo lapho amanye amapharamitha (okufana nendawo emkhathini) angaqiniseki, kodwa amanye (njengamandla) ngokuvamile aziwa ngokuqiniseka. Endabeni yokubanjwa kwe-quantum, izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene zohlelo zinesimo se-quantum esaziwayo, futhi ingxenye ngayinye ngokwehlukana inesimo esingaqinisekile. Isibonelo esijwayelekile sokuphonswa yipheya yokuphotha kusimo se-singlet, lapho kungenzeki khona ukusho ukuthi iyiphi i-spin ephezulu nokuthi yikuphi okuphansi. Ukungaqiniseki kwesimo se-quantum ohlelweni olukhulu kudinga indlela ye-thermodynamic lapho imingcele ye-macroscopic efana nezinga lokushisa ne-entropy eyaziwa ngokunemba okukhulu, nakuba uhlelo lunezifunda eziningi ze-quantum microscopic ezingaba khona.
Ngemva kokuqeda uhambo lwethu olufushane emikhakheni ye-quantum mechanics, entanglement kanye ne-thermodynamics, manje ake sizame ukuqonda ukuthi konke lokhu kuholela kanjani ekuqondeni iqiniso lokuthi izimbobo ezimnyama zinezinga lokushisa. Isinyathelo sokuqala esibheke kulokhu senziwa nguBill Unruh - wabonisa ukuthi isibukeli esisheshayo endaweni eyisicaba sizoba nezinga lokushisa elilingana nokusheshisa kwakhe elihlukaniswe ngo-2π. Isihluthulelo sezibalo ze-Unruh ukuthi isibukeli esinyakaza ngokusheshisa ngaso sonke isikhathi siye ohlangothini oluthile singabona kuphela uhhafu wesikhathi esiyisicaba. Ingxenye yesibili empeleni ingemuva komkhathizwe ofana nalowo wembobo emnyama. Ekuqaleni kubonakala kungenakwenzeka: ingabe isikhathi esiyisicaba singaziphatha kanjani njengomkhathizwe wembobo emnyama? Ukuze siqonde ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani, ake sibize izibukeli zethu ezithembekile u-Alice, uBob noBill ukuze bathole usizo. Ngokwesicelo sethu, bashaya umugqa, no-Alice phakathi kukaBob noBill, futhi ibanga phakathi kwezibukeli kubhangqa ngalinye lingamakhilomitha ayi-6 ncamashi. Sivumelene ngokuthi ngesikhathi u-Alice aziro uzogxumela erokhethini andizele ngakuBill (ngakho-ke abe kude noBob) ngokusheshisa okuqhubekayo. Irokhethi yayo yinhle kakhulu, ikwazi ukuthuthukisa ukusheshisa ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,5 ukwedlula ukusheshiswa kwamandla adonsela phansi izinto ezihamba ngawo eduze nobuso boMhlaba. Yebo, akulula ku-Alice ukumelana nokusheshisa okunjalo, kodwa, njengoba sizobona manje, lezi zinombolo zikhethelwa injongo; ekupheleni kosuku, sixoxa nje ngamathuba angenzeka, yilokho kuphela. Ngaso leso sikhathi lapho u-Alice egxumela erokhethini yakhe, uBob noBill bamqhweba. (Sinelungelo lokusebenzisa inkulumo ethi “ngaleso sikhathi lapho ...”, ngoba ngenkathi u-Alice engakayiqali indiza yakhe, usesifundeni esifanayo sika-Bob noBill, ukuze bonke bakwazi ukuvumelanisa amawashi abo. .) Enyakazisa u-Alice, vele, ubona uBill kuye: nokho, njengoba eserokhethi, uzombona ngaphambi kwalokho obekungenzeka uma wayehlala lapho ekhona, ngoba irokhethi lakhe naye lindiza ngqo kuye. Ngokuphambene, uyaqhela kuBob, ngakho-ke singacabanga ngokunengqondo ukuthi uzombona emqhweba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunalokho abengakubona ukube ubehlale endaweni efanayo. Kodwa iqiniso liyamangaza nakakhulu: ngeke ambone nhlobo uBob! Ngamanye amazwi, ama-photon andiza esuka esandleni sika-Bob esinyakazayo aya ku-Alice awasoze amfica, ngisho noma anikezwe ukuthi ngeke akwazi ukufinyelela isivinini sokukhanya. Ukube uBob waqala waqhweba, esondela kancane ku-Alice, khona-ke ama-photon andiza esuka kuye ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwakhe ngabe amfica, futhi ukube ubesekude kancane, ngabe akamficanga. Kungalo mqondo lapho sithi u-Alice ubona ingxenye yesikhathi sasemkhathini kuphela. Okwamanje lapho u-Alice eqala ukunyakaza, u-Bob usethe ukudlula endaweni ebonwa u-Alice.
Engxoxweni yethu ye-quantum entanglement, sesijwayele umqondo wokuthi noma ngabe uhlelo lwe-quantum mechanical lulonke lunesimo esithile se-quantum, ezinye izingxenye zalo zingase zingabi nalo. Eqinisweni, lapho sixoxa ngesistimu ye-quantum eyinkimbinkimbi, enye ingxenye yayo ingabonakala kahle ngokunembile ngokwe-thermodynamics: inganikezwa izinga lokushisa elichazwe kahle, naphezu kwesimo se-quantum esingaqiniseki kakhulu salo lonke uhlelo. Indaba yethu yokugcina ehilela u-Alice, uBob kanye noBill ifana nalesi simo, kodwa uhlelo lwe-quantum esikhuluma ngalo lapha yisikhathi esingenalutho, futhi u-Alice ubona ingxenye yaso kuphela. Masenze ukubhuka ukuthi isikhathi sesikhala sisonke sisesimweni saso esiphansi, okusho ukuthi azikho izinhlayiya kuso (yebo, singabala u-Alice, uBob, uBill kanye nerokhethi). Kepha ingxenye yesikhathi sesikhala u-Alice ayibonayo ngeke ibe sesimweni esiphansi, kodwa esimweni esiboshwe nengxenye yaso angayiboni. Isikhathi sesikhala esibonwa u-Alice sisesimweni esiyinkimbinkimbi, esinganqunyelwe se-quantum esibonakala ngezinga lokushisa elinomkhawulo. Izibalo zika-Unruh zibonisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa licishe libe ngama-nanokelvins angama-60. Ngamafuphi, njengoba u-Alice esheshisa, ubonakala ecwiliswe ekugezeni okufudumele kwemisebe enezinga lokushisa elilingana (ngamayunithi afanele) ukuya ekusheshiseni okuhlukaniswe
Ilayisi. 7.1. U-Alice uhamba ngokusheshisa ekuphumuleni, kuyilapho u-Bob noBill belokhu benganyakazi. Ukusheshisa kuka-Alice kumane nje kuwukuthi akasoze awabona ama-photon u-Bob amthumela wona ngo-t = 0. Nokho, uthola ama-photon uBill amthumelele wona ngo-t = 0. Umphumela uba ukuthi u-Alice ukwazi ukubona ingxenye eyodwa kuphela yesikhathi sasemkhathini.
Okuxakayo ngezibalo zika-Unruh ukuthi nakuba zibhekisela kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni endaweni engenalutho, ziyaphikisana namazwi adumile eNkosi uLear, “okungaphumi lutho.” Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi indawo engenalutho ibe yinkimbinkimbi kangaka? Izinhlayiya zingavelaphi? Iqiniso liwukuthi ngokusho kwe-quantum theory, indawo engenalutho ayinalutho nhlobo. Kuyo, lapha nalaphaya, ama-excitations esikhashana ahlala ebonakala futhi enyamalala, abizwa ngokuthi izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo, amandla awo angaba kokubili okuhle nokubi. Isibukeli sesikhathi esizayo esikude—masimbize ngoCarol—ongabona cishe yonke indawo engenalutho angaqinisekisa ukuthi azikho izinhlayiya ezihlala isikhathi eside kuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezinamandla amahle kuleyo ngxenye yesikhathi sesikhathi u-Alice angayibona, ngenxa yokuthandelwa kwe-quantum, kuhlotshaniswa nokuvuswa kophawu lwamandla olulinganayo noluphambene engxenyeni yesikhathi sesikhala esingabonwa u-Alice. Lonke iqiniso mayelana nesikhathi esingenalutho sisonke lembulwa kuCarol, futhi lelo qiniso liwukuthi azikho izinhlayiya lapho. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kuka-Alice kumtshela ukuthi izinhlayiya zikhona!
Kodwa-ke kuvele ukuthi izinga lokushisa elibalwe ngu-Unruh libonakala liyinganekwane nje - akusiyo indawo eyisicaba njengaleyo, kodwa kuyimpahla yomuntu obukele obhekana nokusheshisa okuqhubekayo endaweni eyisicaba. Kodwa-ke, amandla adonsela phansi ngokwawo angamandla afanayo “aqanjiwe” ngomqondo wokuthi “ukusheshisa” okubangelayo akumane nje kudlula ukunyakaza kwe-geodesic kumethrikhi egobile. Njengoba sichazile eSahlukweni 2, isimiso sika-Einstein sokulingana sithi ukusheshisa namandla adonsela phansi kuyalingana ngokuyisisekelo. Kusukela kulo mbono, akukho lutho olushaqisayo mayelana nomkhathizwe wembobo emnyama enezinga lokushisa elilingana nesibalo se-Unruh sezinga lokushisa lesibukeli esisheshayo. Kodwa, kwangathi singabuza, iyiphi inzuzo yokusheshisa okufanele sikusebenzise ukuze sinqume izinga lokushisa? Ngokusuka kude ngokwanele nomgodi omnyama, singenza ukukhanga kwayo kwamandla adonsela phansi kube buthaka ngendlela esithanda ngayo. Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuze sinqume izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo lembobo emnyama esiyikalayo, kudingeka sisebenzise inani elincane ngokulinganayo lokusheshisa? Lo mbuzo ubonakala unobuqili impela, ngoba, njengoba sikholelwa, izinga lokushisa lento alikwazi ukwehla ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi inenani elilinganiselwe elinqunyiwe elingakalwa ngisho nayisibukeli esikude kakhulu.
Source: www.habr.com