Abafana baseMissouri
UJoseph Carl Robert Licklider wenza umbono onamandla kubantu. Ngisho nalapho esemncane, ngaphambi kokuba ahileleke kuma-computer, wayenendlela yokwenza noma yini icace kubantu.
“Mhlawumbe uLick wayengungqondongqondongqondo kunabo bonke engake ngabazi,” uWilliam McGill kamuva wamemezela engxoxweni eyaqoshwa ngemva nje kokushona kukaLicklider ngo-1997. owathweswa iziqu ngo-1948: “Noma nini lapho ngifika kuLick nobufakazi bobuhlobo obuthile bezibalo, ngangithola ukuthi wayeseyazi kakade ngalobu buhlobo. Kodwa akazange awasebenzise ngokuningiliziwe, wavele... wawazi. Wayengamela ngandlela thize ukuhamba kolwazi, futhi abone ubudlelwano obuhlukahlukene abanye abantu ababesebenzisa izimpawu zezibalo kuphela ababengabuboni. Kwakumangalisa kangangokuthi waba yimfihlakalo yangempela kithi sonke: Isihogo sikwenza kanjani u-Face lokhu? Uzibona kanjani lezi zinto?
“Ukukhuluma noLeake ngenkinga ethile,” kwenezela uMcGill, kamuva owaba umongameli we-Columbia University, “kukhulise ubuhlakani bami ngamaphuzu angama-IQ angamashumi amathathu.”
(Sibonga uStanislav Sukhanitsky ngokuhumusha; noma ngubani ofuna ukusiza ngokuhumusha - bhala umyalezo womuntu siqu noma i-imeyili [i-imeyili ivikelwe])
U-Lick wenza okufanayo kuGeorge A. Miller, owaqala ukusebenza naye e-Harvard Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. "U-Lick 'wayengumfana waseMelika' wangempela - omude, obukeka emuhle owayekwazi konke." UMiller uzobhala lokhu eminyakeni eminingi kamuva. "Kuhlakaniphe ngendlela emangalisayo futhi kunobuhlakani obumangalisayo, futhi futhi nginomusa ongenathemba - lapho wenza iphutha, uFace waqinisekisa wonke umuntu ukuthi ukhulume ihlaya elihlakaniphile. Wayethanda amahlaya. Izinkumbulo zami eziningi ngezokuthi wayekhuluma umbhedo othakazelisayo, imvamisa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe, ngenkathi ekhuluma nebhodlela le-Coca-Cola esandleni esisodwa."
Kwakungekhona ukuthi wayehlukanisa abantu. Ngenkathi uLick efanekisela kahle izici ze-Missourian, akekho owayengamelana nokumamatheka kwakhe okusohlangothini olulodwa; wonke umuntu akhuluma naye wayemomotheka. Wabuka umhlaba libalele futhi unobungane, futhi wabona wonke umuntu ahlangana naye njengomuntu olungile. Futhi ngokuvamile kwasebenza.
Wayengumuntu waseMissouri, phela. Igama ngokwalo lavela ezizukulwaneni ezedlule e-Alsac-Lorrain, idolobha elisemngceleni weFrance neJalimane, kodwa umndeni wakhe nhlangothi zombili ubuhlala eMissouri kusukela ngaphambi kweMpi Yombango. Uyise, uJoseph Licksider, wayengumfana wasemaphandleni ovela maphakathi nesifundazwe, ehlala eduze kwedolobha laseSedalia. UJosefa wayebonakala eyinsizwa enesiphiwo futhi enodlame. Ngo-1885, ngemva kokufa kukayise engozini ehlobene nehhashi, uJoseph oneminyaka eyishumi nambili wathatha umthwalo wokunakekela umndeni. Eqaphela ukuthi yena, unina, nodadewabo babengenakuliqhuba bodwa ipulazi, wabathuthela bonke eSt. Louis futhi waqala ukusebenza esiteshini sesitimela sendawo kwaze kwaba yilapho ethumela udadewabo esikoleni esiphakeme nasekolishi. Ngemva kokwenza lokhu, uJoseph wahamba wayofunda enkampanini yezokukhangisa ukuze afunde ukubhala nokuklama. Futhi njengoba ezuza ubungcweti kulawa makhono, washintshela kumshwalense, ekugcineni waba umthengisi owine imiklomelo nenhloko yeSaint Louis Chamber of Commerce.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, phakathi nomhlangano womvuseleli wamaBaptisti, uJoseph Licklider wabamba iso likaNkosazana Margaret Robnett. “Ngake ngambheka,” esho kamuva, “futhi ngezwa iphimbo lakhe elimtoti licula ekwayeni, futhi ngabona ukuthi ngangimtholile owesifazane engangimthanda.” Ngokushesha waqala ukugibela isitimela esiya epulazini labazali bakhe njalo ngezimpelasonto, ehlose ukumshada. Waphumelela. Ingane yabo okuwukuphela kwayo yazalelwa eSt. Louis ngo-March 11, 1915. Waqanjwa ngokuthi uJosefa ngoyise noCarl Robnett ngomfowabo omdala kanina.
Ukubukeka kwengane libalele kwakuqondakala. UJoseph noMargaret base bebadala ngokwanele ukuba babe abazali bengane yokuqala, yona-ke ineminyaka engamashumi amane nambili yona ingamashumi amathathu nane, futhi babeqinile ezindabeni zenkolo nokuziphatha okuhle. Kodwa futhi babewumbhangqwana ofudumele nonothando owawujabulela ingane yabo futhi uyigubha njalo. Nabanye benza okufanayo: uRobnett osemncane, njengoba babembiza kanjalo ekhaya, wayengeyena yedwa indodana, kodwa futhi wayewukuphela komzukulu ezinhlangothini zombili zomndeni. Njengoba ekhula, abazali bakhe bamkhuthaza ukuba enze izifundo zepiyano, izifundo zethenisi, nanoma yini enye ayeyithatha, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wobuhlakani. Futhi uRobnett akazange abadumaze, ngemva kokuvuthwa waba insizwa ekhanyayo, enomdlandla enomdlandla othakazelisayo, ilukuluku elinganeliseki, nothando olungapheli lwezinto zobuchwepheshe.
Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nambili, isibonelo, yena, njengabo bonke abafana baseSaint Louis, wazuza uthando lokwakha imodeli yezindiza. Mhlawumbe lokhu kwakungenxa yokukhula kwemboni yokukhiqiza izindiza edolobheni lakhe. Mhlawumbe ngenxa kaLindbergh, osanda kwenza uhambo eyedwa ezungeza umhlaba enqamula uLwandlekazi i-Atlantic ngendiza ebizwa ngokuthi uMoya waseSaint Louis. Noma mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi izindiza zaziyizimangaliso zobuchwepheshe zesizukulwane. Akunandaba - abafana baseSaint Louis babengabenzi bezindiza abayisibonelo. Futhi akekho owayengakwazi ukuzidala kabusha kangcono kunoRobnett Licklider. Ngemvume yabazali bakhe, washintsha ikamelo lakhe laba into efana nokugawulwa kwezihlahla ze-balsa. Wathenga izithombe namapulani endiza, futhi wadweba imidwebo enemininingwane yendiza ngokwakhe. Waqopha izikhala zokhuni lwebhalsamu ngokucophelela okubuhlungu. Futhi wahlala ubusuku bonke ehlanganisa izingcezu, emboza amaphiko nomzimba ku-cellophane, ependa izingxenye eziyiqiniso, futhi ngokungangabazeki ehamba kancane ngeglue yendiza yemodeli. Ubenekhono kangangokuthi inkampani yamamodeli amodeli yamkhokhela ukuthi aye embukisweni wezindiza e-Indianapolis ukuze abonise obaba namadodana lapho ukuthi amamodeli enziwa kanjani.
Futhi-ke, njengoba isikhathi sisondela sosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa olubalulekile lweshumi nesithupha, izithakazelo zakhe zashintshela ezimotweni. Kwakungesona isifiso sokusebenzisa imishini, wayefuna ukuqonda ngokugcwele ukwakheka nokusebenza kwayo. Ngakho abazali bakhe bamvumela ukuba athenge imoto ewujuqu, inqobo nje uma engayihambisi ngaphezu komgwaqo wabo omude omazombezombe.
URobnett osemusha wahlukana ngenjabulo futhi wahlanganisa lomshini wamaphupho kaninginingi, eqala ngenjini futhi isikhathi ngasinye enezela ingxenye entsha ukuze abone ukuthi kwenzekeni: “Kulungile, nansi indlela osebenza ngayo ngempela.” UMargaret Licklider, ethathekile yile ngwazi yezobuchwepheshe ekhulayo, wema eduze kwakhe njengoba esebenza ngaphansi kwemoto futhi wamnika izikhiye ayezidinga. Wathola ilayisensi yokushayela ngo-March 11, 1931, usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lweshumi nesithupha. Futhi eminyakeni eyalandela, wenqaba ukukhokha ngaphezu kwamadola angamashumi amahlanu ngemoto, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yayinjani, wayekwazi ukuyilungisa futhi ayenze ishayele. (Ebhekene nolaka lokwehla kwamandla emali, waphoqeleka ukuthi akhuphule lo mkhawulo ube ngu-$150)
URob oneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ubudala, njengoba ayeseyaziwa kanjalo kubafundi afunda nabo, wayekhule emude, emuhle, ethanda ukugijima futhi enobungane, enezinwele ezimhlophe ezishiswe yilanga namehlo aluhlaza okwamenza wafana kakhulu noLindbergh ngokwakhe. Wadlala i-tennis yokuncintisana kanzima (futhi waqhubeka edlala waze waba neminyaka engu-20, lapho ehlushwa ukulimala okwamvimbela ukuba adlale). Futhi, kunjalo, wayenemikhuba emihle yaseNingizimu. Wayephoqelekile ukuba abe nazo: wayehlala ezungezwe abesifazane abangenasici abavela eningizimu. AbakwaLicklider babehlala endlini endala nenkulu e-University City, indawo engaphansi kwe-University of Washington, nomama kaJoseph, udadewabo oshadile kaMargaret kanye noyise, kanye nomunye udadewabo kaMargaret ongashadile. Njalo kusihlwa kusukela uRobnett eneminyaka emihlanu, bekuwumsebenzi wakhe nokuhlonipha ukuxhawula umamncane wakhe, amphelezele aye etafuleni lokudla, futhi abambe umbhede wakhe njengoba kwenza umnumzane. Ngisho nalapho esemdala, uLeake wayaziwa njengendoda enenhlonipho ngendlela emangalisayo futhi ekhaliphile eyayingavamile ukuphakamisa izwi ngokucasuka, eyayihlale igqoke ibhantshi nothayi bomnsalo ngisho nasekhaya, futhi eyayikuthola kungenakwenzeka ngokomzimba ukuhlala lapho owesifazane engena ekamelweni. .
Nokho, uRob Licklider naye wakhula waba insizwa eyayinemibono. Lapho esengumfana omncane, ngokwendaba ayelokhu eyixoxa kamuva, uyise wayesebenza njengomfundisi esontweni labo lendawo lamaBaptist. Lapho uJosefa ethandaza, umsebenzi wendodana yakhe kwakuwukungena ngaphansi kwezihluthulelo zesitho futhi isebenzise izihluthulelo, isiza i-ogani endala eyayingakwazi ukuzenzela yona ngokwayo. Ngobunye ubusuku bangoMgqibelo obuthongo, lapho uRobnett esezozumeka ngaphansi kwesitho somzimba, wezwa uyise ekhala ebandleni lakhe: “Labo kini abafuna insindiso, vukani!”, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, ngokunembile wagxuma wema ngezinyawo zakhe washaya. ikhanda lakhe phansi kwezihluthulelo zesitho . Esikhundleni sokuthola insindiso, wabona izinkanyezi.
Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, uLeak wathi, kwamnikeza ukuqonda okusheshayo endleleni yesayensi: Ngaso sonke isikhathi qaphela ngangokunokwenzeka emsebenzini wakho nasekumemezeleni kwakho ukholo lwakho.
Ingxenye yesithathu yekhulu leminyaka ngemva kwalesi sigameko, yebo, akunakwenzeka ukuthola ukuthi uRobnett osemncane usifundile ngempela lesi sifundo ngokushaya okhiye. Kodwa uma sihlola impumelelo yakhe phakathi nenkathi yokuphila kwakhe okwalandela, singasho ukuthi lesi sifundo wasithola ndawo ndawo. Ngaphansi kwesifiso sakhe esicophelelayo sokwenza izinto kanye nelukuluku lakhe lokwazi elingalawuleki kwakuwukuntula isineke ngokuphelele ngomsebenzi owubudlabha, izixazululo ezilula, noma izimpendulo eziqhakazile. Wenqaba ukuzinza kubantu abavamile. Insizwa eyayizokhuluma kamuva nge-"Intergalactic Computer System" futhi ishicilele amaphepha ochwepheshe anezihloko ezithi "System of Systems" nethi "Frameless, Cordless Rat Shocker" yabonisa ingqondo eyayihlala ifuna izinto ezintsha futhi idlala njalo.
Wabuye waba nesiphithiphithi esincane. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho engqubuzana nobuwula obusemthethweni, akazange amelane nakho ngokuqondile; inkolelo yokuthi umnumzane akalokothi enze isenzakalo yayisegazini lakhe. Wayethanda ukumdicilela phansi. Lapho ejoyina i-Sigma Chi fraternity phakathi nonyaka wakhe omusha eNyuvesi yaseWashington, waziswa ukuthi ilungu ngalinye lenhlangano kwakudingeka liphathe izinhlobo ezimbili zikagwayi ngaso sonke isikhathi, uma kwenzeka ilungu eliphezulu lenhlangano licela. eyodwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi emini noma ebusuku. Njengoba ayengabhemi, waphuma ngokushesha futhi wathenga ugwayi waseGibhithe omubi kunawo wonke ayewuthola eSt. Akekho owamcela ugwayi ngemva kwalokho.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukwenqaba kwakhe phakade ukwaneliswa izinto ezivamile kwamholela emibuzweni engapheli mayelana nenjongo yokuphila. Washintsha nobuntu bakhe. Wayengu-“Robnett” ekhaya futhi engu-“Rob” kubafundi afunda nabo, kodwa manje, ngokusobala ukuze agcizelele isikhundla sakhe esisha njengomfundi wasekolishi, waqala ukuzibiza ngegama lakhe eliphakathi: “Call me Face.” Kusukela lapho, abangani bakhe abadala kuphela ababenombono wokuthi "u-Rob Licklider" wayengubani.
Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto eyayikwazi ukuzenza ekolishi, insizwa uLeake yakhetha ukufunda - yayikujabulela ukukhula njengochwepheshe kunoma yimuphi umkhakha wolwazi futhi noma nini uLeake ezwa othile ejabulela umkhakha omusha wokufunda, wayefisa nokuzama. ukufunda le ndawo. Wenza iziqu zezobuciko ngonyaka wakhe wokuqala wabe eseshintshela kwezobunjiniyela. Wabe eseshintshela ku-physics nezibalo. Futhi, ngokudabukisayo kakhulu, wabuye waba uchwepheshe emhlabeni wangempela: ekupheleni konyaka wakhe wesibili, amasela adla inkampani yomshwalense kayise ngakho yavalwa, eshiya uJosefa engenamsebenzi nendodana yakhe ingenalo ikhono lokukhokha imali yokufunda. U-Lik waphoqeleka ukuthi ayeke izifundo zakhe unyaka wonke ayosebenza njengoweta endaweni yokudlela yabashayeli. Kwakungomunye wemisebenzi embalwa eyayingatholakala phakathi Nokuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. (UJoseph Licklider, ehlanya ehlezi nje ekhaya ezungezwe abesifazane baseNingizimu, ngolunye usuku wathola umhlangano wamaBaptist asemaphandleni ayedinga umfundisi; yena noMargaret bagcina bechithe zonke izinsuku zabo bekhonza isonto ngalinye ngemva kwelinye, bejabule kakhulu ngemva kwalokho. .) Lapho uLick ekugcineni ebuyela ekufundiseni, efika nentshiseko engapheli edingekayo emfundweni ephakeme, omunye wemisebenzi yakhe yetoho wawunakekela izilwane zokuhlola emnyangweni wezengqondo. Futhi lapho eqala ukuqonda izinhlobo zocwaningo oprofesa ababezenza, wayazi ukuthi ukusesha kwakhe kwase kuphelile.
Lokho ahlangana nakho kwakuyi-psychology "physiological" - lo mkhakha wolwazi ngaleso sikhathi wawuphakathi kokukhula kwawo. Kulezi zinsuku, lo mkhakha wolwazi uthole igama elijwayelekile le-neuroscience: ubhekene nocwaningo olunembayo, olunemininingwane yobuchopho nokusebenza kwabo.
Kwakuyisiyalo esinezimpande ezibuyela emuva ekhulwini le-19, lapho ososayensi abafana noThomas Huxley, umvikeli oshiseka kakhulu kaDarwin, beqala ukuphikisa ngokuthi ukuziphatha, ulwazi, ukucabanga, ngisho nokwazi kwakunesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo esihlala ebuchosheni. Lesi kwakuyisimo esinamandla ngalezo zinsuku, ngoba sasingathinti kangako isayensi njengenkolo. Eqinisweni, ososayensi abaningi nezazi zefilosofi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye bazama ukuphikisana hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi ubuchopho benziwa ngendaba engavamile, kodwa ukuthi imele isihlalo somqondo kanye nesihlalo somphefumulo, iphula yonke imithetho ye-physics. Nokho, ngokushesha ukubonwa kwabonisa okuphambene. Ekuqaleni kuka-1861, ucwaningo oluhlelekile lweziguli ezalinyazwa ubuchopho yisazi sokusebenza komzimba saseFrance uPaul Broca sakha ukuxhumana kokuqala phakathi komsebenzi othile womqondo—ulimi—kanye nesifunda esithile sobuchopho: indawo yesokunxele yezwe. ingqondo manje eyaziwa ngokuthi indawo Broca. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwakwaziwa ukuthi ubuchopho buyisitho sikagesi, esinamandla asakazwa ngezigidigidi zamangqamuzana amancane afana nekhebula okuthiwa ama-neurons. Ngo-1920, kwasungulwa ukuthi izifunda zobuchopho ezibhekene namakhono emoto nokuthinta zitholakala emiculweni emibili ehambisanayo yezicubu ze-neuronal ezisezinhlangothini zobuchopho. Kwakwaziwa futhi ukuthi izikhungo ezibhekele ukubona zitholakala ngemuva kobuchopho - okuxakayo ukuthi lena yindawo ekude kakhulu namehlo - kuyilapho izikhungo zokuzwa zitholakala lapho okunengqondo kungasikisela khona: ku-lobe yesikhashana, ngemuva nje kwe- izindlebe.
Kodwa ngisho nalo msebenzi wawunzima uma kuqhathaniswa. Kusukela ngesikhathi uLeake ehlangabezana nalo mkhakha wolwazi ngawo-1930, abacwaningi baqala ukusebenzisa imishini kagesi eyaba yinkimbinkimbi eyayisetshenziswa izinkampani zomsakazo nezingcingo. Besebenzisa i-electroencephalography, noma i-EEG, babekwazi ukulalela ukusebenza kukagesi ebuchosheni, bathole ukufundwa okunembayo emithonjeni ebekwe ekhanda. Ososayensi bangangena futhi ngaphakathi kogebhezi futhi bafake isisusa esichazwe ngokunembe kakhulu ebuchosheni uqobo, bese bekala ukuthi impendulo yemizwa isakazeka kanjani ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesimiso sezinzwa. (Ngo-1950, base bekwazi, eqinisweni, ukushukumisa futhi bafunde ukusebenza kwe- neuron eyodwa.) Ngale nqubo, ososayensi bakwazi ukuhlonza izifunda zemizwa yobuchopho ngokunemba okungakaze kubonwe. Kafushane, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ngokomzimba zasuka embonweni wasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 lobuchopho njengento engaqondakali, umbono wekhulu lama-20 wobuchopho lapho ubuchopho buyinto eyaziwayo. Kwakuwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo, ukuba nembe kakhudlwana. Kodwa noma kunjalo, kwakuwuhlelo olwalungahlukile kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-elekthronikhi ezaziya ngokuya ziyinkimbinkimbi izazi zefiziksi nonjiniyela ezazakha ezindaweni zabo zokucwaninga.
Ubuso babusezulwini. I-Physiological psychology yayinakho konke ayekuthanda: izibalo, i-electronics, kanye nenselele yokucacisa idivayisi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu - ubuchopho. Waziphonsa ensimini, futhi ngenqubo yokufunda, yebo, ayengeke ayibone kusengaphambili, wathatha isinyathelo sakhe sokuqala esikhulu ebheke kulelo hhovisi ePentagon. Uma kubhekwa konke okwakwenzekile ngaphambili, intshisekelo ka-Lick yokuqala ku-psychology yayingase ibonakale sengathi iphambene, i-sideline, isiphazamiso somntwana oneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kusukela ekukhetheni kwakhe umsebenzi wesayensi yekhompyutha. Kodwa eqinisweni, isizinda sakhe sesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo sasiyisisekelo somqondo wakhe wokusebenzisa amakhompyutha. Eqinisweni, wonke amaphayona esayensi yamakhompiyutha esizukulwane sakhe aqala imisebenzi yawo kuma-1940s kanye nawo-1950, anezizinda zezibalo, i-physics, noma ubunjiniyela kagesi, ukuqondisa kwabo kwezobuchwepheshe kwabenza bagxila ekudaleni nasekuthuthukiseni amagajethi-ukwenza imishini ibe mikhulu, ngokushesha. , futhi enokwethenjelwa. Ukuvuza kwakuhlukile ngoba waletha kulo mkhakha inhlonipho ejulile ngamakhono abantu: amakhono okubona, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ukukhetha, nokuthola izindlela ezintsha ngokuphelele zokuxazulula izinkinga ezazingaxazululeki phambilini. Njengesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esihlolayo, wathola lawa makhono eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ehlonishwa njengekhono lamakhompyutha ukwenza ama-algorithms. Futhi yingakho inselelo yakhe yangempela kwaba ukuxhumanisa amakhompyutha nabantu abawasebenzisayo, ukuze asebenzise amandla akho kokubili.
Kunoma yikuphi, kulesi sigaba isiqondiso sokukhula kuka-Lik sasicacile. Ngo-1937, waphothula eNyuvesi yaseWashington eneziqu ezintathu ku-physics, mathematics kanye ne-psychology. Wahlala unyaka owengeziwe ukuze aqedele iziqu zakhe ze-master in psychology. (Irekhodi leziqu zakhe zenkosi eyanikezwa u-“Robnett Licklider” mhlawumbe kwaba irekhodi lakhe lokugcina elanyatheliswa.) Futhi ngo-1938, wangena ohlelweni lweziqu zobudokotela eNyuvesi yaseRochester eNew York, esinye sezikhungo ezihamba phambili zesizwe. ukuze kufundwe indawo yokuzwa yobuchopho, indawo esitshela ukuthi kufanele sizwe kanjani.
Ukuhamba kukaLeake eMissouri kuthinte okungaphezu nje kokushintsha ikheli. Emashumini amabili eminyaka okuqala empilo yakhe, uLick wayeyindodana eyisibonelo kubazali bakhe, eya ngokwethembeka emihlanganweni yamaBaptist kanye nemihlangano yomthandazo kathathu noma kane ngesonto. Nokho, ngemva kokuhamba kwakhe, unyawo lwakhe aluphindanga lwawela umngcele wesonto. Akakwazanga ukutshela abazali bakhe lokhu, eqaphela ukuthi babezothola igalelo elinzima lapho bezwa ukuthi uselushiyile ukholo ababeluthanda. Kodwa wathola imingcele yokuphila kweSouthern Baptist icindezela ngendlela emangalisayo. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, wayengakwazi ukusho ukholo ayengaluzwa. Njengoba aphawula kamuva, lapho ebuzwa ngemizwa yakhe ayeba nayo emihlanganweni yomthandazo, waphendula, “Angizwanga lutho.”
Uma izinto eziningi zishintshile, okungenani into eyodwa esele: ULeake wayeyinkanyezi emnyangweni wezengqondo eWashington University, futhi wayeyinkanyezi eRochester. Ngethisisi yakhe ye-PhD, wenza imephu yokuqala yomsebenzi we-neuronal endaweni yokuzwa. Ikakhulukazi, ukhombe izifunda ubukhona bazo obebubalulekile ekuhlukaniseni amaza omsindo ahlukene, ikhono eliyisisekelo elivumela umuntu ukuba ahlukanise isigqi somculo. Futhi ekugcineni waba uchwepheshe onjalo kuma-electronics asekelwe ku-vacuum tube - ingasaphathwa eyokuba isangoma sangempela ekusunguleni izivivinyo - kangangokuthi ngisho noprofesa wakhe wafika ezobonisana naye.
U-Lick wabuye wazihlukanisa e-Swarthmore College, ngaphandle kwe-Philadelphia, lapho asebenza khona njengomfundi we-postdoctoral ngemva kokuthola i-PhD yakhe ngo-1942. Phakathi nesikhathi sakhe esifushane kuleli kolishi, wafakazela ukuthi, ngokuphambene nenkolelo-mbono ye-Gestalt, umbono wolwazi, amakhoyili kazibuthe abekwe nxazonke. ingemuva lekhanda lesihloko alibangeli ukuhlanekezelwa kombono - noma kunjalo, zenza izinwele zesifundo zime ekugcineni.
Sekukonke, u-1942 kwakungewona unyaka omuhle wempilo enganaki. Umsebenzi kaLick, njengalowo wabanye abacwaningi abaningi, wawusuzothatha inguquko emangalisa kakhulu.
Izinguqulo ezilungile
Ukuhumusha kwamanje ongaxhuma kukho
Source: www.habr.com