Uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe aseYurophu, lapho izikhungo zokukhiqiza ezisatshalaliswa namuhla zibalelwa ku-30% yazo zonke izinto eziphumayo, eRussia, ngokwezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene, isabelo samandla asatshalaliswa namuhla asikho ngaphezu kuka-5-10%. Ake sikhulume ngokuthi isiRashiya thola izitayela zomhlaba wonke, futhi abathengi bayakhuthazeka ukuthi baye ekunikezeni amandla okuzimele.
Ngaphandle kwezinombolo. Thola umehluko
Umehluko phakathi kwesistimu yokukhiqiza ugesi esabalalisiwe eRussia naseYurophu namuhla ayikhawulelwe ezinombolweni - empeleni, lawa angamamodeli ahluke ngokuphelele kokubili ngesakhiwo kanye ngokombono wezomnotho. Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa okusatshalaliswa ezweni lethu kwakunezisusa ezihluke kakhulu kulezo ezaba amandla amakhulu okuqhuba inqubo efanayo eYurophu, eyayifuna ukunxephezela ukuntuleka kwamafutha endabuko ngokubandakanya enye imithombo yamandla (kuhlanganise nemithombo yamandla yesibili) ibhalansi yamandla. E-Russia, indaba yokunciphisa izindleko zokuthenga izinsiza zamandla kubathengi emnothweni ohleliwe kanye nokumiswa kwentela okumaphakathi isikhathi eside yayingabalulekile kangako, ngakho-ke, abantu babecabanga ngokukhiqiza kwabo ugesi ikakhulukazi ezimeni lapho ibhizinisi laliwumsebenzi omkhulu. ikakhulukazi umthengi omkhulu wamandla futhi, ngenxa yokuba kude kwawo, abe nobunzima bokuxhumana namanethiwekhi.
Ngokwezindinganiso zamandla asakazwayo, izikhungo zokuzakhela zazinamandla aphezulu - ukusuka ku-10 kuye ku-500 MW (nangaphezulu) - kuye ngezidingo zokukhiqiza kanye nokuhlinzeka izindawo zokuhlala eziseduze ngogesi nokushisa. Njengoba ukudluliswa kokushisa ngamabanga kuhlale kuhlotshaniswa nokulahlekelwa okukhulu, kwaba khona ukwakhiwa okusebenzayo kwezindlu ezishisayo zamanzi ashisayo ngezidingo zamabhizinisi namadolobha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo yethu yamandla, kungaba izitshalo zamandla ashisayo noma izindlu zokubhayela, zakhiwe phezu kwegesi, uwoyela kaphethiloli noma amalahle, kanye nobuchwepheshe bemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo (imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo), ngaphandle kwezitshalo zamandla kagesi ngamanzi, nemithombo yamandla yesibili. (izinsiza zamandla esibili) zisetshenziswe ezimweni ezingazodwa. Manje isithombe siyashintsha: izikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ezincane ziyavela kancane kancane, kanti eminye imithombo yamandla iyabandakanyeka ebhalansini yamandla, nakuba kancane.
Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, kuningi okwenziwayo ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinga elincane, futhi muva nje umqondo wesizinda samandla esibonakalayo (WPP) ususabalele. Lolu uhlelo oluhlanganisa iningi labadlali emakethe yokuphehla ugesi - abakhiqizi (kusuka kumajeneretha amancane azimele kuya eziteshini zokuhlanganisa) kanye nabathengi (kusuka kumabhilidi okuhlala abantu kuya ezinkampanini ezinkulu zezimboni). Ipulazi lomoya lilawula ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukwenza bushelelezi iziqongo nokusabalalisa kabusha imithwalo ngesikhathi sangempela, kusetshenziswa wonke amandla esistimu atholakalayo kulokhu. Kodwa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okunjalo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokukhuthazwa kwemakethe yesizukulwane esatshalaliswa nguhulumeni futhi ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezihambisanayo emthethweni.
E-Russia, ngaphansi kwezimo zokuncintisana okuqinile kanye nokubusa kwamandla kagesi aphakathi nendawo, ukuthengiswa kukagesi owenziwe ngokweqile kunethiwekhi yangaphandle kuhlala, nakuba kungaxazululeka, umsebenzi ongelula neze ngokombono wenhlangano kanye nezindleko zenqubo. . Ngakho-ke, okwamanje, amathuba okuthi izikhungo zamandla asabalaliswe zibe umhlanganyeli wemakethe ogcwele phakathi kwabahlinzeki abakhulu mancane kakhulu.
Noma kunjalo, ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwangaphakathi endlini kusesimweni namuhla. Isici esiyinhloko ekukhuleni kwayo ukwethembeka kokunikezwa kwamandla. Ukuncika ezinkampanini ezikhiqizayo kanye nenethiwekhi kukhulisa ubungozi babakhiqizi. Iningi lezikhungo ezinkulu zesizukulwane eRussia zakhiwa ngesikhathi seSoviet, futhi iminyaka yazo eminingi iyazizwa. Kumthengi wezimboni, ukulahleka kwamandla ngenxa yengozi kusho ingozi yokuvalwa kokukhiqiza kanye nokulahlekelwa okusobala. Uma isifiso sokunciphisa ubungozi sihambisana nezisusa zezomnotho (ezinqunywa ikakhulukazi inqubomgomo yentela yomphakeli wesifunda) kanye namathuba okutshala izimali, khona-ke ukukhiqizwa kwangaphakathi kwendlu kuvunyelwe ngo-100%, futhi amabhizinisi amaningi ezimboni namuhla alungile (noma acubungula). ithuba elinjalo) ukulandela le ndlela.
Ngakho-ke, amathemba okuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwamandla asatshalaliswa "ngezidingo zomuntu siqu" eRussia aphakeme kakhulu.
Isizukulwane Sakho. Obani abazuzayo kukho?
Umnotho wephrojekthi ngayinye ungumuntu ngamunye futhi unqunywa izici eziningi. Uma sizama ukwenza okuvamile ngangokunokwenzeka, khona-ke ezifundeni ezinamakhono amaningi okukhiqiza kanye namabhizinisi ezimboni, amanani aphezulu kagesi nokushisa, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi siqu kuyithuba lenhloso yokunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokuthenga izinsiza zamandla.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa nezifunda okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo nezinabantu abambalwa ezinengqalasizinda yegridi kagesi engathuthukisiwe noma engekho, lapho, vele, amanani kagesi aphezulu kakhulu.
Ezifundeni lapho kukhona abathengi abambalwa nabahlinzeki bakagesi, futhi ingxenye enkulu kagesi okhiqizwayo ivela ezizindeni zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, amanani entengo aphansi ngokuphawulekayo, futhi umnotho wamaphrojekthi anjalo embonini awuzuzisi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa-ke, amabhizinisi ezimbonini ezithile anethuba lokusebenzisa uphethiloli ohlukile, ngokwesibonelo, imfucuza yezimboni, isizukulwane sawo singaba isisombululo esihle kakhulu. Ngakho, emfanekisweni ongezansi kukhona isitshalo samandla ashisayo esebenzisa imfucuza evela ebhizinisini lokucubungula izinkuni.
Uma sikhuluma ngesizukulwane sezidingo zezinsiza, izakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nengqalasizinda yezohwebo nezenhlalo, kuze kube muva nje umnotho wamaphrojekthi anjalo wawunqunywa kakhulu izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yamandla yesifunda futhi, ngokwezinga eliphansi, ngezindleko ukuxhumana kwezobuchwepheshe kwabasebenzisi bakagesi. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-trigeneration, imingcele enjalo empeleni yayeka ukuba yisinqumo, futhi umkhiqizo womkhiqizo noma ukushisa okukhiqizwa ehlobo kwakwazi ukusetshenziselwa izidingo zesimo somoya, okwandisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwezikhungo zamandla.
I-Trigeneration: ugesi, ukushisa nokubanda kwento
I-Trigeneration iyisiqondiso esizimele ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla amancane. Ihlukaniswa ngokuzimela, ngoba igxile ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zento ethile yezinsiza zamandla.
Iphrojekthi yokuqala ngqa onomqondo wokuphindaphinda yasungulwa ngo-1998 ngomzamo ohlanganyelwe woMnyango Wezamandla wase-US, ilabhorethri kazwelonke i-ORNL kanye nomkhiqizi womshini we-lithium bromide absorption friji BROAD futhi waqalwa e-United States ngo-2001. I-Trigeneration isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini yesiqandisi yokumuncwa, esebenzisa ukushisa njengomthombo oyinhloko wamandla futhi ivumela ukukhiqizwa kokubanda nokushisa kuye ngezidingo zesikhungo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-boilers avamile, njengokuhlangana ndawonye, akuyona into edingekayo ohlelweni olunjalo.
Ngaphezu kokushisa kwendabuko kanye nogesi, i-trigeneration iqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kokubandayo ku-ABCM (ngesimo samanzi abandayo) ngezidingo zobuchwepheshe noma isimo somoya. Inqubo yokukhiqiza ugesi ngendlela eyodwa noma enye iyenzeka ngokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwamandla ashisayo (isibonelo, ngamagesi okukhipha imishini ye-generator).
Ukubandakanya lokhu kushisa ohlelweni lokukhiqiza amakhaza, okokuqala, kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa, ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokugcina komjikelezo, futhi okwesibili, kukuvumela ukuthi unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwesikhungo uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obubandayo bendabuko usebenzisa imishini yokuqandisa i-vapor-compression.
Ikhono lokusebenza emithonjeni ehlukahlukene yokushisa (amanzi ashisayo, umusi, amagesi e-flue avela kumasethi e-generator, ama-boilers kanye nezithando zomlilo, kanye nophethiloli (igesi yemvelo, uphethiloli we-diesel, njll.) ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-ABHM ezindaweni ezihluke ngokuphelele, kusetshenziswa ncamashi. insiza etholakalayo ebhizinisini.
Ngakho-ke, ukushisa kwemfucuza kungasetshenziswa embonini:
Futhi ezikhungweni zikamasipala, izakhiwo zezentengiselwano nezomphakathi, inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene yemithombo yokushisa ingenzeka:
Isikhungo samandla e-trigeneration singabalwa futhi sakhiwe ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zikagesi, noma singasekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kokupholisa kwendawo. Kuya ngokuthi yikuphi kulokhu okungenhla okuyisimo sokunquma somthengi. Esimweni sokuqala, ukubuyiswa kokushisa kwemfucuza ku-ABHM kungase kungapheli, futhi esimweni sesibili, kungase kube nomkhawulo kugesi wayo owenziwe (ukugcwalisa kwenziwa ngokuthenga ugesi kunethiwekhi yangaphandle).
Kuzuzisa kuphi ukuzalwa kukathathu?
Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bubanzi kakhulu: ukukhiqizwa kukanxantathu kungahlanganiswa kahle ngokulinganayo emcabangweni wendawo ethile yomphakathi (isibonelo, indawo enkulu yezitolo noma isakhiwo sezindiza) kanye nengqalasizinda yamandla yebhizinisi lezimboni. Ukukwazi ukuqalisa amaphrojekthi anjalo kanye nokukhiqiza kwawo kuncike kakhulu ezimeni zendawo, kokubili ezomnotho kanye nesimo sezulu, kanye namabhizinisi ezimboni nasezindlekweni zemikhiqizo.
Inkomba yokuqala futhi ebaluleke kakhulu isidingo sokubanda. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuvame kakhulu namuhla i-air conditioning yezakhiwo zomphakathi. Lezi zingaba izikhungo zebhizinisi, izakhiwo zokuphatha, izakhiwo zesibhedlela namahhotela, izikhungo zezemidlalo, izikhungo zezitolo nezokuzijabulisa kanye namapaki amanzi, iminyuziyamu kanye nezindawo zokubukisa, izakhiwo zezindiza - ngegama, zonke izinto lapho abantu abaningi bekhona ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho ukwakha i-microclimate ekhululekile kudinga uhlelo oluphakathi lwe-air conditioning.
Ukusetshenziswa okulungile kakhulu kwe-ABHM kungokwezinto ezinjalo ezinendawo engamamitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20-30. m (isikhungo sebhizinisi eliphakathi nendawo) futhi iphetha ngezinto ezinkulu zamamitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa nangaphezulu (izindawo zokuthenga nezokuzijabulisa kanye nezindiza).
Kodwa ezikhungweni ezinjalo kufanele kube nesidingo hhayi kuphela kubanda nogesi, kodwa futhi nokunikezwa ukushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunikezwa kokushisa akukhona nje ukushisa kwezakhiwo ebusika, kodwa futhi ukunikezwa kwamanzi ashisayo unyaka wonke endaweni yezidingo zamanzi ashisayo asekhaya. Lapho kusetshenziswa ngokugcwele amandla esikhungo samandla se-trigeneration, kuphakama ukusebenza kahle kwayo.
Emhlabeni wonke kunezibonelo eziningi zokusetshenziswa kwe-trigeneration embonini yamahhotela, ukwakhiwa kanye nokwenza ngcono izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhungo zemfundo, izakhiwo zebhizinisi nezokuphatha, izikhungo zedatha, nezibonelo eziningi embonini - indwangu, i-metallurgical, ukudla, amakhemikhali, i-pulp. kanye nephepha, ubunjiniyela, njll. .P.
Njengesibonelo, ngizonikeza enye yezinto inkampani "» ithuthukise umqondo wesikhungo samandla esiphehla unxantathu.
Uma isidingo samandla kagesi ebhizinisini lezimboni silinganiselwa ku-4 MW (ekhiqizwe amayunithi amabili egas piston (GPU)), ukuhlinzekwa kokupholisa okungu-2,1 MW kuyadingeka.
Amakhaza akhiqizwa umshini owodwa wokumuncwa we-lithium bromide osebenza kumagesi aphumayo eyunithi ye-turbine yegesi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-GPU eyodwa ihlanganisa ngokuphelele i-100% yesidingo sokushisa se-ABHM. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe i-GPU eyodwa isebenza, isitshalo sihlala sinikezwa inani elidingekayo lokubanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho womabili amayunithi e-gas piston ekhishwa ekusebenzeni, i-ABKhM igcina amandla okukhiqiza ukushisa nokubanda, ngoba inomthombo wokushisa oyisipele - igesi yemvelo.
Isikhungo samandla e-Trigeneration
Ngokuya ngezidingo zomthengi, isigaba saso kanye nezidingo zokuphinda zisetshenziswe kabusha, uhlelo lokubuyisela kabusha (okuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi) lungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi lungabandakanya ama-boilers wamandla namanzi ashisayo, ama-boilers okushisa angcolile, ama-steam noma i-gas turbines, amanzi agcwele. ukwelashwa, njll.
Kodwa ezinsizeni ezincane, iyunithi eyinhloko ekhiqizayo imvamisa iyinjini yegesi noma iyunithi yepiston (igesi noma udizili) enamandla kagesi aphansi (1-6 MW). Bakhiqiza ugesi futhi bachithe ukushisa okuvela ku-exhaust namanzi ashisayo, aphinde asetshenziswe ku-ABHM. Lena isethi encane futhi eyanele yezinto eziyisisekelo.
Yebo, awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwezinhlelo ezisizayo: umbhoshongo wokupholisa, amaphampu, indawo yokwelapha ye-reagent ukuze ujikeleze amanzi ukuze uzinzise, isistimu ye-automation kanye nemishini kagesi evumela ukuthi usebenzise ugesi owenziwe ngezidingo zakho.
Ezimweni eziningi, isikhungo se-trigeneration siyisakhiwo esihlukile, noma amayunithi aneziqukathi, noma inhlanganisela yalezi zixazululo, njengoba izidingo zokubekwa kwezinto ezikhiqiza ugesi nokushisa zihluke ngandlela-thile.
Imishini ekhiqiza ugesi isezingeni, ngokungafani ne-ABHM, nakuba ngobuchwepheshe iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Isikhathi sayo sokukhiqiza singasukela ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 kuye kweziyi-12 noma ngisho nangaphezulu.
Isikhathi sokukhiqiza esijwayelekile se-ABHM yizinyanga ezingu-3-6 (kuye ngokuthi umthamo wokupholisa, inombolo kanye nezinhlobo zemithombo yokushisa).
Njengomthetho, ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yokusiza ngeke kudlule isikhathi esifanayo, ngakho-ke isikhathi esiphelele sephrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwesikhungo samandla e-trigeneration siphakathi kweminyaka engu-1,5.
Umphumela
Okokuqala, isikhungo se-trigeneration sizonciphisa inani labahlinzeki bamandla kwelinye - umphakeli wegesi. Ngokuqeda ukuthengwa kukagesi nokushisa, ungakwazi, okokuqala, ukuqeda noma yiziphi izingozi ezihlobene nokuphazamiseka kokunikezwa kwamandla.
Ukusebenza okubangelwa ukushisa kusetshenziswa "amandla angaphezulu" angabizi kakhulu kunciphisa izindleko zikagesi okhiqizwayo nokushisa uma kuqhathaniswa nokuwuthenga. Futhi ukulayishwa kwamandla okushisa unyaka wonke (ebusika ukushisa, ehlobo ukuze kugcinwe umoya kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe) kuvumela ukusebenza kahle okukhulu. Yiqiniso, ngokuqondene namanye amaphrojekthi, isimo esiyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa komqondo olungile kanye nokucwaninga kwawo okungenzeka.
Inzuzo eyengeziwe iwukuba nobungane bemvelo. Ngokusebenzisa amagesi e-exhaust ukuze sikhiqize amandla awusizo, sinciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi emkhathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nobuchwepheshe bendabuko bokukhiqiza amakhaza, lapho i-ammonia ne-freons isetshenziswa njengeziqandisi, i-ABKhM isebenzisa amanzi njengesiqandisi, esinciphisa nomthwalo wemvelo ube ubuncane.
Source: www.habr.com