U-Elon Musk () ngenkomfa ngevidiyo ( tracker 11:25) ohlelweni lokubamba iqhaza esithangamini samabhizinisi , i-Krasnodar 18/19.10.2019/XNUMX/XNUMX ithe (ukuhumusha ):
“Kimina kubonakala sengathi imfundo yaseRussia yinhle kakhulu. Futhi kimi kubonakala sengathi eRussia kunethalente eliningi nezinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe. "
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ijaji leNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo u-Aranovsky K.V. ngombono ohlukile ku mayelana nesikhalazo sesakhamuzi uM.V. Tchaikovsky, ngo-Okthoba 8, 2019, wakhuluma ngokugxeka kakhulu:
Khona-ke cishe kuyokwazi ukuphinde kuxoxwe ngezinga imfundo yemisebenzi yezandla eqinisekisa ngalo ukufinyelela emisebenzini kanye nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo athile kufanele yini kuxhunywe namadiploma.”
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Aranovsky K.V. igqugquzela ukuhlotshaniswa kwala malungelo omthethosisekelo nemibandela:
"Uma imfundo yezandla iqinisekisa ngokuzethemba iziqu zabanikazi be-diploma, khona-ke ekulinganiseni komthethosisekelo nezomthetho wezintshisekelo kanye namagugu lokhu kungase kube nesisindo esihlukile, esizonikeza izizathu ezengeziwe zokusekela igunya lediploma, ukuze kungaba umbandela wokusetshenziswa kwenkululeko yabasebenzi kanye nelungelo elihlobene nalo."
Njengoba kungabonwa esitatimendeni sika-Aranovsky K.V. kukhona ukuxhumana okuqondile nezitifiketi zochwepheshe kanye nobubanzi bamalungelo abantu. Futhi ukuxhumana okunjalo, okuqinisekiswa yisikhundla sejaji leNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo, kungaba ingxabano yokuqinisa isikhundla uma kwenzeka kuqalwa ukumangalelana ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo ombhali. Ngizozama ukwembula lesi sici kulesi sihloko.
Ukufaneleka kwesikhundla sejaji kungaqinisekiswa ngamazwi omuntu ophumelele ovela kolunye uhlangothi lwezwe, uJack Ma ():
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Ngicabanga ukuthi izisusa zombono wejaji u-Aranovsky K.V. bakhathazekile ngesimo samanje semfundo ephakeme eRussia futhi bekhuluma "nesigaba sokuphatha" ngesicelo, egameni labantu, okuyinto , esihlokweni sakhe , yembethe izici ezilandelayo:
“Ngobukhulu bayo obukhulukazi, abantu abajulile benza amandla adonsela phansi angenakuvinjwa, ahlanganisa isizwe futhi adonsele (ukucindezela) emhlabeni (ezweni labo lendabuko) abantu abaphakeme, okuthi ngezikhathi ezithile bazame ukundiza bevela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.”
Ngizochaza ngomdwebo olula umnyombo wenkinga iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo (iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo) eyayicubungula kulolu hlelo. Isakhamuzi M.V. UTchaikovsky waphendukela esikhungweni sokuqashwa ngesicelo sokumbona njengongasebenzi. Isikhungo sokuqashwa senqabile ukumnika lesi simo, ngenxa yokuthi akazange anikeze amakhophi adingekayo amadokhumenti ohlwini olumisiwe: isitifiketi semali engenayo kanye nemibhalo eqinisekisa iziqu. Isakhamuzi saya enkantolo futhi izinkantolo zokuqala nezilandelayo zakubona lokhu kwenqaba njengokusemthethweni. Wabe esephendukela eNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo yeRussian Federation. Inkantolo, isihlolile izimo zecala, yathola ukuthi izimfuno zesikhungo sokuqashwa zazingekho emthethweni.
Ingqondo yobudlelwano phakathi kweNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo yaphikiswa yiqiniso lokuthi amadiploma eziqu awaphoqelekile, njengoba umbuso uzibophezela ukuqaphela okungenzeka zonke izakhamizi zaseRussian Federation njengezingasebenzi, kuhlanganise nalabo abangenazo iziqu.
Ijaji u-Aranovsky K.V. kucatshangelwe ukuthi uhlelo olunjalo lokuphikisa alwanele kule ndaba nokuthi umqondo wokuqashelwa kufanele ube cishe lokhu okulandelayo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwenani lamalungelo umbuso oqinisekisayo kuchwepheshe oqinisekisiwe kufanele kwenzeke esimweni lapho umbuso unikeze uhla oluphelele lwamathuba okufezekiswa kwamakhono omuntu emkhakheni wemisebenzi ewusizo emphakathini. Futhi ngokusekelwe empumelelweni yalo muntu, ukuhlukaniswa kungenzeka. Kodwa okwamanje lokhu akunjalo, futhi akunakuba ngokombono, ngoba uhlelo lwemfundo ephakeme eRussian Federation, ngenxa “yesigaba sokuphatha,” lulandela indlela enganaki konke okuhlangenwe nakho kwesintu.
Ukuze ama-Khabrovites akwazi ukuqonda ngokucacile ingqondo yejaji, ngicabanga ukuthi kudingekile ukucacisa ukuthi ijaji alisebenzi ngezinqubo zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha ezamukelwa emphakathini. Lokhu kuchazwe kahle encwadini ka-A.N. Golovistikova, Yu.A. UDmitriev. Izinkinga zethiyori yombuso nomthetho: Incwadi yokufunda. – M.: EKSMO, 2005.:
“Indlela yokuziphatha nomthetho kunemibandela ehlukene yokuhlola ukuziphatha komuntu. Umthetho usebenzisa imibandela efana nezomthetho - engekho emthethweni, esemthethweni - engekho emthethweni, unelungelo - unomsebenzi, njll. Ukuze kuhlolwe ukuziphatha, kunezinye izindlela: ukuziphatha - okubi, ukwethembeka - ukungathembeki, okuncomekayo - okuyihlazo, okuhloniphekile - okubi, njll."
Le migomo ibekwe phansi ezinkambisweni zezindatshana:
1) Ikhodi Yenqubo Yomphakathi ye-Russian Federation Isigaba 16. Izizathu zokuhoxisa ijaji
3) unentshisekelo yomuntu siqu, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile emphumeleni wecala, noma kunezinye izimo ezenza kube nokungabaza mayelana nokungakhethi nokungakhethi kwakhe.
2) Ikhodi Yenqubo Yokulamula ye-Russian Federation Article 21. Ukuhoxiswa kwejaji
7) wenze izitatimende zomphakathi noma wanikeza ukuhlaziya mayelana nokufaneleka kwecala elicutshungulwayo
3) Ikhodi Yenqubo Yobugebengu Ye-Russian Federation Article 61. Izimo ezingabandakanyi ukuhlanganyela emacaleni obugebengu
2. Abantu abashiwo engxenyeni eyodwa yalesi sihloko abakwazi ukubamba iqhaza ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu futhi ezimeni lapho kunezinye izimo ezinikeza isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi banentshisekelo yomuntu siqu, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, kumphumela waleli cala lobugebengu.
Vumelana ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukufakazela umbono wakho wokuthi izinqubo zomphakathi eziqhubekayo zizoholela emiphumeleni engalungile yokuziphatha kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha endaweni yokwakhiwa kwezomthetho.
Okulandelayo, ngethula umbono oqoshiwe wejaji ngokugcwele.
Umbono wejaji leNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo u-K.V. I-ARANOVSKYNgokuhambisana neSinqumo ecaleni lokuhlola ukuhambisana nomthethosisekelo kwezinhlinzeko zezigaba 1 no-2 zeSigaba 3 soMthetho Wenhlangano YaseRussia “Emsebenzini Embuthweni WaseRussia” mayelana nesikhalazo sesakhamuzi uM.V. Tchaikovsky, ngikholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukuqaphela okulandelayo.
Lapho sithola isimo sokungasebenzi, isakhamuzi asisadingeki ukuba sethule idiploma yemfundo ephakeme, ikakhulukazi imfundo, njengobufakazi beziqu zobuchwepheshe. Akukhona okokuqala ukuthi iNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo yeRussian Federation iqede ukuncika okuqondile kokusetshenziswa kwamalungelo ekwethulweni kwediploma. Esinqumweni esinguNombolo 14-P sango-November 2018, 41, iNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo Yenhlangano YaseRussia yaphetha ngokuthi ukuba khona kwediploma akukwazi ukunquma ngokuqinile ngisho nelungelo lomsebenzi wokufundisa (izinhlobo ezithile), uma umuntu enziwa ngempumelelo. ohambisana nesikhundla sakhe.
Isinqumo seNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo Yenhlangano YaseRussia cishe sasingenzeka ngokuqukethwe okuthe ukuhluka ukube imibhalo yezemfundo yayinedumela elihlukile kunaleso esinalo manje. Uma imfundo yezandla iqinisekisa ngokuzethemba izimfanelo zabanikazi bediploma, khona-ke ekulinganiseni komthethosisekelo kanye nomthetho wezithakazelo kanye namagugu lokhu kungase kube nesisindo esihlukile, esizonikeza izizathu ezengeziwe zokusekela igunya lediploma, ukuze i-diploma yayo itholakale. kube umbandela wokusetshenziswa kwenkululeko yabasebenzi kanye namalungelo ahlobene .
Kunzima ukungahlanganisi ukunqatshelwa kwamalungelo ohlelweni lwezemfundo lokuthola izitifiketi zemisebenzi nesimo salo, lapho kunokuguquguquka okuningi kulo kangangokuthi umuntu angeke athembele eqophelweni elizinzile lomkhiqizo wezemfundo. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini esithile esidlule, iqembu leminyango engaphansi kukaHulumeni waseRussia laqala umsebenzi, okwakufanele kuholele ekubuyekezweni kwemithetho yokugunyazwa kwamanyuvesi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwawo ngezigaba ezintathu: eziyisisekelo, eziphambili nezihamba phambili. Amanyuvesi ayisisekelo kwadingeka ashintshele ezifundweni eziku-inthanethi, okuzowenza abe izikhungo zemfundo nezokubonisana ngokufunda amabanga, ngokusobala, afana namaphuzu e-inthanethi, lapho izindleko zenkonzo zizofaka khona idiploma. Lawa manyuvesi-amaseli azongena ezinhlakeni ze-pyramidal njengamalungu ajwayelekile futhi lapho ayezoqeqeshelwa ukuqeqesha, agxilise “amakhono”, njengoba nje ubuholi nokuhambisana kufakwa emakilasini aphezulu kanye nokuqeqeshwa emoyeni wokumaketha kwenethiwekhi. Amanyuvesi ahamba phambili, uma konke lokhu kwenzeka, bekuzodingeka alungise imikhiqizo yezemfundo ukuze isatshalaliswe kunethiwekhi yonke ngamanyuvesi “athuthukile” asezingeni eliphakathi. Khona-ke, kunjalo, amanyuvesi azonciphisa izindleko ngenxa yesilinganiso nezinsiza zenethiwekhi kuyilapho enciphisa izisebenzi zothisha. Izibopho ezinjalo zihlala zijabulela ukwesekwa esigabeni sokuphatha kanye naphakathi kwezishoshovu; zihlala zivuthwa lapho futhi ngezinye izikhathi zithola ukusetshenziswa.
Nokho, akubona bonke ababona intuthuko yokukhanyiselwa. Othile uzonquma ukuthi ingozi eqhubekayo yezinguquko zesakhiwo, ingasaphathwa ukuqaliswa kwazo kwangempela, incisha isayensi nemfundo yobungcweti ithuba lokulondoloza ikhwalithi ezingeni elihloniphekile. Ngakho, akuwona wonke umuntu obheka ukwethulwa kohlelo lwe-Bologna luwusizo, futhi abaningi bangathanda ukwenza ngaphandle kwalo, njengoba, isibonelo, amanyuvesi aseJalimane enza. Akuwona wonke umuntu oqinisekayo ukuthi ukwethulwa kweziqu ze-bachelor kanye ne-master's ngokwezindinganiso ze-Bologna kukhuphule izinga lemfundo nokuthi amadiploma aseRussia manje aseqashelwa ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe, njengoba kulindelekile. Inqwaba yezinsiza ezasetshenziswa kulokhu ibingasetshenziselwa ukuzuzisa isayensi kanye namaholo ahloniphekile ngomsebenzi wokufundisa. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezemfundo kuye kwathatha iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, futhi imiphumela yabo isaphikisana, ngakho-ke, lapho kusetshenziswe okuningi kangaka, futhi ukuthembela kuma-diploma kunganyukanga, asikho isizathu sokuqhubeka nokuthembela ezinqumweni zongqongqoshe, isinyathelo sabaphathi. kanye nomdlandla wezishoshovu.
Kungenzeka ukuthi manje kuzomele silinde kuze kube yilapho amadiploma amanyuvesi amaningi kanye nezikole zobuchwepheshe (ama-lyceums, amakolishi, njll.) eqiniseka. Khona-ke cishe kuyokwazi ukuphinde kuxoxwe ngezinga imfundo yezandla eqinisekisa ngayo ukufinyelela emisebenzini kanye nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo athile kufanele yini kuxhunywe namadiploma. Nokho, kuze kube manje, izindinganiso zemfundo ezihlinzekwe uMthethosisekelo Wenhlangano YaseRussia ngokwawo (Ingxenye 5 yeSigaba 43), abalawuli nezishoshovu abakwazi ukwethula ngenye indlela ngaphandle kwemibhalo nemibiko ebekwe umnyango wabo, nakuba ukuzimela kwenyuvesi kanye nenkululeko yezemfundo kusho ukuthi amazinga, kunalokho, asungulwe iphethini yokuma.
Kuze kube muva nje, ilungelo lokukhipha ama-diploma liqinisekise uhlelo lwemfundo yezandla evikelwe ngokomthetho imali engenayo, okuhlanganisa nemali engenayo yesabelomali. Cishe akuhlakaniphile ukushiya iziqinisekiso ezinjalo ngaphandle kwesiqiniseko sokuthi zizozuzisa imfundo ngokwayo. Phakathi nenkathi yezinguquko, uhlelo lwasabalalisa izinsiza ngendlela okwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ibe nomthelela omuhle emsebenzini womsebenzi, inhlalakahle kanye nesithunzi sothisha, i.e. ngezinga lokuqeqeshwa. Uhlelo lukhokha kancane ngaphandle kwalapho uthisha enikezwa indima ekhokhelwayo emkhakheni wawo wokuphatha njengomlawuli, umqalisi, noma isishoshovu esishisekayo. Kwesinye isikhathi kuvumela uthisha ukuthi akhuphule kancane umholo wakhe ompofu, kodwa hhayi owomsebenzi, kodwa ngezibalo ezinhle kanye nokubika, ukuze abonise indlela efanele esikhundleni sezindlela zokufunda, ukufaka isicelo sezibonelelo kanye nezilinganiso, ukuqapha ngamagrafu nakho konke okunye iyathandeka ezinsizeni zokuphatha kanye neminyango. Ukuze enze lokhu, uthisha udinga ukuthuthukisa amakhono namakhono okubhala kabusha izicelo kanye nezicelo, azifake ezimalini naseminyangweni, akhiphe iziqinisekiso, futhi enze izinkomba zengcaphuno.
Esimweni esinjalo, okubalulekayo akukhona ukufundisa noma ukufunda, kodwa izinkimbinkimbi zemfundo kanye nezinqubo ezingadingeki ngabafundi nothisha, kodwa ngezinsizakalo, ukuze bazizwe behle futhi bahlale ezikhundleni ezinenzuzo ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Nokho, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ngenxa yalokhu kudingekile ukulondoloza amalungelo ohlelo, okuqinisekiswa yimvelo ephoqelekile yamadiploma. Izithakazelo zayo kanye namagugu akuqinisekisi, futhi ngenxa yabo akunakwenzeka ukukhawulela inkululeko yezakhamizi, amathuba ombuso wezenhlalakahle, ngokuphambene nezinhlinzeko ze-Articles 2, 7, 17, 18, 21, 34, 37 , Ingxenye 3 ye-Article 55 yoMthethosisekelo Wenhlangano YaseRussia.
Ukuzithoba kanye nokuziphendulela ngaphansi kwabaphathi kucindezela ukufundisa nokufunda lapho amanyuvesi edela ukuzibusa kwawo, inkululeko yezemfundo, isitayela futhi asebenzela uhlelo olukhipha izimvume zalo msebenzi. Ukuzimela kuyisidingo semisebenzi yeyunivesithi, futhi uma sicabanga ukuthi amanyuvesi aseRussia awakwazi, khona-ke ukulindela imfundo enhle namadiploma, akunangqondo.
INkantolo Yomthethosisekelo Yenhlangano YaseRussia ibona ekuzibuseni kwamanyuvesi isimiso esiyisisekelo semisebenzi yabo, esinquma ubudlelwano babo nenqubomgomo yombuso kanye nesifundazwe emkhakheni wezemfundo (Isinqumo No. 27-P ka-December 1999, 19); uthi ukuzimela kuyazithethelela ngokomlando esikweni lenyuvesi yase-pan-European, futhi ikuxhumanisa nezinjongo zesimo senhlalo, inkululeko yesayensi, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokudala, ukufundisa, nelungelo lawo wonke umuntu lokufunda kanye nezinye. amanani omthethosisekelo alandela ezinhlinzekweni ze-Articles 7, 17, 18, 43 (izingxenye 1 no-5), 44 (ingxenye 1) yoMthethosisekelo weRussian Federation; ivumela imingcele ekuzilawuleni kwamanyuvesi kahulumeni nawomasipala yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni kuphela ngezinhloso ezibalulekile ngokomthethosisekelo futhi njengoba lezi zinhlangano, ezinamalungelo omsunguli, zilawula ukulandelwa kwemisebenzi yenyuvesi nezinjongo zayo ezingokomthetho (Incazelo kaJuni 7). , 2011 No. 767-О-О). Ukuzimela kwezikhungo zemfundo - ngenkululeko yezemfundo ekufuneni iqiniso, nokwethulwa kwamahhala nokusabalalisa ngaphansi kwesibopho sothisha ngaphandle kokunakekelwa kwabaphathi - kwaqashelwa yi-Article 3 yoMthetho Wombuso "On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education" . I-Athikili 3 ye-Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" isuka esimisweni esifanayo, ibala phakathi kwezimiso zemfundo inkululeko kathisha ekunqumeni amafomu nezindlela zokufundisa nokukhulisa izingane, ukuzimela kwezinhlangano zemfundo, imfundo. amalungelo nenkululeko yothisha nabafundi (izigaba 7, 8, 9) . Ukuqaliswa kwalezi zinhlinzeko kuyangabazeka uma uhlelo lubeka abahlanganyeli ebhizinisini lezemfundo enkonzweni yezintshisekelo zalo. Ngisho noPeter I ngangingangabazi ukuthi "isayensi yokuzithoba ayinakubekezelelwa," futhi u-N.I. Pirogov wagcizelela nakakhulu ukuthi ukufana kwezokuphatha akuhambisani "nenyuvesi ezimele,"[1] ukuthi "ukuzimela kanye ne-bureaucracy akuhambisani." futhi ukuthi “isayensi inezigaba zayo; Njengoba eseyisikhulu, ulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwakhe”[2].
Manje kuningi okumelwe kusikiselwe ukuthi maduze, mhlawumbe ebuhlotsheni obuhlukahlukene bezomthetho, kuzodingeka sihlehlise isimo esiqinile esiyisibopho samadiploma kuze kube khona ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi amanyuvesi abuyisela ukuzimela. Kodwa lokhu akunangqondo uma ingxenye yokuphatha yohlelo lwezemfundo ingahlali abantu abambalwa ngenxa yokuncipha kwabasebenzi kanye nezinsiza, ukushabalala kwemisebenzi yabo kanye neziqondiso zendlela yokusebenza. Kudingeka futhi ukuthi kwenziwe isiqiniseko sokuthi izinguquko ezimisweni kwezemfundo zehlela ikakhulukazi ekuqedweni kwezikhungo ezifayo, nokuthi izikhungo ezikhona seziphelelwe umdlandla wokuhlelwa kabusha nokushintshwa kwamagama, nokuthi abathanda ukuzenzela abasaphumeleli ezinhlelweni zabo zokudala iminyango ilingane. wekhono noma ukusungula “izikole” endaweni yazo kanye “nezikhombisi-ndlela”.
Nakuba ingxenye yokuphatha, kanye nezishoshovu, iziphatha njengomhleli kanye nenkosi yezemfundo, inquma ukwakheka kwayo kanye nesiphetho sayo, asikho ithemba futhi asikho isidingo sokumosha amandla omthetho kuma-diploma aphoqelelwe, kulokhu kulahlekelwa ngokomthethosisekelo. kanye nesisekelo somthetho. Lokhu okungenhla akuhlukani neSinqumo esithathwe kuleli cala.
[1] Bheka: Umbuzo wasenyuvesi // Bulletin of Europe. T. 1(237). Petersburg, ngo-1906. S. 1, 15.[2] Ungabona ithebula lomlando le- Kropotova N.V. U-Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov ngesiko laseyunivesithi: Yini eshintshile ekhulwini nesigamu? // Ucwaningo lwesayensi yesimanje kanye nokusungula. 2016. No7 // .
Kukuziphi izimo lapho umbono ophikisayo weJaji u-K.V. Aranovsky ovezwe esinqumweni seNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo weRussian Federation ecaleni lokuhlola ukuhambisana nomthethosisekelo wezinhlinzeko zezigaba 1 no-2 zeSigaba 3 soMthetho Wenhlangano YaseRussia “ Mayelana Nokuqashwa Kwabantu ERussian Federation” mayelana nesikhalo sesakhamuzi uM.V. Tchaikovsky? ingasetshenziswa ukuthethelela isisindo sesikhundla somunye wamaqembu?
Ngokubona kwami, ukucabanga kwejaji leNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo kungasetshenziswa lapho, ngokusekelwe esisekelweni sokuthi iziphetho zikachwepheshe oqinisekisiwe zinesisindo esikhulu kuneziphetho zikachwepheshe ongenazo idiploma, omunye wamaqembu efuna ushintsho emigomeni yenkontileka efanele, ngokombono wayo. Isibonelo esilula kungaba isimo lapho ukuthuthukiswa okuthile kwenziwa nguchwepheshe ongenaso idiploma emkhakheni wonjiniyela wesoftware. Iqembu eliphikisayo linikeze isiphetho esivela kuchwepheshe nge-diploma ehambisanayo, futhi kusukela kulesi siphetho kulandela ukuthi izinga lomsebenzi owenziwe alihlangabezani nezinga elidingekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, kungase kudinge izinguquko ezifanele ezivela kumculi. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi uchwepheshe wenkontileka, isibonelo, ubelokhu enza lokhu iminyaka eminingi futhi usebenzise inqwaba yamaphrojekthi, ngokombono wekhasimende, akubalulekile.
Kulesi sigaba, kuyadingeka ukucacisa ukuthi inkantolo ihlale inquma ukulingana kwesinxephezelo kanye nezivumelwano nezinga elikhona kuhulumeni kule ndawo. Futhi, ngenxa yalokho, iqembu elihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuthuthukisa kufanele lifakazele ukufaneleka kwezintengo, ukuhluka kwazo kwezinsizakalo zabo, njll., ezimeni lapho iqembu eliphikisayo lizama ukuzehlisa. Isixazululo esilungile ukuhlukanisa inani eliphelele libe izingxenye, njengoba inkantolo kufanele ibheke izindlela ezihlukene zokunciphisa izimangalo ecaleni ngalinye.
Isibonelo esihle salo mshini yisixazululo . Kule nqubo, ummangali, ngokusetshenziswa kuwebhusayithi yommangalelwa isithombe se-panorama plan yaseSt. Petersburg eyakhiwe nguye, wafuna ukubuyisela ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingu-5 njengesinxephezelo sokwephulwa kwe-copyright. Inkantolo yanquma ukubuyisela ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-150 nezindleko.
Kuyafaneleka njalo ukunanzelela ukuthi isikhundla esibekwe kuSinqumo Senkantolo Yomthethosisekelo akuwona umthetho oqondile. Futhi ukuthembela kuyo ukusheshisa "nge-saber emathangeni" ngeke kuphumelele. Izindlela zokuhlanganisa izimpikiswano ezivela kuSinqumo Senkantolo Yomthethosisekelo kufanele zithathwe ngesikhathi kuqondwa isimo saleli gunya lezobulungiswa. Ukucacisa lesi sici, ngizosebenzisa izingcaphuno ezivela ezihlokweni zesayensi ukuze ngigweme izinsolo zokuchema.
Nweba“Ububanzi bobulungiswa bomthethosisekelo (obungokomthetho) endaweni yabo budlulela kuphela endaweni lapho indikimba kahulumeni ehambisanayo kwakhiwa futhi isebenze kuyo, ngokwemibandela ebambekayo - emkhakheni okhethekile wobudlelwane bezomthetho bomphakathi mayelana “nokuhlanganyela ohlelweni olujwayelekile Ukulawulwa koMthethosisekelo "Kumfelandawonye waseRussia".
I-Krapivkina O.A. Uhlobo lwesikhungo sombono ophikisayo wejaji ezinhlelweni ezihlukene zomthetho ze-ISTU Bulletin No. 2(97) 2015
Nweba"Isikhungo sokuphikisana nemibono sibekwe ngokomthetho emazweni amaningi entando yeningi, okuhlanganisa i-USA, Russia, Canada, Germany, England, njll. Kwamanye amazwe, imibono ephikisanayo ishicilelwe kanye nesinqumo senkantolo (USA, Russia), kwamanye amazwe. ifakiwe embhalweni wengxenye yokucabanga yesinqumo (eJalimane). Kodwa kukhona amazwe entando yeningi anohlelo lwezokwahlulela oluthuthukisiwe, lapho singekho nhlobo isikhungo sokwahlulela esinjalo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona, isibonelo, iFrance, iBelgium ne-Italy. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokungabikho kwesikhungo sombono ophikisanayo, ngokusobala, ukwesaba okuqhubekayo kokudalula imfihlo yegumbi lokuxoxisana kanye nokubukela phansi igunya lesinqumo senkantolo. Ukungabikho kwalesi sikhungo ezinhlelweni eziningi zokwahlulela nakho kuchazwa ngamasiko ezomthetho kahulumeni.”
“Kubameli base-Anglo-American, isikhungo semibono ephikisayo siyisici esivamile senqubo yokwahlulela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungumthombo wokuziqhenya ngobulungiswa baseMelika. Imibono ephikisayo yeJaji Lenkantolo Ephakeme yase-US u-O. Holmes ibhekwa ngokufanelekile, njengoba umcwaningi waseMelika u-E. Dumbold ephawula, “ingcebo yokucabanga kwezomthetho” [7]. IJaji Eliyinhloko lase-US u-A. Scalia uphawula ukuthi imibono ephikisanayo iwumphumela wokucabanga okuzimele nokujulile; zinentshisekelo kusishayamthetho ngemiklamo yazo kanye nokunaka ama-nuances wecala, zisebenza njengobufakazi bobunzima bezindaba ezingokomthetho ezicutshungulwayo, ezidinga indlela elinganiselayo; ngokwemvelo iguqula inkantolo ibe indikimba lapho kuqulwa khona izingxabano ezingokomthetho, futhi kuthuthukiswa umcabango ongokomthetho.”
“Esikweni lama-Anglo-Saxon, imibono ephikisanayo iyisikhungo esisebenza ngezindlela ezintathu-isiprofetho, inkhulumomphendvulwano, kanye nesiqiniseko sokwethembeka [6]. Nakuba, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isimo sengqondo sokuqala mayelana nesikhungo semibono ephikisanayo e-United States sasingesihle. Umbhali womunye wemibono yokuqala ephikisanayo, iJaji uWilliam Johnson, wabhalela uMongameli waseMelika ngaleso sikhathi uThomas Jefferson ukuthi ngemva kokwethula umbono wakhe ophikisayo, wezwa kuphela izimfundiso zokuziphatha eziqondiswe kuye ngokuziphatha okungafanele kwamajaji ehlaselana [10] ]. Kodwa-ke, iphesenti lezinqumo ezikhishwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US ezihlanganisa okungenani umbono owodwa ophikisayo akhula kancane kancane [8]. Ngakho, njengesibonelo sendima engokwesiprofetho yombono ophikisayo, umuntu angakhumbula umbono ophikisayo kaJustice Laskin weNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada, ecaleni lika-Murdoch v. UMurdoch wamelana nesimiso esidala somthetho wempahla, esekela ilungelo labesifazane abadivosile ababehileleke emsebenzini wasendlini nokukhulisa izingane engxenyeni yendawo. Kamuva, ecaleni likaRathwell v. INkantolo yaseRathwell, eholwa nguDixon, yakhipha isinqumo lapho ivumelana nombono kaLaskin ophikisayo. Ngakho, kwaba uhlobo olwandulela izinguquko emthethweni okuhloswe ngawo ukuvikela amalungelo abesifazane. "
“E-China, umbono ophikisayo waqala ukunamathiselwa esinqumweni seNkantolo Yokulamula YaseShanghai No. 2 ngoSepthemba 2003. Lesi sikhungo sekuyisikhathi eside singajwayelekile kwezobulungiswa baseShayina. Amajaji aseShayina ajwayele ukwenza izenzo ezifushane, "ezingenasisekelo".
...
Amathuba okufaka imibono ephikisanayo yamajaji ezinqumweni zokwahlulela akhombisa inkambiso yenguquko ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa lwaseShayina, kwenza amajaji abe nomthwalo wemfanelo, futhi kunomthelela ekushintsheni kokwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela. Kuze kube muva nje, izinqumo zezinkantolo zaseShayina beziyizenzo ezimfushane ezifinyelela emakhasini ayisithupha, lapho kuphela uhlangothi oluyiqiniso lwecala nesinqumo senkantolo ngokwaso kwashiwo ngendlela emfushane. Ingxenye yokuphikisana yayingekho, isisekelo esingokomthetho sesinqumo, ukuhlolwa kobufakazi, kanye nezimpikiswano zamaqembu akuzange kuthiwe embhalweni wesinqumo. Phakathi kokungalungi kwalolu hlobo lwezinqumo, abagxeki baseShayina baveze ukufiphala kwenqubo yokwahlulela. Kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990 lapho izicelo zokuguqulwa ziqala ukusebenza. Izinkantolo emazingeni ahlukene, okuhlanganisa neNkantolo Yabantu Ephakeme, ziye zadinga ukuthi amajaji athethelele izinqumo zawo emibhalweni yezinqumo zawo. Ngakho, ngo-July 2004, i-Foshan Arbitration Court yaseSifundazweni saseGuangdong yakhipha isinqumo samakhasi angaphezu kwekhulu.”
Nweba“Ilungelo lokuthola umbono ophikisayo libeka umuntu ngamunye ijaji, limhlukanisa njengesihloko esizimele futhi esinomthwalo wemfanelo wendikimba yokwahlulela [3]. Isikhungo semibono ephikisayo sibukela phansi isimo somthetho sokugunyaza ngokungavumeli umbono weningi ukuthi usebenze njengowukuphela kwenketho yokuhumusha izimiso zomthethosisekelo. Njengoba u-A. Scalia aphawula, “isimiso semibono ephikisayo siye saguqula iNkantolo Ephakeme Yase-United States yaba inkundla eyinhloko yenkulumo-mpikiswano yesimanje yezomthetho, futhi izinqumo zayo zisuka erekhodini nje lezinqumo ezicatshangelwayo ezingokomthetho zaba into efana nokuthi “Umlando Wefilosofi Yomthetho YaseMelika eneCommentary. .”
Nweba“Ingqikithi yombono ophikisayo kanye nezisusa zokuwudweba yijaji elahlala ngobunye ngesikhathi sokuvota kwaklanywa ngokucacile ngu-A. L. Kononov: “... ukuveza nokuvikela umbono womuntu kuwumsebenzi onzima ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo, njalo. ukungqubuzana okukhulu kwangaphakathi. Kunzima kakhulu ukunqoba ukungabaza futhi ugweme ithonya leziphathimandla, uhlale uyingcosana phakathi kwamajaji akanye nawe, ngamunye wabo, ngokwencazelo, onguchwepheshe weziqu eziphakeme kakhulu. Umbono ophikisayo, yiqiniso, inguqulo eyeqisayo yesikhundla sejaji, lapho izindleko zesinqumo ziphezulu ngokusobala, lapho ukuyekethisa kwangaphakathi kungenakwenzeka, futhi ukugwetshwa kwephutha lokwahlulela kukhulu" [7, p. 46]. Isizathu esidale “ukungqubuzana okungathi sína kwangaphakathi” ukuqaphela kwejaji ngesibopho sezinqumo ezithathwayo ezindabeni ezixazululwa lapho likhipha isigwebo futhi ezibaluleka ngekusasa lommangalelwa.”
Kulezi zingcaphuno ezingenhla kuyacaca ukuthi ukudluliswa kwesicelo esiqondile embonweni ophikisayo akunakwenzeka futhi enye yezimpikiswano ukuthi lesi sicelo sokudlulisa icala sizothambekela ekubeni inkantolo yenze isinqumo esisekelwe kulokho okwandulelayo, okungase kubonwe yinkantolo njengengcindezi yona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyadingeka ukwakha uhlelo oluhlangene, oluxhumene ngokunengqondo lwezinto ezibonakalayo zezikhundla ezingokomthetho zeqembu ecaleni. Futhi endabeni yokuvikela i-copyright namalungelo ahlobene, kucatshangelwa ukungaqiniseki kokwakhiwa okuningi, lokhu kunzima impela. Kukhona okuthunyelwe ku-Habre futhi yena, ngokubona kwami, wahlela kahle amaphuzu egatsha okufanele acatshangelwe lapho engena esimweni sokuvikelwa ngokomthetho kwamalungelo okushicilela. Okuthunyelwe kwanyatheliswa ngo-2013 futhi, njengoba ngingazange ngihlole ukufaneleka kokuhlaziywa okwenziwe kuyo, ngikweluleka ukuthi ukwenze lokho ngaphambi kokusebenzisa okuqukethwe kwakho. Lesi sidingo sivela eqinisweni lokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kodaba lwezomthetho kwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo, umkhuba othile wokwahlulela uyavela, futhi kuvela izincazelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme.
Ngizokwethula izibonelo ezimbili zokuthi izinga lekhono lingasetshenziswa kanjani ukuvikela amalungelo engqondo.
Isimo sokuqala futhi esisabalulekile sihlobene nesimo lapho isisebenzi, eseyithathile yonke imiphumela, siya ekhasimendeni futhi sishiya usonkontileka ngaphandle kwenkokhelo. Lesi simo sichazwe eposini lango-2013 , kanye neqiniso lokuthi lesi sici asikalahlekelwa ukuhambisana singabonakala kokuthunyelwe kwakamuva . Izinto zango-2013, inqubo yokuqala, zichaza isimo lapho ithimba lababhali abadale uhlelo njengengxenye yokusebenza kwemisebenzi yabo kungumkhiqizo wesofthiwe omalungelo awo ayingxenye yenhlangano. Futhi, kamuva, omunye wabasebenzi beqembu elishiwo, esethuthele kwenye inhlangano, wadala omunye umkhiqizo esebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa kweqembu kusukela endaweni yangaphambili yomsebenzi. Isixhumanisi esiya esinqumweni senkantolo yokulamula kuleso sici asisasebenzi, kodwa ngemva kokusesha, isixhumanisi esisebenzayo esiya , okunikeza isizathu sokusebenzisa izinto eziphuma kokuthunyelwe ku-Habré.
Ngokuvamile, isinqumo senkantolo senziwe esivuna ummangali, lowo uhlelo olubiwe kuye, ngokusekelwe embonweni wochwepheshe, okuthi, ngokuqhathanisa nekhodi yohlelo lwamamojula, icaphuna:
"Ngokusho kwesiphetho sochwepheshe, lapho kuhlaziywa izingcezu zamakhodi omthombo wemikhiqizo yesoftware ye-OpenSky-2 ne-Meridian, umehluko (imigqa emi-2) utholwe egameni legatsha lokubhalisa elisetshenziselwa ukugcina izilungiselelo ezinquma izindlela zokusebenza. Uhlelo, lapho esikhundleni segatsha elithi “SoftwareRIVC_PULKOVOAS_RDS (Spp ) Izaziso", ezisetshenziswa yi- "OpenSky-2", ngenjongo efanayo, ngokwakhiwa okufanayo kwamathegi kanye namafomethi afanayo amanani agcinwe kuwo. , igatsha le-"SoftwareAeronavigator Meridian Alerts" lisetshenziswa ku-"Meridian".
Ngokubona kwami, ezindabeni ezinjalo, ummangali uzama ukufakazela lokho angakwenza. Imibuzo ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwe-forensic yakhiwe ngendlela efanele futhi kwatholakala umphumela odingekayo. Mhlawumbe ukube umsebenzi ontshontshe lolu hlelo ubecophelela kakhulu ekuvaleni imikhondo yakhe, ngabe awuzange wenzeke umphumela onjalo. Khona-ke kuzodingeka sithembele ekwehlukeni kwezinga lamakhono.
Umbuzo uphakama: kanjani ukunquma izinga lamakhono? Mayelana necala elichazwe ngenhla, ngingaphakamisa uhlelo olulandelayo. Kuphawulwe ngenhla ukuthi umkhiqizo udalwe ithimba lababhali. Ngokuvamile, emaqenjini anjalo, wonke umuntu wenza lokho akwaziyo kahle futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ngaphambili wasebenzisa izixazululo ezifanayo kweminye imikhiqizo. Qoqa izibonelo ezimbili noma ezintathu zezixazululo ezisetshenziswe ngaphambilini kubabhali ngamunye bese ubuza umbuzo ekuhlolweni, cishe ngale ndlela elandelayo: yenza izixazululo ezisetshenziswe kumkhiqizo owebiwe, kumojula eyodwa noma kwenye, ziqondane ngesitayela, ubuchwepheshe, ifomethi , ukwakheka nalezo ezikhiqizwe izinqumo zomsebenzi wokudala wombhali othile emikhiqizweni ekhiqizwe ngaphambilini. Ngokusekelwe kumgomo wobunikazi bokubhala ngesandla. Ngicabanga ukuthi uma izici eziyinhloko zifana, ngeke kube nzima ukuhlobanisa lokhu nomthombo womsuka womkhiqizo.
Isibonelo esilandelayo kungaba .
Ingqikithi yalolu daba yakhiwe ngale ndlela elandelayo: isakhamuzi, ngenkathi sisebenza eVodokanal LLC, senza ifayela le-Excel lapho kwakungenzeka khona ukwenza ukucutshungulwa kwedatha okuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-GOST R 50779.42-99 (ISO 8258-91) “ Izindlela zezibalo. Amashadi okulawula e-Shewhart." Iningi lama-Khabrovite libone, ezinhlanganweni eziningi, lawa mafayela e-Excel agcinwe njengenhlamvu yeso lawo, adluliswa esuka kubasebenzi aye emsebenzini njengolwazi olukhulu kakhulu. Asikho isidingo sokuphikisana nalesi simo, ngoba empeleni bonga abasebenzi isikhathi esiningi. Ngemva kokuxoshwa kwakhe, inkampani yaqhubeka nokusebenzisa lokhu kuthuthukiswa komsebenzi wangaphambili. Wanquma ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kwentuthuko yakhe kwakuyingozi kuye futhi wafaka icala lapho elinganisela inani lezicelo kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100.
Owesifazane wenqatshwa ngalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:
Ukucabangela:
“Uhlelo lwekhompiyutha luyiqoqo ledatha nemiyalo ethulwa ngendlela ehloselwe ukusebenza kwekhompyutha nezinye izinto zekhompyutha ukuze kutholwe umphumela othile, okuhlanganisa izinto zokulungiselela ezitholwe ngesikhathi kwakhiwa uhlelo lwekhompyutha, ama-audiovisual displays akhiqizwa yikho."
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Ngakho, ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala ummangali u-Proskurina S.V. abukho ubufakazi obunikeziwe bamalungelo akhethekile wommangali entweni ehambisanayo yempahla yengqondo kanye neqiniso lokusebenzisa lawa malungelo ngummangalelwa, njengoba kwabezindaba ze-electronic “SanDisk” (m/o <number>) ethulwa ummangali, ngo ifayela elithi “card-xls”, elikufolda ethi “doc. Excel”, ayikho into ewumcabango wobuhlakani osesimweni sohlelo lwekhompyutha lokusebenza ngamatafula nokwakha amagrafu ahlelekayo Amashadi e-Shewhart.
Ngenxa yokuthi ummangali wenze izimfuno zokuqashelwa kobunikazi obukhethekile bohlelo lwekhompiyutha lokusebenza ngamatafula kanye nokwakha amagrafu ahlelekayo weShewhart Charts, inkantolo ifinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi iyenqaba ukubenelisa, ngoba ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwalezi zimo. awazange aqinisekiswe futhi aphikisiwe yimibhalo yecala.”
Okusho ukuthi, ukuhlolwa akutholanga uhlelo lwekhompyutha efayeleni elishiwo. Ngokombono osemthethweni, lokhu kuyiqiniso, njengoba ifayela le-Excel ngokwalo alikwazi ukwenza i-hardware isebenze (isebenze). Okusho ukuthi, uma lungekho uhlelo lwekhompiyutha, angeke kube khona izimangalo. Lo mqondo ulula futhi uyaqondakala.
Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kuyiphutha elicacile ohlangothini lommangali. Ngendlela, ingalungiswa ngokufaka isimangalo esisha, lapho isihloko esisha sesimangalo siboniswa khona futhi isidingo sigcwaliseka, caphuna:
“Ngokuhambisana ne-Art. I-1300 ye-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation, imininingwane ye-copyright yinoma yiluphi ulwazi olukhomba umsebenzi, umbhali noma omunye umnikazi we-copyright, noma ulwazi mayelana nemibandela yokusetshenziswa komsebenzi, enamathiselwe kuyo noma evela ngokuphathelene nokusakaza noma ikhebula. ukusakaza noma ukuletha umsebenzi onjalo emphakathini, kanye nanoma yiziphi izinombolo namakhodi aqukethe lolo lwazi.”
Ngicabanga ukuthi ezimweni ezinjalo, isitatimende sokubaluleka kokufaneleka singasetshenziswa lapho kunqunywa izimangalo. Okungukuthi, umuntu wakwazi ukwenza imojula ngomsebenzi wakhe wokudala osindisa isikhathi esiningi sokusebenza kubasebenzi bebhizinisi lezohwebo. Kuhlukile, ngoba akekho osebenza ngaphambi kwakhe okwazile ukusebenzisa lokhu futhi umbhali unelungelo lemali ezuzwayo emphumeleni wezomnotho.
Sengiphetha, ngithanda ukuqaphela ukuthi umphakathi wethu usuphokophele ekuqondeni ukuthi isiqu, isikhundla, noma ukuba weqembu elithile lomphakathi kuwumphumela wenani lomuntu emphakathini futhi leli gugu linqunywa izinga lensiza, okungukuthi , izinga lamakhono akhe kanye nekhono lakhe ekufezeni ilungelo lokusebenza.
Source: www.habr.com