Uma uvakashela noma yiliphi izwe, kubalulekile ukuthi ungaphambanisi ezokuvakasha nokuthuthela kwelinye izwe.
Ukuhlakanipha kwabantu
Namuhla ngithanda ukucabangela mhlawumbe udaba olucindezela kakhulu - ibhalansi yezimali lapho ufunda, uhlala futhi usebenza phesheya. Uma ezingxenyeni ezine ezedlule (, , , ) Ngizame ukugwema lesi sihloko ngokusemandleni ami, khona-ke kulesi sihloko sizodweba umugqa owugqinsi ngaphansi kwezibalo zesikhathi eside zebhalansi yamaholo nezindleko.
Disclaimer: Isihloko sibucayi, futhi bambalwa kakhulu abazimisele ukusifaka ngokukhululekile, kodwa ngizozama. Konke okushiwo ngezansi kuwumzamo wokuzindla ngeqiniso elizungezile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye nokubeka iziqondiso ezithile zalabo abafisa ukuya eSwitzerland, ngakolunye.
Izwe njengohlelo lwentela
Uhlelo lwentela e-Switzerland lusebenza ngendlela efanayo newashi laseSwitzerland: ngokucacile nangokugcina isikhathi. Kunzima kakhulu ukungakhokhi, nakuba kunezinhlelo ezihlukene. Ziningi izimali ezidonswayo nezivumelwano zentela (isibonelo, kunemali ebanjwayo uma usebenzisa izithuthi zomphakathi, ukudla kwasemini emsebenzini, ukuthenga izinto zokuzijabulisa uma zidingekile emsebenzini, njll.).
Njengoba ngishilo ku , e-Switzerland kunohlelo lwentela olunyathelwe phansi lwamazinga amathathu: i-federal (intela efanayo yawo wonke umuntu), i-cantonal (efanayo kuwo wonke umuntu ngaphakathi kwe-canton) kanye neyomphakathi (okufanayo kuwo wonke umuntu ongaphakathi komphakathi). aka amadolobhana/amadolobhana). Empeleni, izintela ziphansi kunamazwe angomakhelwane, kodwa okungeziwe, empeleni okuyimpoqo, izinkokhelo zidla lo mehluko, kodwa ngaphezulu kwalokho ekugcineni kwesihloko.
Kodwa konke lokhu kuhle kuze kube yilapho unquma ukuqala umndeni - lapha izintela zikhuphuka kakhulu, kodwa hhayi kakhulu. Lokhu kuchazwa yiqiniso lokuthi manje "uyiyunithi yomphakathi", imali engenayo ifinyezwa (sawubona, isikali esiqhubekayo), ukuthi umndeni uzodla okuningi, futhi ingane isadinga ukuzalwa, bese kuba yizinkulisa, izikole. , amanyuvesi, amaningi awo akwibhalansi yombuso, kodwa okusazodingeka ukhokhele endaweni ethile ngaphezulu, endaweni ethile kancane. Abantu bendawo bavame ukuhlala emishadweni yomphakathi, ngoba umnotho kufanele ube ukonga, noma bahlala ezindaweni ezinezintela eziphansi (isibonelo, ), kodwa basebenza kuma-cantons "amafutha" (ngokwesibonelo, iZurich - imizuzu engu-30 ngesitimela esivela eZug). Eminyakeni embalwa edlule kube nemizamo yokulungisa lesi simo futhi, okungenani, hhayi ukukhuphula intela yemindeni uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abangashadile - ayizange isebenze.
Ukuguquguquka kwamareferendamuImvamisa, ngaphansi kwezaba lezinhlolo-vo eziwusizo, bazama ukuphusha ezinqumweni neziphakamiso ezingacacile. Empeleni, kuwumqondo ophusile ukunciphisa izintela kubantu abashadile, ikakhulukazi labo abanezingane; ukwesekwa kwalo mbono ekuqaleni bekuphakeme kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, iqembu lobuKristu elasungula inhlolovo lanquma ngasikhathi sinye ukuphusha incazelo yomshado ngokuthi “ukuhlangana kowesilisa nowesifazane” - maye, balahlekelwa ukwesekwa iningi. Ukubekezelelana.
Nokho, lapho unengane, noma ngisho nambili, izintela zakho ziyancipha, njengoba manje usunelungu elisha lomphakathi othembele kulo. Futhi uma oyedwa kuphela wabashadile esebenza, khona-ke ungathembela emixhasweni ehlukahlukene kanye nezivumelwano, ikakhulukazi ngokomshwalense wezempilo.
Uma ufuna ukukhohlisa futhi - uNkulunkulu angakwenqabeli - ukugwema izintela, khona-ke empilweni kukhona ithuba elilodwa kuphela lokubanjwa ekukhwabaniseni intela futhi uthethelelwe. Okungukuthi, ungakwazi ukulungisa kabusha isimo futhi ungcolise igama, ngokwemvelo, ngokukhokha zonke izintela ezingakhokhiwe. Okulandelayo - inkantolo, ubumpofu, isibani, itende le-lumpen phambi kweRyumin Palace eLausanne.
"I-Lumpen-tent": izindawo ezikhethiwe ze-"intelligentsia" yendawo - ngokuphambene nomnyuziyamu nomtapo wezincwadi ...
Kulabo abahlela ukuthutha futhi bakhokhe izintela ngokwabo (isibonelo, ngokuvula inkampani yabo), Ihlafunwa kabanzi.
Into enhle ukuthi akudingekile ukuthi ugcwalise imbuyiselo yentela kuze kube yilapho iholo lakho lidlula ~ 120k ngonyaka, futhi inkampani isekela umkhuba "wentela umthombo la", futhi imvume ithi B (yesikhashana). Ngokushesha nje lapho usuthole u-C, noma iholo lakho selingaphezu kuka-~120k, wamukelekile ukuthi ukhokhe izintela ngokwakho (okungenani esifundeni sase-Vaud udinga ukugcwalisa isimemezelo). Njengoba ephawula , kumacanton akhuluma isiJalimane njengeZurich, Schwyz, Zug noma i-St. Galen, lokhu kufanele kwenziwe. Noma uma udinga ukuhambisa amadokhumenti ukuze kudonswe imali (bheka ngenhla + insika yesithathu yempesheni), udinga futhi ukugcwalisa isimemezelo (ungasebenzisa uhlelo olwenziwe lula).
Kuyacaca ukuthi kunzima ukwenza lokhu ngokwakho okokuqala, ngakho-ke ngama-franc angama-50-100 umalume-fudussier onomusa (aka triplehander, igciwane. Treuhänder, ngakolunye uhlangothi ) izokugcwalisa ngawe ngokunyakaza okucolisisiwe (into eyinhloko ukuthembela, kodwa hlola!). Futhi ngonyaka ozayo ungakwenza ngokwakho ngomfanekiso wakho kanye nokufana.
Nokho, iSwitzerland ihhashiumfelandawonye, ngakho-ke izintela, ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi yi-canton, idolobha nedolobha kanye nedolobhana nedolobhana. IN Ngishilo ukuthi ungazuza ezintela ngokuthuthela emaphandleni. Kukhona I , okubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi umuntu uzokonga noma alahlekelwe yimalini ngokusuka e-Lausanne aye, ethi, Ecoublan (indawo engaphansi lapho i-EPFL ikhona).
I-Panorama yeLake Leman eduze kwase-Vevey ukuze kukhanye intela
Izintela zomoya
E-Switzerland kunezintela zohlobo "emoyeni".
noma kusukela ngomhlaka-01.01.2019/XNUMX/XNUMX. Lena intela “eyintandokazi” kwabaningi - intela ku ithuba elingase libe khona buka ithelevishini futhi ulalele umsakazo. Okusho ukuthi, emhlabeni wethu - emoyeni. Yiqiniso, i-intanethi nayo ifakiwe lapha, futhi njengoba cishe wonke umuntu unefoni (funda: i-smartphone) kulezi zinsuku, kunzima kakhulu ukuyiqeda.
Ngaphambilini, bekukhona ukuhlukaniswa komsakazo (~190 CHF ngonyaka) kanye ne-TV (~260 CHF ngonyaka) ngayinye. indlu (yebo, i-chalet yezwe iwumndeni ohlukile), kwathi ngemva kwereferendamu yakamuva inani lahlanganiswa (~365 CHF ngonyaka, i-franc nsuku zonke), kungakhathaliseki umsakazo noma i-TV, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo yonke imindeni yayibophekile khokha, kungakhathaliseki ubukhona bomamukeli. Ngokungakhethi, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abafundi, asebethathe umhlalaphansi futhi - ngokuzumayo - isisebenzi le ntela ayikhokhwa. Kodwa-ke, ngokungakhokhi inhlawulo ifinyelela ku-5000 francs, okukhathaza kakhulu. Nakuba ngiyazi izibonelo ezimbalwa lapho umuntu engazange akhokhe le ntela ngesimiso iminyaka eminingana futhi engakhokhiswanga.
Yebo, i-cherry ekhekheni: uma ufuna ukudoba, ukhokhele ilayisense, kunemikhawulo eqinile ngesikhathi sokudoba, uma ufuna ukuzingela, ukhokhele ilayisense, ugcine isikhali sakho ngendlela efanele, futhi ungene esilinganisweni sokudoba. ukudubula izilwane zasendle. Omunye umngane waseSwitzerland wathi mayelana nokuzingela ukuthi izinhlanzi zidluliselwa kuhulumeni.
Uma ufuna ukuba nesilwane esifuywayo, khokha intela (kufika ku-100-150 francs edolobheni futhi cishe zero emaphandleni). Uma ungakhokhi, uma ungasikhiphi isilwane, uzohlawuliswa! Kuyahlekisa: amaphoyisa, ngenkathi ezulazula emigwaqweni, amisa abesifazane abangamaPutukezi ngezinja futhi azame ukubahlawulisa.
Futhi futhi, ngolimi, ngiyaqaphela ukuthi lesi samba sihlanganisa izikhwama lapho abanikazi bezilwane kudingeka basuse indle yezindleko zabo, izindawo ezikhethekile zokuhamba izinja ezinkulu ezinengqalasizinda efanele, kanye nokuhlanza imigwaqo kanye nokungabikho ngokuphelele kwezilwane ezifuywayo ezilahlekile. emadolobheni (yebo nasemizaneni). Ihlanzekile futhi iphephile!
Ngokuvamile, kunzima ukucabanga ngohlobo lomsebenzi ongeke ube ngaphansi kwentela, kodwa izintela ziya ezihlosweni eziqoqwe ngazo: izinsizakalo zenhlalo - umphakathi, izinja - izinja, kanye nodoti - udoti. ... Ngendlela, mayelana nodoti!
Ukuhlunga udoti
Ake siqale ngeqiniso lokuthi yonke imizi eSwitzerland ikhokha imali yokuqoqwa kukadoti (lena imali eyisisekelo, njengentela). Nokho, lokhu akusho nhlobo ukuthi manje usungakwazi ukulahla noma yimuphi udoti nomaphi lapho ufuna. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuzodingeka uthenge izikhwama ezikhethekile ngenani elijwayelekile le-franc engu-1 ngamalitha ayi-17. Kuze kube muva nje, bebengekho kuphela kuma-canton aseGeneva naseValais, kodwa kusukela ngo-2018 nabo bajoyine. Yingakho wonke amaSwitzerland "athanda" ukuhlunga imfucuza: iphepha, ipulasitiki (kuhlanganise ne-PET), ingilazi, umquba, uwoyela, amabhethri, i-aluminium, insimbi, njll. Eziyisisekelo kakhulu ezine zokuqala. Ukuhlunga kusiza ukonga kakhulu ezikhwameni zodoti ojwayelekile.
Kunamaphoyisa kadoti akwazi ukuhlola ngokungahleliwe ukuthi yini oyilahlayo ngephepha, umquba noma udoti ojwayelekile. Uma kukhona ukwephulwa (isibonelo, baphonsa ukupakishwa kwepulasitiki ngephepha noma i-Li-ibhethri kudoti ojwayelekile), bese kusekelwe ebufakazini kudoti ngokwayo, umuntu angatholakala futhi akhishwe inhlawulo. Kwezinye izimo, ungathola futhi irisidi yokukhokha ngomsebenzi wehora wabaphenyi bakadoti ngokwabo, okungukuthi, thola ngokugcwele. Isilinganiso siyaqhubeka, futhi ngemva kwenhlawulo engu-3-4 umuntu angafakwa ohlwini lwabamnyama, osevele egcwele.
Ngokufanayo, uma ufuna ukulahla udoti esikhwameni esivamile endaweni yomphakathi noma uwubeke emgqonyeni kadoti womuntu.
Umshwalense - njengezintela, kodwa umshwalense kuphela
E-Switzerland kunenqwaba yazo zonke izinhlobo zomshwalense: ukungasebenzi, ukukhulelwa, ukwelashwa (okufana nomshwalense wethu wezokwelapha oyimpoqo kanye nomshwalense wezokwelapha wokuzithandela), ohambweni lwangaphandle (ngokuvamile olwenziwa nge-OMC), umshwalense wamazinyo, ukukhubazeka, ingozi, umshwalense wempesheni, umlilo nezinhlekelele zemvelo (), ukuqasha indawo yokuhlala (RCA), ukuze kuvikelwe umonakalo wempahla yabanye abantu (yebo, lokhu kuhlukile kune-RCA), umshwalense wokuphila, (ukukhishwa ezintabeni, okufanelekile ehlobo ekuqwaleni izintaba nasebusika kuma-skis), okusemthethweni (ukuxhumana okulula nokukhululekile ezinkantolo) futhi lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele. Kulabo abanezimoto, kukhona uhla lwezinye izinketho: i-MTPL yendawo, i-CASCO, ukubiza usizo lobuchwepheshe () Njalo njalo.
Isakhamuzi esivamile sicabanga ukuthi umshwalense uyindlu empofu lapho yonke into imahhala. Ngiyashesha ukudumaza: umshwalense uyibhizinisi, futhi ibhizinisi kufanele lingenise imali, kungaba se-Afrika noma eSwitzerland. Ngokwejwayelekile: inani lemali ekhokhwayo - inani lezinkokhelo - inani lomholo kanye nezindleko ezingaphezulu, okuthi, ngokwemvelo, zikhulu kuno-0 (okungenani ukukhangisa okufanayo nokukhokhwa kwamabhonasi kuma-ejenti womshwalense kumakhasimende amasha), kufanele kube ngokuphawulekayo. inani elihle. Qaphela, hhayi ukulingana, hhayi ngaphansi, kodwa ngokuqinile ngaphezulu.
Imvelo yaseSwitzerland ethe xaxa: bheka iMontreux ukusuka kwelinye ibhange
Nasi isibonelo somkhonyovu othembekile ngaphandle kokuluhlaza.
I-CSS yabakhohlisa kanjani abafundi ngo-2014Ngakho, kwakungu-2014, angizange ngihluphe muntu. Iziphathimandla zaseSwitzerland, njengengxenye yocwaningomabhuku oluvamile, zembula ukuthi enye yezinkampani zomshwalense ezinkulu, i-CSS, yathola ngokungemthetho ama-franc angu-200-300k njengesinxephezelo esivela kusabelomali minyaka yonke ukuze kukhokhelwe izindleko zomshwalense wezokwelapha oyimpoqo kubafundi. Umonakalo eminyakeni eyi-10 ufinyelele kuma-franc ayizigidi ezi-3. Hawu, ibhizinisi elihle!
Ngalesi sikhathi, abafundi be-PhD basuswa ekukhavelweni komshwalense wabafundi futhi baphoqeleka ukuthi bakhokhe ngokugcwele, njengomuntu omdala osebenzayo (iziqu ezisekelwe emalini yonyaka yethulwa).
Yenzeni i-CSS?! Ingabe uphendukile, unxephezele ngokuthile, usize ngandlela thize? Cha, bavele bathumele isaziso sokuthi kusukela ngosuku oluthile, umfundi ohlonishwayo akasakhokhiswa umshwalense wabo, futhi okungenani utshani ngeke bukhule. Konke okunye inkinga yenu bafethu!
Imininingwane .
Umshwalense wezokwelapha: uma kusesekuseni kakhulu ukuthi ungafa, kodwa sekwephuze kakhulu ukwelapheka
Futhi, njengoba ingxoxo iphendukele kumshuwalense wezempilo, kufanelekile ukuma lapha ngokwehlukana, njengoba isihloko siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi siphikisana kakhulu.
E-Switzerland, kukhona uhlelo lokuxhaswa ngezimali kwezinsizakalo zezokwelapha, okungukuthi, njalo ngenyanga umuntu onomshwalense ukhokha inani elithile, khona-ke iklayenti likhokha ngokuzimela kuze kufike inani le-deductible. Uhlelo lusethwe ngendlela yokuthi ngokwenyusa imali edonswayo, umnikelo wanyanga zonke wehle ngokulinganayo, ngakho-ke uma ungahleleli ukugula futhi ungenawo umndeni/izingane, zizwe ukhululekile ukuthatha inani eliphezulu elidonswayo. Uma ukwelashwa kubiza ngaphezu kwe-deductible, inkampani yomshuwalense iqala ukuyikhokhela (kwezinye izimo, iklayenti kuzodingeka likhokhe enye i-10%, kodwa hhayi ngaphezu kuka-600-700 ngonyaka).
Sekukonke, inani eliphezulu umuntu onomshwalense alikhokhayo ephaketheni lakhe lingama-2500 + 700 + ~ 250-300×12 = 6200-6800 ngonyaka kumuntu omdala osebenzayo. Ngiyaphinda: lokhu empeleni umholo omncane akukho zibonelelo.
Okokuqala, uma uzogibela ama-ambulensi noma uzochitha isikhathi eside ezibhedlela, ngikweluleka ukuba unakekele umshwalense ohlukene ozobhekana nalezi zindleko.
Ngokwesibonelo, omunye wabangane bami waquleka emsebenzini, ozakwethu abanozwela wabiza i-ambulensi. Ukusuka endaweni yomsebenzi ukuya esibhedlela - imizuzu eyi-15 ngezinyawo (sis!), kodwa i-ambulensi idinga ukuchezuka emigwaqweni, nayo ethatha cishe imizuzu eyi-10-15. Sekukonke, imizuzu eyi-15 kuzindleko ze-ambulensi ~ 750-800 franc (into efana nezinkuni ezingama-50k) inselele ngayinye. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe ubeletha, kungcono ukuthatha itekisi, izobiza izikhathi ezingama-20 ezishibhile. I-ambulensi ilapha ngamacala anzima ngempela.
Ukuze uthole inkomba: usuku esibhedlela lubiza kusuka kuma-franc ayi-1 (kuye ngezinqubo nomnyango), okuqhathaniswa nokuhlala eMontreux noma eLausanne Palace (amahhotela ezinkanyezi ezi-000 +).
Okwesibili, odokotela bangomunye wemisebenzi ekhokhelwa kakhulu, ngisho noma bengenzi lutho. Iminithi elingu-1 lesikhathi sawo libiza amakhredithi x (udokotela ngamunye “unesilinganiso” sakhe kuye ngobungcweti bakhe neziqu), ikhredithi ngayinye ibiza ama-franc angu-4-5-6. Ukuqokwa okujwayelekile imizuzu eyi-15, yingakho wonke umuntu enobungane futhi ebuza ngesimo sezulu, inhlalakahle, njalonjalo. Futhi njengoba ukuphulukiswa kuyibhizinisi (kahle, ngenkampani yomshuwalense, kunjalo), futhi ibhizinisi kufanele lenze inzuzo - kahle, uyaqonda, akunjalo?! - intengo yomshuwalense ikhula ngesilinganiso se-5-10% ngonyaka (cishe akukho ukwehla kwamandla emali eSwitzerland, ungathola i-mortgage ku-1-2%). Isibonelo, kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2019 umehluko ubungu-306-285=21 francs noma 7.3% kusuka ku-Assura ukuze uthole umshwalense olula.
Futhi njengenye i-cherry ekhekheni, ukunqoba ingxabano nodokotela bendawo abalimaze impilo yesiguli kuwumncintiswano wezenhlalo obiza kakhulu futhi oyinkinga. Empeleni, ngalezi zinhloso kunomshwalense wayo - osemthethweni, ongabizi, kodwa uhlanganisa ngokugcwele izindleko zabameli nezinkantolo. Ngemuva Akudingeki ukuba uye kude: Angazi nokuthi ungadida kanjani i-acetic acid engu-98% kanye noviniga ohlanjululwe (zama ukuvula womabili amabhodlela ngesikhathi sakho sokungcebeleka).
Mayelana (ukubeka kancane, hhayi umuntu ompofu) eZurich ngemva kokuhlinzwa okuncane, ngokuvamile ngiyathula.
Ama-apula eqhweni: lokho kunyuka okufanayo lapho sase siqale ukubala ukuthi kuzobiza malini ukuphuma kwethu, futhi kwabanye, usizo lwezokwelashwa. Noma kunjalo, i-32 km esikhundleni se-16 - kwakuyisethaphu
Okwesithathu, ikhwalithi emaphakathi yemithi eyisisekelo (lokhu akukhona ukuhlanganisa izingalo nemilenze emzimbeni owodwa ngemva kwengozi, kodwa kumayelana nokuxilonga nokuchaza ukwelashwa komkhuhlane). Kubonakala kimi ukuthi umkhuhlane awubhekwa njengesifo lapha - bathi uzohamba wodwa, kodwa okwamanje, thatha i-paracetamol.
Kufanele ufune odokotela abahlakaniphile ngokusebenzisa abangani bakho (odokotela abahlakaniphile benza i-aphoyintimenti kusasele izinyanga ezi-2-3), futhi bathuthe imithi evela e-Russian Federation. Isibonelo, i-painkiller/i-anti-inflammatory Nimesil noma i-Nemulex ingaphakathi Izikhathi ze-5 eqolo, futhi ngokuvamile ephaketheni Izikhathi ze-2 amaphilisi ambalwa, mayelana ne-Mezim ethile yokugaya i-fondue noma i-raclette, ngokuvamile ngiyathula.
Okwesine, izindaba ezimayelana nolayini abade abalindele usizo lwezokwelapha ziyi-prose yokuphila kunento emangalisayo. Kunoma yisiphi isibhedlela/i-urzhans (efana negumbi lezimo eziphuthumayo) kunohlelo lwezinto eziza kuqala, okungukuthi, uma unenxeba elijulile emunweni wakho, kodwa alikho ilitha legazi eliphumayo ngehora, ungalinda isikhathi eside. ihora, noma amabili, amathathu, noma amane noma amahlanu amahora okuthunga! Uphila, uphefumula, akukho lutho olusongela impilo yakho - hlala ulinde. Ngokufanayo, i-X-ray yomunwe ophukile ingalinda kuze kube Amahora we-3-4, naphezu kokuthi le nqubo ithatha imizuzu engu-1-2 (ufake i-lead vest, umhlengikazi usethe ukurekhoda, chofoza futhi i-x-ray isivele ikhonjiswe ngedijithali esikrinini).
Ngenhlanhla, lokhu akusebenzi ezinganeni. Konke "ukuqhekeka" kwezingane kuvame ukulungiswa ngokushintshana, futhi umshuwalense ngokwawo ushibhile izikhathi eziningana kunabantu abadala.
Isibonelo esikhethekileIngane encane yaphuka ikhala yalaliswa esibhedlela. Sekukonke, ukwelashwa (kuhlanganise nemithi) kubiza ama-franc angu-14, okwakucishe kuhlanganiswe umshwalense ngokuphelele, kuyilapho abazali bekhokha ama-franc angu-000 emaphaketheni abo. Ingabe kuyabiza noma cha? Bhala kumazwana!
Isipuni soju. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo mshwalense kufanele ulethe inzuzo kubanikazi bawo, izindaba ezinhle ukuthi eSwitzerland uwenza kahle umsebenzi wawo. Isibonelo, ngobusuku obandulela uNcibijane, kwenzeka ishwa - nganamathisela umunwe wami engilazini ephukile. Sasizogubha uNyaka Omusha eFrance, ngakho sasithunga e-Annecy. Salinda ~ Amahora angu-4, amahora angu-2 ukuya esigcemeni namahora angu-2 "etafuleni lokusebenza". Isheke lathunyelwa enkampanini yomshwalense nencazelo emfushane yesimo (i-EPFL inefomu elikhethekile). Ngokusemthethweni, i-29th usuku lokusebenza ½, uprofesa asinika lona njengosuku lokuphumula, i.e. Umshwalense wengozi uhlanganisa ngokugcwele.
Ikholaji evela kubangani. Qaphela, uqine - ngikuxwayisile
Uhlelo lwempesheni
Ngeke ngilesabe leli gama futhi ngizobiza uhlelo lomshwalense wempesheni yaseSwitzerland ngenye yezindlela ezicatshangelwayo nezinobulungiswa emhlabeni. Lolu wuhlobo lomshwalense wezwe lonke. Isekelwe phezu , noma izinsika.
Insika yokuqala - uhlobo lwe-analogue yezenhlalo. impesheni e-Russian Federation, ehlanganisa impesheni yokukhubazeka, impesheni yomuntu osindile, njalonjalo. Iminikelo yalolu hlobo lwempesheni ikhokhwa yiwo wonke umuntu oneholo elingaphezu kuka-500 francs ngenyanga. Kuyaqapheleka futhi ukuthi kumlingani ongasebenzi onabantwana abancane, iminyaka yensika yokuqala iyacatshangelwa, ngokufanayo kumlingani osebenzayo.
Insika yesibili – ingxenye yempesheni exhaswe ngabasebenzi. I-motier-motier ekhokhelwayo (50/50) yesisebenzi nomqashi ngamaholo asukela ku-20 kuya ku-000 francs ngonyaka. Ngemiholo engaphezu kuka-85 francs ( lokhu kungu-85 francs 320 centimes) iprimiyamu yomshwalense ayikhokhelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi umthwalo wemfanelo udluliselwa kumsebenzi ngokwakhe (ngokwesibonelo, anganikela ngemali ensikeni yesithathu).
Insika yesithathu – umsebenzi wokuzithandela wokuqongelela imali yempesheni. Cishe ama-franc angu-500 ngenyanga angakhishwa entela ngokufaka ku-akhawunti ekhethekile.
Kubukeka kanjena:
Izinsika ezintathu zohlelo lwempesheni yaseSwitzerland.
Izindaba ezinhle kubantu bakwamanye amazwe: lapho ushiya izwe uyohlala unomphela kwelinye izwe elingasayinanga isivumelwano ne-Confederation ohlelweni lwempesheni, ungathatha izinsika ze-2 ne-3 cishe ngokuphelele, futhi okokuqala ingxenye. Lokhu kuyinzuzo enkulu kubasebenzi bakwamanye amazwe uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusebenzi ekufikeni emazweni e-EU noma emazweni asayine isivumelwano nenhlangano yezempesheni. Ngakho-ke, lapho usuka eSwitzerland, kunengqondo ukuthuthela ezweni lakini izinyanga ezimbalwa.
Futhi, izinsika zesibili nezesithathu zingasetshenziswa lapho uqala ibhizinisi, uthenga indawo yokuhlala kanye nenkokhelo ye-mortgage. Indlela elula kakhulu.
Njengakwezinye izindawo emhlabeni, iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi eSwitzerland isethwe ku-62/65, nakuba umhlalaphansi ungenzeka kusukela ku-60 kuya ku-65 ngokunciphisa okuhambisanayo kwezinzuzo. Kodwa-ke, manje sekukhulunywa ngokuvumela isisebenzi ukuthi sinqume ukuthi sithatha nini umhlalaphansi phakathi kweminyaka engama-60 nengama-70. Ngokwesibonelo, uGratzel usasebenza kwa-EPFL, nakuba eneminyaka engu-75 ubudala.
Ukufingqa: yini isisebenzi esiyikhokhayo ngezintela?
Ngezansi nginikeza izitatimende zeholo ezibonisa kahle ukuthi yini nokuthi kungakanani okugodlwe isisebenzi esisebenzayo, isibonelo, kuma-ejensi kahulumeni (EPFL):
Inganekwane: I-AVS – Assurance-vieillesse et survivants (umshwalense wabadala) aka insika yokuqala), AC - umshwalense wokungasebenzi, CP - caisse de pension (isikhwama sempesheni aka insika yesibili), i-ANP/SUVA - ingozi yokuqinisekisa (umshwalense wengozi), i-AF - izabelo zomndeni (intela okuzokhokhwa ngayo izinzuzo zomndeni).
Sekukonke, umthwalo wentela ophelele ungama-20-25%. Ishintshashintsha kancane inyanga nenyanga (okungenani ku-EPFL). Omunye umngane wase-Argentina wazama ukuthola (um-Argentina onezimpande zamaJuda 😉) futhi abale ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani, kodwa akwaziwa yinoma ubani ngaphandle kwalabo abasebenza ohlelweni lokubala lwe-EPFL. Nokho, okungenani izinga lentela engenayo yonyaka kanye nokuhlolwa kwesikali esiqhubekayo kungatholakala engxenyeni yesibili .
Futhi, ungakhohlwa ukwengeza umshwalense ozikhethele wona, kodwa izinkokhelo eziyisibopho zizongeza okungenani amanye ama-franc angu-500-600. Okusho ukuthi, intela "inani", ehlanganisa yonke imishwalense eyisibopho kanye nezinkokhelo, isivele idlule i-30%, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ifinyelela ku-40%, njengesibonelo, kubafundi abaphothule iziqu. Ukuphila ngeholo le-postdoc, vele, kumahhala, yize ngokwephesenti i-postdoc ikhokha kakhulu.
Ukwakheka kwemali engenayo yomfundi we-PhD kanye ne-Post-Doc e-EPFL
Izindlu: irenti kanye ne-mortgage
Ngikubeka ngokukhethekile esihlokweni esihlukile, njengoba into enkulu yezindleko eSwitzerland ukuqasha indlu. Ngeshwa, ukushoda emakethe yezindlu kukhulu, izindlu ngokwazo azishibhile, ngakho-ke amanani okufanele uwakhokhele irenti ngezinye izikhathi avele ezinkanyezi. Kodwa-ke, intengo ngemitha-skwele ngayinye ikhuphuka ngokungafani nokwanda kwendawo yezindlu.
Isibonelo, isitudiyo esingu-30-35 m2 enkabeni ye-Lausanne singabiza ama-franc angu-1100 noma angu-1300, kodwa inani elijwayelekile lingama-franc angu-1000. Ngaze ngabona isitudiyo egaraji, kodwa sinempahla, ngaphakathi (hhayi indawo edume kakhulu, asibhekane nayo) ngama-franc ayi-1100. Nge-Zurich noma i-Geneva kubi kakhulu, ngakho-ke bambalwa abantu abangakwazi ukuthenga ifulethi noma isitudiyo phakathi nendawo.
Leli kwakuyigumbi lami lokuqala engihlala kulo lapho ngiqala ukuthuthela eSwitzerland
Lena yindlela esibukeka ngayo isitudiyo esisha e-Lausanne
Ifulethi elinegumbi elilodwa (amakamelo angu-1.0 noma angu-1.5 yilapho ikhishi lihlukaniswa ngokusemthethweni nendawo yokuhlala, futhi i-0.5 ibhekwa njengendawo ebizwa ngokuthi igumbi lokuhlala noma igumbi lokuhlala) yendawo efanayo izobiza cishe i-1100-1200, i-2.0-. Igumbi efulethini (2.5 noma 40 amakamelo 50-2 m1400) - 1600-2000, amakamelo amathathu nangaphezulu - ngokwesilinganiso 2500-XNUMX.
Ngokwemvelo, konke kuncike endaweni, izinsiza, ukusondela kwezokuthutha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona umshini wokuwasha (ngokuvamile kunomshini owodwa wokungena wonke, futhi ezinye izindlu ezindala azinakho lokhu!) . Endaweni ethile emaphethelweni, ifulethi lingabiza ama-franc angama-200-300, kodwa hhayi izikhathi ezimbalwa ezishibhile.
Lena yindlela ebukeka ngayo indlu enamagumbi amabili okulala e-Montreux
Kungakho izindlu “zomphakathi”, njengoba singazibiza kanjalo, zivame ukuvama eSwitzerland, lapho umuntu oyedwa noma ababili beqasha indawo engamakamelo angama-4-5 ngama-franc ajwayelekile angama-3000, bese kuthi omakhelwane abangu-1-2 bangene kuleli fulethi, kanye igumbi elilodwa - ihholo elivamile Ingqikithi yokonga: 200-300 francs ngenyanga. Futhi ngokuvamile, amafulethi amakhulu anomshini wawo wokuwasha.
Hhayi-ke, ukuthola ikhaya lakho kuyilotho. Ngaphezu kwezitatimende zeholo, imvume (imvume yokuhlala ezweni) kanye nokuphishekela (ukungabikho kwanoma yiziphi izikweletu), udinga futhi ukukhethwa umnikazi wendawo (imvamisa inkampani), enomugqa wonke wabagulayo, kuhlanganise namaSwitzerland. . Ngazi abantu abathi uma befuna umsebenzi, babhalele abanikazi bezindlu izincwadi ezikhuthazayo. Ngokuvamile, inketho yokusebenzisa ifulethi elihlanganyelwe ngabangane nabantu obajwayele iba yimbi kangako.
Kafushane mayelana nokuthenga ikhaya. Kungokwemvelo ukuthi ungase ungaphuphi nokuzithengela ikhaya lakho eSwitzerland uze ube uprofesa ogcwele, ngoba indawo ethengiswayo ingabiza amanani emali yezinkanyezi. Futhi, ngokufanelekile, imvume yaphakade C. Nakuba lungisa: “L - kuphela ukuthengwa kwendlu enkulu, lapho uzohlala khona (awukwazi ukubhalisa bese uphuma - bayahlola). B - iyunithi eyodwa eyinhloko kanye neyunithi eyodwa "ye-dacha" (i-chalet ezintabeni, njll.). With noma ubuzwe - ukuthenga ngaphandle kwemingcele. Imali ebolekwa ngendlu ngephemithi engu-B inikezwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga uma unomsebenzi omuhle waphakade."
Ngokwesibonelo, indlu esogwini edolobhaneni elicebile izobiza i-1.5-2-3 million francs. Udumo nokubukisa kubaluleke kakhulu kunemali! Kodwa-ke, ifulethi edolobhaneni elithile eliseduze neMontreux elibheke echibini namamitha ayi-100 ukusuka kulo lingama-300 - 000 (isitudiyo singatholwa abangafika ku-400). Futhi futhi sibuyela ku , lapho ngikhulume khona ukuthi amadolobhana aseSwitzerland anesidingo esithile, lapho ama-francs angu-300-400-500k afanayo ungathola indlu yonke enesakhiwo esiseduze.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ungasebenzisa imali yempesheni ukuze uthenge indawo yokuhlala, futhi ibhonasi "ejabulisayo" kulokhu yimali yokubolekwa kwempahla, okungaba ama-francs angu-500, 1000, noma ama-1500 ngenyanga, i.e. kuqhathaniswa nokuqasha. Kuyazuzisa ukuthi amabhange abe - ngazo zonke izindlela zegama - umnikazi wezindlu, njengoba impahla eSwitzerland ikhula ngentengo kuphela.
Ukulungisa ifulethi kusetshenziswa izindinganiso zesiRashiya (ukuqasha izisebenzi ku-inthanethi noma endaweni yokwakha engumakhelwane) cishe akunakwenzeka, ngoba abantu abaqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile kuphela abakwazi ukufinyelela ugesi, umoya omncane nokufudumeza. Ngokunokwenzeka, bonke laba bayoba abantu abahlukene, futhi umholo wehora ngamunye wabo ungama-franc angu-100-150 ngehora. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukuthola izimvume nezimvume ezivela kuziphathimandla ezibusayo nezilawulayo, isibonelo, ukulungisa kabusha indlu yokugezela noma ukushintsha amabhethri. Ngokuvamile, ungakhokha enye ingxenye yezindleko zendlu ngokulungiswa kwayo.
Ukuze kube nemibala eminingi futhi kucace ukuthi hlobo luni lwendawo abahlala kuyo, ngilungiselele ividiyo emfushane enendaba lapho behlala khona.
Ingxenye yokuqala kaLausanne:
Ingxenye yesibili ngeMontreux:
Hhayi-ke, uma sikhuluma iqiniso, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi abafundi bavame ukuhlinzekwa ngezindlu zokulala esikhungweni senyuvesi. Intengo yokuqasha imaphakathi; kusitudiyo ungakhokha ama-franc angama-700-800 ngenyanga.
Oh yebo, futhi ekugcineni, ungakhohlwa ukwengeza ama-francs angu-50-100 ngenyanga ngezindleko zensiza enani lokuqasha ngokwalo, elihlanganisa ugesi (mayelana ne-50-70 ngekota ngayinye) nokushisa ngamanzi ashisayo (konke okunye). Nakuba ukushisisa namanzi ashisayo, ngokuvamile, kuwugesi ofanayo noma ngezinye izikhathi igesi, esetshenziswa kumabhayela afakwe kuwo wonke amakhaya.
Umndeni kanye nezinkulisa
Nakulokhu, umndeni awuyona into eshibhile eSwitzerland, ikakhulukazi uma kunezingane. Uma bobabili besebenza, intela ithathwa emalini engenayo yomndeni, i.e. ephakeme, ukuphila efulethini elinamagumbi amabili kuvele kushibhile, ungonga kancane ekudleni nasekuzijabuliseni, kodwa sekukonke kuvela ukuthi i-bash ye-bash.
Konke kushintsha kakhulu lapho izingane zivela emndenini, ngoba inkulisa yaseSwitzerland iyinjabulo ebiza kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuze ungene kuwo (sikhuluma ngama-kindergartens wombuso afinyelelekayo), udinga ukubhalisa cishe emasontweni okuqala okukhulelwa. Futhi kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi ikhefu lokubeletha lapha lihlala izinyanga eziyisithupha : ngokuvamile inyanga (amasonto angu-4) ngaphambi nezinyanga ezingu-2.5 ngemva kokubeletha, khona-ke inkulisa iba yisidingo esibalulekile uma bobabili abazali befuna ukuqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo.
Ukuze sibe nobulungisa, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi cishe zonke izinkampani zihlinzeka ngezinzuzo, izinkokhelo zesikhathi esisodwa, umsebenzi wesikhashana (ngokwesibonelo, ama-80% wamahora angu-42 ngeviki) nezinye izinto ezinhle zokweseka abazali abasha. Ngisho nezibonelelo ze-SNSF zihlinzeka ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi isibonelelo somndeni kanye nesibonelelo sezingane, okungukuthi, inkokhelo encane eyengeziwe yokondla umndeni nezingane, kanye nohlelo lwe-120%, lapho amahora angu-42 omzali osebenzayo ebhekwa njenge-120% isikhathi sokusebenza. Kulula kakhulu ukuchitha usuku olulodwa olwengeziwe ngeviki nengane yakho.
Kodwa-ke, inkulisa eshibhile, ngokwazi kwami, izobiza abazali i-1500-1800 francs ngenyanga ngengane ngayinye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, cishe, izingane zizodla, zilale futhi zidlale ekamelweni elilodwa, zishintsha indawo ezungezile, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso. Futhi yebo, inkulisa eSwitzerland ivame ukuvulwa kuze kube yizinsuku ezi-4, i.e. omunye wabazali kusazodingeka abambe itoho.
Ngokuvamile, i-break-even threshold yi-~2-2.5 izingane, i.e. uma kunezingane ezi-3 noma ngaphezulu emndenini, kulula ukuthi umzali oyedwa ahlale ekhaya kunokuba asebenze futhi akhokhele inkulisa kanye/noma umzanyana. Ibhonasi enhle yabazali: izindleko zasenkulisa zidonswa ezintela, okwenza umnikelo omkhulu kusabelomali. Futhi, umbuso ukhokha ama-franc angu-200-300 ngenyanga ngengane ngayinye (kuye ngokuthi i-canton), kusukela eminyakeni engu-3 kuya kwengu-18 ubudala. Lokhu kuyasebenza nakubangaphandle abeza nezingane.
Futhi nakuba iSwitzerland inezinzuzo eziningi zemindeni enezingane, njengezinzuzo, ikhefu lentela, cishe izikhungo zemfundo zamahhala, uxhaso (lomshwalense wezempilo noma izikhwama zikadoti ezivela kumasipala), uyazikhulumela.
Ukufingqa ngokucophelela
Kubonakala sengathi silungise ibhalansi yemali engenayo nezindleko, manje sekuyisikhathi sezibalo ezithile ezisekelwe emiphumeleni yeminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-6 yokuhlala eSwitzerland.
Ngesikhathi sokuphothula esikoleni, angizange ngibe nomgomo wokuphila ngokonga ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ngisindise amafutha ami ezezimali endaweni ethile ekujuleni kwamabhange aseSwitzerland. Nokho, ngicabanga ukuthi ukudla kungancishiswa ngengxenye yesithathu noma ikota.
Isakhiwo sezindleko zabafundi abathola iziqu e-EPFL
Isakhiwo sezindleko ze-post-doc kwa-EPFL
Ekuqaleni kuka-2017, ngemva kokuvikela incwadi yami, ngaphoqeleka ukuba ngithuthele kwesinye isicelo sokubala izindleko, ngakho-ke izigaba zashintsha ngandlela-thile, kodwa kumagrafu zinemibala efanayo. Isibonelo, izigaba zendawo yokuhlala, izindleko zendlu kanye nokuxhumana kuhlanganiswe “Izikweletu” (noma ama-akhawunti).
Mayelana ne-inthanethi yeselula kanye nethrafikhiIsigaba seMithethosivivinywa siphinde safaka nezikweletu ze-inthanethi ephathwayo, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yaqala ukundiza kuphela emgwaqeni (izindleko ezinethrafikhi ekhokhelwa ngaphambili). Ngivame ukusebenzisa le inthanethi emsebenzini ngenkathi ngihamba ngezitimela ezimatasa kakhulu eSwitzerland. Ngesinye isikhathi: izibalo zamaphakheji ethrafikhi kuthebhulethi: 01 - 1x, 02 - 2.5x, 03-3x, 04 - 2x, 05 -2x, lapho x = 14.95 CHF nge-1 Gb ngayinye yethrafikhi. Ngakuqaphela lokhu endaweni ethile ngo-March-April futhi ngalinganisela kancane ukudla kwami.
Ukubuyela kwezokwelapha kanye nomshwalense, ungabona ngokucacile ukuthi uma umfundi oqedile echitha cishe u-4-5% wemali engenayo emshwalense wezempilo, khona-ke i-postdoc isebenzisa u-6%, kuyilapho umholo wakhe uphakeme.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwenyuka kwemali engenayo (umfundi oneziqu -> postdoc), isilinganiso samaphesenti ezigaba ezimbili zokuqala zezindleko sahlala sinjalo - ~ 36% kanye no-20%, ngokulandelana. Ngempela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhola malini, usazoyisebenzisa yonke!
Izithuthi zomphakathi ziyinkomba yezindleko zamatekisi nezindiza, njengoba iminyaka emi-4 i-EPFL ikhokhele ukubhalisa kulo lonke elaseSwitzerland, eyabhala ngakho .
Amanye amaqiniso ajabulisayo:
- Ngathenga ikhompuyutha yami eyinhloko, kanye ne-laptop, emuva ku-2013, noma kunjalo, izindleko zokuthenga imishini phakathi neminyaka engu-2 ye-postdoc yami zanda ngokwemibandela yamaphesenti, ngakho-ke ngokwemibandela yangempela. Ngokunokwenzeka, kwakuwukuthengwa kwemonitha ye-4K nekhadi levidiyo elibe nomthelela onjalo, futhi uma ngaphambili ungahlanganisa ikhompyutha evamile ~ 1000 francs futhi lokhu kwakubhekwa njengokubiza kancane, namuhla i-hardware yokugcina ephezulu ingabiza i-2000, 3000, noma ngisho 5 izinkulungwane. Futhi, yiqiniso, i-Aliexpress yenza umsebenzi wayo: ukuthenga okuningi okuncane - futhi voila, isikhwama sakho semali asinalutho!
- ukusetshenziswa kwemali ekuthengeni kwenyuke ngokuphawulekayo (aka izingubo). Ngokubona kwami, lokhu kungenxa yokwehla kwezinga lezimpahla, njengasekudayisweni kwemikhiqizo (izingxenye, imiqulu, njll.). Uma ngaphambili ubungathenga amabhuzu futhi uwagqoke i-2-3, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho neminyaka emi-4, manje yonke into isivele ilahlwa (isibonelo sakamuva amabhuzu avela enkampanini eyaziwayo yaseJalimane "eyahlukana" kabili (sis!) inyanga).
- Izipho zashwabana phakathi, i.e. empeleni, izindleko ngokwemibandela yangempela zahlala zilingana nezinga elifanayo - inani labangane/imicimbi ababa khona cishe ayishintshile.
Ikona kuphela okukhona! Ngithemba ukuthi izihloko zami zizophendula ingxenye yengonyama yemibuzo mayelana nokuthuthela nokuhlala eSwitzerland. Ngizobonisa futhi ngikhulume ngezici ezithile nezikhathi .
I-KDPV ithathwe
PS: Njengoba lesi kuyisihloko sokugcina salolu chungechunge, ngingathanda ukushiya lapha amaqiniso amabili ngeSwitzerland abengafakwanga ezihlokweni ezedlule:
- E-Switzerland, ungathola kalula izinhlamvu zemali kuze kube ngu-1968, lapho ukuguqulwa kwezimali kwenzeka, futhi ama-franc amadala, namanje esiliva ashintshwa ngezinhlamvu zemali ze-nickel ezivamile.
- Abalandeli bokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-apocalyptic abathenga igolide elibonakalayo bakhetha izinhlamvu zemali zegolide ezikhethekile zaseSwitzerland - zihlotshaniswa nokuthembeka.
I-PPS: Ngokuhlola okubhaliwe, ukuphawula okubalulekile nezingxoxo, ngibonga kakhulu futhi ngibonga kakhulu kubangani bami nozakwethu u-Anna, Albert (), Anton (), Stas, Roma, Yulia, Grisha.
Umzuzu wokukhangisa. Ngokuphathelene nezitayela zakamuva zemfashini, ngithanda ukusho ukuthi i-Moscow State University ivula i-campus ehlala njalo kulo nyaka (futhi isifundise iminyaka engu-2 kakade!) Yeyunivesithi ehlangene ne-Beijing Polytechnic University e-Shenzhen. Kukhona ithuba lokufunda isiShayina, kanye nokuthola amadiploma angu-2 ngesikhathi esisodwa (izinto ezikhethekile ze-IT ezivela eMoscow State University Computer Science Complex ziyatholakala). Ungathola okwengeziwe mayelana nenyuvesi, izinkomba kanye namathuba abafundi .
Ungakhohlwa ukubhalisa ku : Akunzima kuwe - ngiyajabula!
Futhi yebo, ngicela ungibhalele mayelana nanoma yikuphi ukushiyeka okuphawulwe embhalweni.
Source: www.habr.com