I-ProHoster > Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ³ > izindaba ze-inthanethi > I-Linux kernel iba neminyaka engama-30 ubudala

I-Linux kernel iba neminyaka engama-30 ubudala

Ngo-Agasti 25, 1991, ngemva kwezinyanga ezinhlanu zokuthuthuka, umfundi oneminyaka engu-21 u-Linus Torvalds wamemezela ku-com.os.minix teleconference ukuthi i-prototype esebenzayo yesistimu yokusebenza ye-Linux isiqediwe, i-porting bash 1.08 kanye ne-gcc 1.40 kuqediwe. Ukukhishwa kokuqala komphakathi kwe-Linux kernel yethulwe ngoSepthemba 17. I-0.0.1 kernel ibicindezelwe ngu-62 KB futhi iqukethe cishe imigqa engu-10 yekhodi yomthombo. I-Linux kernel yesimanje inemigqa yekhodi engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-28. Ngokocwaningo olwagunyazwa yi-European Union ngo-2010, cishe izindleko zokuthuthukisa kusukela ekuqaleni iphrojekthi efana ne-Linux kernel yesimanje izoba ngaphezu kwesigidigidi samadola aseMelika (isibalo senziwe lapho i-kernel inemigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-13) , ngokwezinye izilinganiso - ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.

I-Linux kernel igqugquzelwe uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-MINIX, olungahambisani ne-Linus nelayisensi yayo enomkhawulo. Kamuva, lapho i-Linux iba iphrojekthi eyaziwa kakhulu, abaphikisi bazama ukusola uLinus ngokukopisha ngokuqondile ikhodi yezinye izinhlelo ezingaphansi ze-MINIX. Ukuhlasela kuxoshwe u-Andrew Tanenbaum, umbhali we-MINIX, owathuma umfundi ukuthi enze ukuqhathanisa okuningiliziwe phakathi kwekhodi ye-Minix kanye nokukhishwa kokuqala komphakathi kwe-Linux. Imiphumela yocwaningo ibonise ukuba khona kokufana okune kuphela okuncane kwamabhulokhi ekhodi, ngenxa yezidingo ze-POSIX ne-ANSI C.

U-Linus ekuqaleni wayecabanga ukuqamba i-kernel Freax, kusukela emagameni athi "mahhala", "i-freak" kanye no-X (Unix). Kodwa igama elithi "Linux" lanikezwa i-kernel ngu-Ari Lemmke, okwathi, ngesicelo sikaLinus, wabeka i-kernel kuseva ye-FTP yenyuvesi, eqamba uhla lwemibhalo olugciniwe hhayi "i-freax", njengoba uTorvalds ebuza, kodwa "linux ”. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi usomabhizinisi osakhasayo uWilliam Della Croce (uWilliam Della Croce) ukwazile ukubhalisa uphawu lokuthengisa lwe-Linux futhi wayefuna ukuqoqa imali yokukhokha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa kamuva washintsha umqondo futhi wadlulisela wonke amalungelo ophawu lokuthengisa ku-Linus. I-mascot esemthethweni ye-Linux kernel, i-Tux penguin, yakhethwa ngenxa yomncintiswano owawubanjwe ngo-1996. Igama elithi Tux limele i-Torvalds UniX.

Amandla okukhula e-codebase (inombolo yemigqa yekhodi yomthombo) ye-kernel:

  • 0.0.1 - September 1991, imigqa eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 yekhodi;
  • 1.0.0 - March 1994, imigqa yekhodi engu-176 XNUMX;
  • 1.2.0 - March 1995, imigqa yekhodi engu-311 XNUMX;
  • 2.0.0 - June 1996, 778 ayizinkulungwane imigqa ikhodi;
  • 2.2.0 - Januwari 1999, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-1.8;
  • 2.4.0 - Januwari 2001, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-3.4;
  • 2.6.0 - Disemba 2003, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-5.9;
  • 2.6.28 - Disemba 2008, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-10.2;
  • 2.6.35 - Agasti 2010, izigidi ezingu-13.4 zemigqa yekhodi;
  • 3.0 - Agasti 2011, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-14.6.
  • 3.5 - Julayi 2012, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-15.5.
  • 3.10 - Julayi 2013, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-15.8;
  • 3.16 - Agasti 2014, izigidi ezingu-17.5 zemigqa yekhodi;
  • 4.1 - Juni 2015, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-19.5;
  • 4.7 - Julayi 2016, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-21.7;
  • 4.12 - Julayi 2017, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-24.1;
  • 4.18 - Agasti 2018, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-25.3.
  • 5.2 - Julayi 2019, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi eziyi-26.55.
  • 5.8 - Agasti 2020, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingu-28.4.
  • 5.13 - Juni 2021, imigqa yekhodi eyizigidi ezingama-29.2.

Inqubekelaphambili Yokuthuthukiswa:

  • I-Linux 0.0.1 - Septhemba 1991, ukukhishwa kokuqala komphakathi okusekela i-i386 CPU kuphela kanye nokubhuthwa ku-floppy;
  • I-Linux 0.12 - Januwari 1992, ikhodi yaqala ukusatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-GPLv2;
  • I-Linux 0.95 - Mashi 1992, yengeze amandla okusebenzisa i-X Window System, yafaka ukusekelwa kwememori ebonakalayo kanye nokuhlukaniswa okushintshwayo.
  • I-Linux 0.96-0.99 - 1992-1993, umsebenzi waqala kusitaki senethiwekhi. Isistimu yefayela ye-Ext2 yethulwa, ukusekelwa kwefomethi yefayela le-ELF kwengezwe, abashayeli bamakhadi omsindo kanye nezilawuli ze-SCSI zethulwa, ukulayishwa kwamamojula we-kernel kanye nesistimu yefayela ye-/proc yasetshenziswa.
  • Ngo-1992, kwavela ukusatshalaliswa kokuqala kwe-SLS ne-Yggdrasil. Ehlobo lika-1993, kwasungulwa amaphrojekthi we-Slackware ne-Debian.
  • I-Linux 1.0 - Mashi 1994, ukukhishwa kokuqala okuzinzile ngokusemthethweni;
  • I-Linux 1.2 - Mashi 1995, ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwenani labashayeli, ukusekelwa kwezinkundla ze-Alpha, MIPS kanye ne-SPARC, amakhono okupakisha enethiwekhi anwetshiwe, ukubukeka kwesihlungi sephakethe, ukusekelwa kwe-NFS;
  • I-Linux 2.0 - Juni 1996, ukusekelwa kwamasistimu ama-multiprocessor;
  • Mashi 1997: I-LKML, uhlu lwe-imeyili lonjiniyela we-Linux kernel lwasungulwa;
  • 1998: Kwethulwe iqoqo lokuqala elisekelwe ku-Top500 Linux, elihlanganisa izindawo ezingu-68 ezinama-Alpha CPU;
  • I-Linux 2.2 - Januwari 1999, ukusebenza kahle okuthuthukisiwe kwesistimu yokulawula inkumbulo, ukusekelwa okwengeziwe kwe-IPv6, kwasebenzisa i-firewall entsha, yethula uhlelo oluncane lomsindo olusha;
  • I-Linux 2.4 - February 2001, ukusekelwa kwezinhlelo ze-8-processor kanye no-64 GB we-RAM, isistimu yefayela ye-Ext3, ukusekelwa kwe-USB, i-ACPI;
  • I-Linux 2.6 - Disemba 2003, ukusekelwa kwe-SELinux, amathuluzi okulungisa ipharamitha ye-kernel okuzenzakalelayo, ama-sysfs, uhlelo lokuphatha inkumbulo oluklanywe kabusha;
  • Ngo-2005, kwethulwa i-Xen hypervisor, eyangenisa inkathi ye-virtualization;
  • NgoSeptemba 2008, ukukhululwa kokuqala kweplathifomu ye-Android esekelwe ku-Linux kernel kwasungulwa;
  • NgoJulayi 2011, ngemva kweminyaka engu-10 yokuthuthukiswa kwegatsha le-2.6.x, ukushintshela kunombolo engu-3.x kwenziwa. Inani lezinto ezisenqolobaneni ye-Git selifinyelele ezigidini ezingu-2;
  • Ngo-2015, ukukhishwa kwe-Linux 4.0 kernel kwenzeka. Inani lezinto ze-git endaweni yokugcina selifinyelele izigidi ezi-4;
  • Ngo-Ephreli 2018, ingqophamlando yezinto ze-git eziyizigidi eziyisi-6 endaweni yokugcina izinto yanqotshwa.
  • NgoJanuwari 2019, kwasungulwa igatsha le-Linux 5.0 kernel. Indawo yokugcina ifinyelele ezingeni lezinto ze-git eziyizigidi ezingu-6.5.
  • Ishicilelwe ngo-Agasti 2020, i-5.8 kernel yayinkulu kakhulu ngokwenani lezinguquko zazo zonke izinhlamvu phakathi nayo yonke impilo yephrojekthi.
  • Ku-5.13 kernel, irekhodi libekelwe inani labathuthukisi (2150), izinguquko zabo ezifakwe ku-kernel.
  • Ngo-2021, ikhodi yokuthuthukisa abashayeli eRust yengezwa egatsheni le-kernel elilandelayo le-Linux. Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka wokufaka izingxenye zokusekela i-Rust engxenyeni eyinhloko yomgogodla.

I-68% yazo zonke izinguquko emnyombeni zenziwe yizinkampani ezisebenza kakhulu ezingama-20. Isibonelo, lapho kwakhiwa i-kernel 5.13, u-10% wazo zonke izinguquko zilungiswe yi-Intel, 6.5% yiHuawei, 5.9% yiRed Hat, 5.7% nguLinaro, 4.9% yiGoogle, 4.8% yi-AMD, 3.1% yi-NVIDIA, 2.8 % nge-Facebook, 2.3% - SUSE, 2.1% - IBM, 1.9% - Oracle, 1.5% - ARM, 1.4% - Canonical. U-13.2% wezinguquko ulungiswe abanikeli abazimele noma onjiniyela abangazange basho ngokusobala ukuthi basebenzela izinkampani ezithile. U-1.3% wezinguquko ulungiswe ngabafundi, abafundi abaneziqu kanye nabamele izikhungo zemfundo. Ngokwenombolo yemigqa yekhodi engu-5.13 engezwe ku-kernel, i-AMD ingumholi, isabelo sakhe sasingu-20.2% (umshayeli we-amdgpu unemigqa yekhodi engaba yizigidi ezi-3, cishe u-10% wengqikithi yosayizi we-kernel - izigidi ezingu-2.4 imigqa ibalwa ngamafayela anhlokweni akhiqizwa ngokuzenzakalela anedatha yamarejista e-GPU ).

Source: opennet.ru

Engeza amazwana