NgoFebhuwari 2019, i-Yandex yethula i-Workshop, insizakalo yokuqeqeshwa okuku-inthanethi konjiniyela bakusasa, abahlaziyi kanye nabanye ochwepheshe be-IT. Ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izifundo okufanele zithathwe kuqala, ozakwethu bafunde imakethe kanye nesevisi yokuhlaziya ye-HeadHunter. Sithathe idatha abayisebenzisile - izincazelo zezikhala ze-IT ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-300 emadolobheni angaphezulu kwesigidi kusukela ngo-2016 kuya ku-2018 - futhi salungiselela ukubuka konke kwemakethe iyonke.
Isidingo sochwepheshe kumaphrofayili ahlukene sishintsha kanjani, yimaphi amakhono okufanele babe nawo kwasekuqaleni, lapho ingxenye yezikhala zabaqalayo iphakeme kakhulu, imuphi umholo abangawulindela - konke lokhu kungatholakala ekubuyekezweni. Kufanele kube usizo kulabo abafuna ukwenza kahle umsebenzi emkhakheni we-IT.
Imakethe iyonke
Isidingo sochwepheshe be-IT siyakhula; kule minyaka emibili edlule, isabelo sezikhangiso zemisebenzi kubo kuzo zonke izikhangiso eziku-HeadHunter sikhuphuke ngo-5,5%. Isabelo sezikhundla ezivulekile zochwepheshe abangenaso isipiliyoni ngo-2018 sasingu-9% wazo zonke izikhala ze-IT emakethe; eminyakeni emibili sikhule cishe ngengxenye yesithathu. Labo abakwaziyo ukuzuza isikhundla kulo msebenzi, kungakapheli unyaka bathuthela eqenjini elibala izikhala eziningi: ngaphezu kwengxenye yazo zonke izikhangiso ezimakethe ziqondiswe kochwepheshe abanokuhlangenwe nakho konyaka owodwa kuya kwemithathu.
Ezweni lonke, iholo elimaphakathi lochwepheshe be-IT ngonyaka odlule lalingama-ruble angu-92. Iholo lochwepheshe bokuqala lingama-ruble angu-000.
Emacaleni angaphezu kwesigamu, abaqashi ababonisi inani lamaholo. Kodwa-ke, kuzo zonke izigaba ezicatshangelwayo (ngedolobha, isipiliyoni esidingekayo, amakhono) kunenani elanele lezikhala ezinamaholo akhangisiwe, okusivumela ukuba sifinyelele iziphetho mayelana nezinga lamaholo emakethe iyonke.
Izici zesifunda
Inombolo enkulu kunazo zonke zezikhala ze-IT, yiqiniso, ziseMoscow naseSt. Uma ukala inani lezikhala ze-IT ngosayizi wemakethe yezemisebenzi yendawo, idolobha laseRussia βITβ kakhulu yi-Novosibirsk: ngonyaka odlule bekunezikhala ezicishe zibe ngu-2018 ezihlobene ne-IT ezikhangisweni zemisebenzi eziyinkulungwane lapha. IMoscow neSt. Petersburg zithatha indawo yesibili neyesithathu.
Isidingo sochwepheshe be-IT sikhula ngokushesha kakhulu e-Perm: uma kuqhathaniswa no-2016, isabelo sezikhala ze-IT emakethe yendawo senyuke ngo-15%, saya ku-45 ngenkulungwane. IMoscow isendaweni yesibili ngokwezinga lokukhula, kanti iKrasnodar isendaweni yesithathu.
Izinga lomholo kanye nesabelo sezikhala zochwepheshe bezinga lokungena kwehluka ngokuphawulekayo edolobheni nedolobha. Bakhokha kakhulu eMoscow naseSt. Futhi iphesenti lezikhundla ezivulekile zabasanda kufika ezinhloko-dolobha, ngokuphambene nalokho, liphansi kunanoma yiliphi elinye idolobha lezigidi.
Izimfuneko zamaholo nesipiliyoni somsebenzi emadolobheni amakhulu
Sebenza ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe
Ochwepheshe be-IT baseRussia abaqashwanga kuphela ngabasekhaya kodwa nezinkampani zakwamanye amazwe. Iholo eliphakathi ezikhangisweni zezikhala ezinjalo liphakeme kakhulu - ngaphezu kwama-ruble angu-220. Kodwa-ke, izidingo zabenzi bezicelo ziphezulu: abasafufusa benza u-000% kuphela wezikhala ezinjalo, u-3,5% ngezochwepheshe abanokuhlangenwe nakho konyaka owodwa kuya kwemithathu, kanti inqwaba yeminikelo iqondiswe kubasebenzi abanolwazi olungaphezu kweminyaka emine.
Izimo zokusebenza
Umsebenzi womklami edolobheni elikhulu laseRussia uvame ukusehhovisi futhi ujwayelekile. Ikakhulu, izinkampani zifuna abasebenzi besikhathi esigcwele - isonto elijwayelekile lezinsuku ezinhlanu noma ishejuli yeshifu enezinsuku ezijwayelekile. Umsebenzi oguquguqukayo wanikezwa kuphela ezikhangisweni ezingu-8,5% ezishicilelwe ngonyaka odlule, kanti umsebenzi oqhelile wanikezwa ngo-9%.
Izisebenzi ezikude ngokuvamile zibheka abasebenzi abanolwazi olunzulu: ngaphezu kwesigamu salezo zikhala ngezochwepheshe abanolwazi lweminyaka emine. Isabelo sezikhala zabaqalayo sicishe siphindwe kabili kune-IT iyonke: ngaphansi kuka-5%.
Okukhethekile
Kuningi okukhethekile emakethe ye-IT. Kulolu cwaningo, sihlonze eziyishumi nanhlanu ezidingeka kakhulu futhi safunda ngazo kuphela. Lapho sihlanganisa phezulu, sasiholwa yizihloko zezikhangiso, okungukuthi, indlela abaqashi ngokwabo abasungula ngayo labo abamfunayo. Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, lokhu akuwona amakhono aphezulu, kodwa amagama aphezulu ezikhundla ezivulekile.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi esifundwe, isidingo sochwepheshe be-IT sivame ukwanda, kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso kuwo wonke umsebenzi. Isibonelo, nakuba abathuthukisi be-Java kanye ne-PHP behlala bephakathi kwabadingeka kakhulu emakethe, isidingo sabo sehle ngo-21% no-13%, ngokulandelana, eminyakeni emibili edlule. Isabelo sezikhangiso zokuqasha abathuthukisi be-iOS sehle ngo-17%, isabelo sezikhala zonjiniyela be-Android sehle, kodwa hhayi kakhulu, ngaphansi kuka-3%.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, isidingo sabanye ochwepheshe siyakhula. Ngakho-ke, isidingo se-DevOps sikhuphuke ngo-2016% uma kuqhathaniswa no-70. Isabelo sezikhala zonjiniyela abagcwele isitaki siphindeke kabili, futhi kochwepheshe besayensi yedatha - siphindeke ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili. Yiqiniso, ngokwenani lezikhala, lezi zici zithatha izindawo zokugcina kwabangu-15 abaphezulu.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Front-end kugqamile uma kuqhathaniswa nesizinda esijwayelekile: kunezikhala eziningi zalaba chwepheshe kunanoma ubani omunye ose-IT, futhi isidingo sabo sikhula kuphela - eminyakeni emibili sikhule ngo-19,5%.
Amaholo kanye nezidingo zesipiliyoni somsebenzi kumakhono ahlukene
Ochwepheshe abasafufusa baqashwa ngokuzithandela kwisayensi yedatha (ukuhlaziywa kwedatha noma ukufunda ngomshini): isabelo sezikhala zamakhandidethi anolwazi olungaphansi konyaka lomsebenzi lapha luphakeme ngekota kunasemakethe iyonke. Okulandelayo kuza ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlolwa kwe-PHP. Isabelo esiphansi kakhulu sezikhala (ngaphansi kuka-5%) esabasaqalayo ekuthuthukisweni kwesitaki esigcwele kanye no-1C.
Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomholo onikeziwe ngo-2018 bekungonjiniyela be-Java kanye ne-Android; kuzo zombili izici ezikhethekile imidiyeni ibingaphezu kwama-ruble ayi-130. Okulandelayo kuza onjiniyela be-DevOps nabathuthukisi be-iOS abane-median engaphezu kuka-RUB 000. Phakathi kochwepheshe be-novice, abathuthukisi be-iOS bangathembela emvuzweni omkhulu kunayo yonke: engxenyeni yezikhangiso bathenjiswa ama-ruble angaphezu kuka-120. Endaweni yesibili kukhona ochwepheshe be-C++ (RUB 000), futhi endaweni yesithathu kukhona onjiniyela abagcwele isitaki (RUB 69).
Phakathi kwamakhono abaqashi abavame ukuwabala njengabalulekile, leli elibone ukukhula okukhulu kwesidingo eminyakeni emibili edlule ubungoti emtatsheni wezincwadi we-React. Kube khona ukwanda okubonakalayo kwentshisekelo kochwepheshe abangasebenza ngamathuluzi angemuva - i-Node.js, i-Spring ne-Django. Ezilimini zokuhlela, i-Python ithuthuke kakhulu - yaqala ukukhulunywa phakathi kwamakhono ayisihluthulelo kaningi nengxenye.
Ukuze sithole isithombe sommeli womsebenzi ngamunye, sifunde izincazelo zemisebenzi futhi sahlonza uhlu lwamakhono abaqashi abavame ukuwabala njengabalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalawo asetshenziswa kaningi, sihlonze amakhono isidingo sawo esiqale ukukhula ngokuphawulekayo onyakeni odlule. Isithombe-skrini esingezansi sibonisa isithombe esiwumphumela sikanjiniyela osekupheleni. Okunye okukhethekile kungabukwa ku .
Source: www.habr.com