Imibono yami yomuntu siqu yemagazini phakathi nezinkathi zonyaka ezi-6-5 zokuba khona kwayo. I-athikili iqukethe inani elilinganiselwe lokugxekwa kwe-Murzilka kanye Nezithombe Ezihlekisayo, ngakho-ke abaxolisi abashisekayo bezincwadi ezidumile zaseSoviet bangase babe ngcono uma befunda lesi sihloko.
Konke ukuhlola kuqala ngaphansi kokusikiwe kuyizixhumanisi zezithombe ezinosayizi ogcwele zamakhasi omagazini ahambisanayo.
1990: Inkathi yegolide
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s, isidingo esiphelele nesingalawuleki senye indlela engenamcabango yenkulumo-ze yendabuko yobudlela-ndawonye sase senziwe emphakathini waseSoviet. Lokhu kuphinde kwathinta ama-periodical azo zonke izinkomba. Ukudala imbangi eqinile emgqeni womagazini bezingane kwakuse-ajenda. Iphrojekthi yeTram yathola ukwesekwa okuphezulu kukahulumeni futhi yaqala ngokushesha ngokusakazwa kwezigidi ezimbili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo magazini wachaza izinsiza ezitshalwe kuwo, ngokushesha zaduma.
Yini ejabulisa kangaka ngomagazini omusha? Yini eyayikhona kuyo eyayingekho ezincwadini zezingane zaseSoviet ezikhathele?
Lesi sihloko sabhalwa ngokusekelwa yi-EDISON Software.
Umbono wekhasimende:
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa futhi kuyasiza ukwazi:
Ukuphulwa kwamaphethini
Uma kuqhathaniswa “Nezithombe Ezihlekisayo” zikanokusho kodwa ezifiphele kanye ne-“Murzilka” efiphele ngokungananaziyo, ubuciko buphuma kuwo wonke amakhasi.
Okungajwayelekile futhi okungeyona ifomethi kuvele kokubili ezingeni lezithombe nasezingeni lemibhalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, indlela yokudala yahlanganiswa nokuhleleka okumaphakathi, lapho amakhasi esitayela esifanayo kunoma yisiphi isihloko ephindaphindwa ezindabeni ezimbalwa zilandelana (bese kuthi ngisho nangosizi oluthile uphawule ukuthi uchungechunge seluphelile futhi alusekho. ezindabeni ezintsha).
Lapha, isibonelo, kunomugqa onendikimba mayelana nezaga nezisho ezinikelwe ezihlokweni ezihlobene nezitho ezithile zomzimba. Umdwebi u-Baldin udala imifanekiso emangalisayo ofuna ukuyibuka isikhathi eside, ufunda yonke imininingwane. Inhlanganisela yamahlaya ayingqayizivele emoyeni we-Kharms ngesitayela sobuciko esimangalisayo.
Phela, ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwezingqikithi "ze-serial" unyaka wonke, noma okungenani ezindabeni ezimbalwa ezilandelanayo, kuhlukanise "i-Tram" kahle kakhulu. Kwakunjalo nakomagazini baseSoviet (ngokwesibonelo, izindaba mayelana nokuxhashazwa kukaHercules kuwo wonke umagazini we-VK ka-1984), kodwa lokhu kwakuhlukile kunomthetho.
Ulwazi lwesayensi
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izithombe zaziwudoti nje, wonke umbhalo wawuhloselwe izingane ezicabangelayo nabazali abacabangelayo (abenza isinqumo sokuthenga umagazini). Nakuba izithombe ezingavamile zazibusa umbhalo, amagama ngokuvamile ayebaluleke kakhulu futhi ethakazelisa kakhulu.
Ukugcizelelwa okukhulu kumagazini kwabekwa ekunikezeni izingane ulwazi lwesayensi yesimanje, futhi okuqukethwe kwembethe isignesha engeyona ejwayelekile ye "Tram". Cishe isikhala esinezinhlangothi ezine, i-strip ye-Mobius, ulimi lwe-Esperanto, isihlahla somndeni wakwaRurik, ukukhohlisa okubonakalayo, izigaba zokulala nezinye izinto ezithakazelisayo zachazwa ngendlela yokuthi kucace enganeni kanye nomuntu omdala.
I-irony ecashile kanye nokubhuqa okuqondile
Lapho kukhethwa ukwaziswa, ibhodi labahleli likushiye ngokuphelele “ukuqhwaba” okuwuphawu olufanayo “lwezithombe Ezihlekisayo”, esikhundleni salo ngesimo sengqondo sokugxeka esidlalayo sezingane ngokwazo, kokubili emhlabeni wabantu abadala nakubo ngokwabo.
Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi emakhasini omagazini umuntu angahlangana nezimbongi "eziyindida" njengo-Igor Irtenyev, uGrigory Oster ngisho, uNkulunkulu angithethelele, uViktor Shenderovich. Umagazini wawuqukethe imithamo elinganiselwe yamahlaya amnyama afanelekile kanye nendida ngesitayela samaKharms (njengoba, ngempela, uKharms uqobo).
Amabanga nokuziphatha okuyisibonelo akuyona into esemqoka enganeni
"I-Tram" yalahla ngokuyisisekelo isici sokuziphatha somagazini bezingane zaseSoviet. Izingane zamukelwa njengoba zinjalo. Isifiso solwazi sakhuthazwa, kodwa asizange siphoqelelwe. Amabanga aphezulu kanye nokuziphatha okuyisibonelo akuzange kwethulwe njengezici eziphoqelekile zengane “elungile”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amantombazane alungile nabafana abalungile bahlekwa usulu emakhasini alo magazini. Okunye okuqukethwe okuhlekisayo kwabonakala kuvumela izixhwanguxhwangu nabafundi be-C-grade, kodwa empeleni, kwavezwa umbono wokuthi ukusebenza kahle kwezemfundo akuyona into esemqoka.
Umagazini iTram wawuhlaba umxhwele ngoba wawuqaphela ilungelo lanoma iyiphi ingane ukuba imane ibe yiyona, ngaphandle kokubeka isifiso sokuba “ingane yesikole yaseSoviet ekahle.”
Ilahla izinhlamvu eziphindaphindayo
Isinqumo esiyimpumelelo kwaba ukuthi umagazini, empeleni, wakuyeka ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwanoma yimuphi umlingiswa onegama (noma iqembu labanjalo) njengo-Murzilka noma i-Club of Merry Men.
Inkinga ngo-Murzilka kanye ne-Merry Men ukuthi omagazini bagcwele ngokweqile. Ziyacasula nje ngokuba khona kwazo okucasulayo kuwo wonke amakhava, kuwo wonke amahlaya, kuzimfumbe nezindaba eziningi. Sekuyisikhathi eside izingane “zisuthi” ngazo.
Yebo, ezinye izinhlamvu eziphindaphindayo zazikhona ku-“Tram,” kodwa zazisetshenziswa njalo, hhayi kuzo zonke izinguqulo futhi kwenye indawo emakhasini okugcina. Isibonelo, bekunamahlaya angavamile mayelana nomphenyi u-Bertram Weiss nomsizi wakhe wenja i-Composter. Nokho, azikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi “ubuso” balo magazini. Amabhodi ezindaba zabaseshi mayelana nawo abewuhlobo nje lwemfumbe.
Abalingiswa abakhulu emakhasini kwakungebona opopayi, kodwa izingane ngokwazo. Ukube “Izithombe Ezihlekisayo” kanye “ne-Murzilka” bekungomagazini izingane, bese kuba yi-“Tram” - ngezingane.
Umdlalo webhodi
Iphuzu eliqinile bekuyimidlalo engajwayelekile. Emidlalweni esuka kokuthi “Izithombe Ezihlekisayo”, izihlokwana ezimbalwa eziyisicefe ziyaphindwa kusukela eshumini kuya kweshumi leminyaka, ngokuvamile ekwenziweni okulula kakhulu - “hamba ku-maze usuka endaweni A uye endaweni engu-B”, “nquma ukuthi iyiphi into engekabani umnikazi”, njll. .
Ku-"Tram" izinga lemidlalo laliphezulu kakhulu. Ngisho noma lokhu kuhamba nge-labyrinth, ngakho-ke ngezinye izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingezona ezijwayelekile lapho kufanele uxazulule izinkinga ezinengqondo ezingavamile. Izivakashi ezivame umagazini imidlalo ye-chess ne-checkers engavamile. Futhi cishe njalo lena imidlalo hhayi eyodwa, kodwa abahlanganyeli ababili noma ngaphezulu, ngisho noma labyrinths eyaziwa kabi.
Izingane zingababhali abahlanganyelayo
Ukunyakaza okuqinile kwaba ukumelwa okubanzi kobuciko bezingane ngokwabo emakhasini.
Umagazini ngamunye wawuqukethe inani elikhulu lezinkondlo, imidwebo, izindaba, amahlaya, nezimfumbe ezithunyelwa abafundi abancane ngokwabo.
Lokhu kwasondeza izingane ngokuphawulekayo kulo magazini; kwakungebona abafundi bawo kuphela, kodwa abadali.
1991: Sekuvele kuyi-Orthodox, kodwa kusengcono kakhulu
Ngonyaka olandelayo lo magazini nawo walondoloza izinga eliphezulu. Phakathi kwezici zalo nyaka, singaphawula izimfumbe ezibalulekile ezibethelwe esithombeni sodaba olusekhava.
Ukuqanjwa okusha okuphawulekayo kwango-1991, okubukeka kuyimpikiswano kulezi zinsuku, ubukhona obubalulekile bekhasi lobu-Orthodox (noma ngisho amabili) kumagazini ngamunye. Kodwa-ke, ngalezo zinsuku ngisho ne-Komsomol "Izithombe Ezihlekisayo" zaqala ukona kanje, manje sezibika ngokushesha ukuthi uKhisimusi nePhasika kuzoba nini.
Umagazini weTram uzogcina umkhuba wama-Orthodox kuze kube sekupheleni. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kuthinte isitayela, okuqukethwe kanye nekhwalithi yazo zonke ezinye izinto. Esikhundleni sokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu, lomagazini wawusakhetha isayensi, esikhundleni sokuthobeka, wawusamema izingane ukuba zibe zona ngokwazo.
Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ngingathanda ukuphawula ngokusobala ukugxeka okuthe xaxa kombuso wamaSoviet kumagazini ovame ukupolitiki. Ngonyaka odlule, lokhu kugxekwa bekuyivelakancane kakhulu futhi kuyizicucu kakhulu, ezingeni lamahlaya amafushane. Kulo nyaka bekukhona nepolitiki encane kuleli phephabhuku, kodwa yaphumela obala.
Nansi, isibonelo, ingcaphuno evela kumagazini ka-August (IKomidi Lezimo Eziphuthumayo lizoba kuphela ekupheleni kwale nyanga):
1992: Isikhathi Sokukhohlwa
Insimbi yokuqala ye-alamu kwakuwukungabikho komagazini wokugcina, we-12 ka-1991. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-1992, lo magazini awuzange unyatheliswe nhlobo.
Ngemva kokuwa kwe-USSR, i-Soviet Children's Fund eyaqanjwa ngo-V.I. Lenin (lapho umagazini we-Tram wabelwa khona) yahlelwa kabusha eSikhwameni Sezingane SaseRussia. Kwakungekho mali etholakele yokuxhasa iTram, futhi lo magazini, osakazwa izigidi ezimbili, kwabonakala kungazelelwe futhi kwaphela.
Nokho, abadali balo magazini abazange baphele amandla. Kwatholakala umxhasi ojwayelekile (ibhange manje osekunesikhathi eside lingasasebenzi elivela e-Kuzbass) futhi ngonyaka olandelayo ukushicilelwa koshicilelo oludumile kwaqala kabusha. Yiqiniso, ngokusakazwa okuncane izikhathi ezingu-20 kunangaphambili. Imakethe yamahhala ilawule ukuthi amakhophi ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100 yinani eliphakeme elinengqondo ukuphrinta.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi "Murzilka" futhi "Izithombe ezihlekisayo" (okuyinto, njengezinganekwane zamaphephandaba aseSoviet, aqhubeka nokuxhaswa ngezimali nguhulumeni), nawo awazange alondoloze izibalo zabo zamadola ayizigidi. Ngokweqile eminyakeni embalwa kamuva behla baba amakhophi ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100-200 ngenyanga, futhi okwamanje ukusakazwa akudluli izinkulungwane ezingama-50.
1993: Ukuqala Kokuphela
Ikhefu lonyaka eliphoqelelwe alizange liwuzuzise lo magazini. Kubonakala kimi ngokuzithoba ukuthi kulo nyaka i-"Tram" isivele yaba yisicefe. Imifanekiso nemibhalo kwakubonakala sengathi ilahlekelwe umlingo wokusuka, okuqukethwe kwaba yinto engaqondakali, evamile noma into ethile. Lo magazini ulahlekelwe umdlandla wawo wangaphambilini we-hooligan ndawana thize.
Izindikimba ezinqamulayo ezidlula ezindabeni ezimbalwa azisekho ukusetshenziswa. Uphawu olubi lwaluwukuthi izithombe zaqala ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni semifanekiso. Isakhiwo sesilula, cishe esakudala. Isibonelo, uma kwakuyiqoqo lemibhalo emifushane (amahlaya, izimfumbe, izinkondlo ezimfushane), khona-ke eminyakeni engcono kakhulu yayivame ukuhlakazeka ngesiphithiphithi kulo lonke ikhasi elixutshwe nemifanekiso ye-psychedelic - khona-ke yayibukeka kahle. Manje yonke into isihlelwe kahle ngamakholomu amabili ayisicefe, ngaphandle kwemifanekiso, kodwa ngokugcwaliswa okubuthuntu kwe-monochromatic.
Ukufaka ama-Orthodox ngezinye izikhathi kwaqala ukuthatha amakhasi amaningana. Esikhundleni samahlaya ahlekisayo, amahlaya ajwayelekile aqala ukushicilelwa. Futhi ngokuvamile, amahlaya asephenduke into engathandeki. Abafundi abasebasha sebecishe bayeka ukuthumela umsebenzi wabo. Esikhundleni salokho, kwavela isigaba esingavamile i-la "ukwazana", lapho izingane zibhala kafushane ngezinto ezizilibazisa ngazo, zibonise iminyaka yazo futhi zishiye ikheli lasekhaya eligcwele ukuze zithole izincwadi. Umagazini ovukelayo ngezinye izikhathi waqala ukufana namaphephandaba okukhangisa mahhala (ngamahlaya kanye nezikhangiso zokuphola ekhasini lokugcina) komama bezindlu abavamile.
1994: Ama-Dinosaurs kanye nezinhlelo
Kulo nyaka kubukeka sengathi lo magazini usuqalile ukubuyela endleleni.
Okokuqala, sibuyele embonweni wetimu yonyaka. Lesi sikhathi kwakungama-dinosaurs. Umagazini ngamunye uchazwe kabanzi mayelana nolunye uhlobo lwezibankwa ezingasekho, amahlaya nezindaba zakhiwe eduze kwazo.
Vele, lo mbono ngokusobala wawungowesibili (i-Spielberg's Jurassic Park yakhululwa ngonyaka odlule, okwabeka ngokunamandla imfashini yomhlaba wonke yezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezibulalayo), kodwa kwase kukuhle kakade ukuthi umagazini wawungakhiphi nje enye inkinga, kodwa wawuzama ukudala ngokuhlelekile. okuqukethwe.
Lo nyaka futhi uyathakazelisa ngochungechunge lwezindaba zemfundo ezinikezelwe ohlelweni (umhleli oyinhloko u-Tim Sobakin ungumhleli wezinhlelo ngemfundo kanye nomsebenzi wokuqala, ngendlela).
Angicabangi ukuthi lezi zindaba zilungele izingane zesikole esiphakathi (izingxoxo eziningi ezinde, ezomile, azikho izithombe), kodwa mhlawumbe lokhu kwakungomunye wemizamo yokuqala eRussia yokukhuluma ngokuhlelekile mayelana nezinhlelo emakhasini omagazini wezingane.
Naphezu kwalezi zinguquko ezincane ezinhle, kwenzeka okuthile okubulalayo kumagazini we-Tram - ekugcineni kwaphela okungajwayelekile umagazini wezingane.
1995: Okokugcina
Futhi kulo nyaka akwenzekanga simangaliso. Kwakusobala ukuthi ukushicilelwa kwakungeke kubuyele ezingeni lika-1990-91. Lapho omagazini “abakabili” beqala ukunyatheliswa ngo-February-March (ngokunembile, hhayi nje ngenyanga, kodwa kanye ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili), kwaba sobala ukuthi lomagazini wawungeke uhlale isikhathi eside. Futhi kwenzeka, udaba lukaJuni (olwesine kuphela kulo nyaka) lwaba olokugcina.
Source: www.habr.com