Ungena emhubheni okhanya kalufifi, lapho uhlangana khona nemiphefumulo entula ehlushwa ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka. Kodwa ngeke babe nokuthula lapha, ngoba ngemuva kweminyango ngayinye balindele ukuhlushwa nokwesaba okwengeziwe, begcwalisa wonke amangqamuzana omzimba futhi bagcwalise yonke imicabango. Usondela komunye weminyango, ngemuva uzwa isihogo sigiya futhi sikhala esikugodolisa ethanjeni. Ukuqoqa isibindi sakho esisele sibe isibhakela, welula isandla sakho, ugodola ngokwethuka, usiyise esibanjeni somnyango, lapho kungazelelwe othile ekuthinta ihlombe ngemuva, futhi wena, wethuka ngokumangala, uphenduke. “Udokotela uzokhululeka emizuzwini embalwa. Hlala phansi okwamanje, sizokufonela,” kusho izwi elimnene likanesi. Ngokusobala, iyona kanye indlela abanye abantu abacabanga ngayo ukuya kudokotela wamazinyo futhi babe nesimo sengqondo esibi ngokwedlulele ngala “ma-sadists” abagqoke amajazi amhlophe. Kodwa namuhla ngeke sikhulume nge-dentophobia, sizokhuluma ngezingwenya. Yebo, yebo, kumayelana nabo, noma ngokuqondile ngamazinyo abo, angadingi ukwelashwa kwamazinyo.
Ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseMissouri (USA) benza ucwaningo lwamazinyo ezingwenya, olwabonisa izici ezithakazelisayo ze-koqweqwe lwawo labazingeli abangenasici, bethembele ngokuqondile emihlathini yabo. Yini eye yatholwa ososayensi, amazinyo ezingwenya zanamuhla ahluke kanjani ezihlotsheni zazo zangaphambi komlando, futhi iyini inzuzo yalolu cwaningo? Sifunda ngalokhu embikweni weqembu locwaningo.
Isisekelo socwaningo
Ezilwaneni eziningi ezinomgogodla, amazinyo ayisici esibalulekile sokuthola nokudla ukudla (izintuthwane azibali). Ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye zithembele ejubaneni lapho zizingela (izingulule), ezinye eqenjini (amabhubesi), kanti kwezinye, amandla okuluma kwazo adlala indima enkulu. Lokhu kuyasebenza nasezingwenya, ezinyonyobela izisulu zazo emanzini futhi zizibambe ngemihlathi yazo enamandla. Ukuvimbela isisulu ukuba singaphunyuki, ukubamba kufanele kube namandla, futhi lokhu kubangela imithwalo esindayo esakhiweni samathambo. Ukuze zinciphise umphumela omubi wokulunywa kwazo okunamandla, izingwenya zinolwanga lwesibili lwamathambo, oluxhunywe ngokuqinile ogebhezini.
Umboniso obonakalayo wokuvala nokuvulwa komhlathi wengwenya.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zamazinyo engwenya ukushintshwa kwawo njalo kufakwe amasha lapho amadala eguga. Iqiniso liwukuthi amazinyo ezingwenya afana nonodoli ozalela, okumila kuwo amazinyo amasha. Cishe kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-2, ngalinye lamazinyo emhlathini lithathelwa indawo amasha.
Qaphela ukuthi lolu “gibe lwamazinyo” luvaleka ngokuqinile kangakanani.
Amazinyo ezingwenya 'ahlukaniswe izigaba eziningana ngokusekelwe shape kanye nokusebenza okuhambisanayo. Ekuqaleni komhlathi kunamazinyo amakhulu angu-4, adingekayo ukuze kubanjwe inyamazane ngempumelelo. Phakathi kukhona amazinyo aminyene, akhula eduze komhlathi. Le ngxenye iyadingeka ukusika inyamazane. Esisekelweni, amazinyo ayavuleka futhi abe isicaba, okuvumela izingwenya ukuba zilume ngamagobolondo e-mollusk namagobolondo ofudu njengembewu.
Uqine kangakanani umhlathi wengwenya? Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kuncike ngobukhulu bayo kanye nohlobo. Isibonelo, ngo-2003 kwatholakala ukuthi ingwenya ye-Mississippi engu-272 kilogram iluma ngamandla angu-～9500 N (N - Newton, 1 N = 1 kg m/s2). Kodwa ingwenya engamakhilogremu angu-1308 wamanzi anosawoti wabonisa ingqondo engu-～34500 N. Ngendlela, amandla aphelele okuluma kubantu acishe abe ngu-1498 N.
Amandla okuluma akuxhomekile kakhulu emazinyweni, kodwa emisipha yomhlathi. Ezingwenya le misipha iminyene kakhulu futhi miningi. Nokho, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemisipha ethuthuke kakhulu enesibopho sokuvala umlomo (okunikeza amandla anjalo okuluma) kanye nemisipha ebuthaka enesibopho sokuvula umlomo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani umlomo wengwenya ungabanjwa ngeteyiphu elula.
Woza ungibonise ukuthi ubani okubize ngebhudi elincane.
Kodwa izingwenya zidinga umhlathi hhayi kuphela ngokubulala okungenasihawu ukuze zidle, kodwa nokunakekela inzalo yazo. Izingwenya zezinsikazi zivame ukuthwala amazinyane azo emihlathini (kunzima ukuthola indawo ephephile yazo, ngoba ngubani ongafuna ukukhuphuka lapho). Umlomo wezingwenya ufakwe ama-receptors azwela kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi zingakwazi ukulawula amandla okuluma kwazo, okuzivumela ukuba zibambe kangcono inyamazane noma zithwale izingane ngokucophelela.
Amazinyo omuntu, ngeshwa, awakhuli ngemuva kokuwa amadala, kodwa kukhona okufana nezingwenya - koqweqwe lwawo.
Isithombe #1: Izinyo le-Caudal le-Alligator mississippiensis.
Koqweqwe lwawo yigobolondo langaphandle lomqhele wezinyo. Iyingxenye eqine kakhulu yomzimba womuntu, kanye nezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla eziningi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba sazi, amazinyo ethu awashintshi ukuze athole amasha, ngakho-ke uqweqwe lwethu kufanele lube lukhulu. Kodwa ezingwenya, amazinyo agugile athathelwa indawo amasha, ngakho asikho isidingo soqweqwe oluqinile. Kuzwakala kunengqondo, kodwa ingabe kunjalo ngempela?
Ososayensi bathi ukuqonda izinguquko koqweqwe lwawo ngaphakathi kwentela eyodwa kuzosivumela ukuba sikhumbule kangcono esikhathini esizayo ukuthi ukwakheka koqweqwe lwawo kushintsha kanjani kuye ngokuthi i-biomechanics nokudla kwesilwane.
Izingwenya, okungukuthi i-alligator mississippiensis, zilungele lolu cwaningo ngezizathu ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, amazinyo abo, amandla okuluma kanye nokwakheka koqweqwe lwawo kuyashintsha ngokuya ngeminyaka nobukhulu bomuntu, okubuye kube ngenxa yezinguquko ekudleni. Okwesibili, amazinyo engwenya ane-morphology ehlukene kuye ngendawo yawo emhlathini.
Isithombe esingu-2: u-a no-b ubonisa umehluko wamazinyo phakathi kwabantu abakhulu nabancane, i-c-f ikhombisa amazinyo ezinsalela zamadlozi ezingwenya zesimanje.
Amazinyo e-rostral mancane futhi asetshenziselwa ukubamba inyamazane, kuyilapho amazinyo e-caudal abuthuntu futhi asetshenziselwa ukuchoboza ngamandla amakhulu okuluma. Ngamanye amazwi, umthwalo ezinyoni uncike endaweni elikuyo emhlathini kanye nobukhulu bomnikazi walo mhlathi.
Lolu cwaningo luveza imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kanye nezilinganiso zokuqina koqweqwe lwawo oluphelele (AET) kanye nobukhulu obujwayelekile (obuhlobene) boqweqwe lwamazinyo (RET) lwamazinyo engwenya.
I-AET iyisilinganiso sebanga elimaphakathi ukusuka ku-enamel-dentin junction kuya endaweni engaphandle koqweqwe lwawo futhi iyisilinganiso esiwumugqa. Futhi i-RET iyinani elingenasici elikuvumela ukuthi uqhathanise ukushuba okuhlobene koqweqwe lwawo ngezikali ezihlukene.
Ososayensi bahlole i-AET kanye ne-RET ye-rostral ("ekhaleni" lomhlathi), phakathi (maphakathi nomugqa) kanye namazinyo e-caudal (phansi komhlathi) kubantu abayisikhombisa bezinhlobo zezilwane. i-alligator mississippiensis.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwakheka koqweqwe lwawo kungancika ekudleni komuntu ngamunye kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane zizonke. Izingwenya zinokudla okubanzi kakhulu (ezikubambayo yilokho ezikudlayo), kodwa kuhlukile kokwezihlobo zazo, osekunesikhathi eside zanyamalala. Ukuhlola lokhu ngombono woqweqwe lwawo, ososayensi benza ukuhlaziya kwe-AET ne-RET kwezinsalela I-Protosuchidae (UCMP 97638), Iharkutosuchus (MTM VER 2018.837) kanye I-Allognathosuchus (YPM-PU 16989). I-Protosuchidae ungummeleli wenkathi yeJurassic, Iharkutosuchus - Isikhathi se-Cretaceous, futhi I-Allognathosuchus kusuka ku-Eocene.
Ngaphambi kokuqala izilinganiso zangempela, abacwaningi bahlanganisa ingqondo futhi baphakamisa imibono embalwa yethiyori:
- I-hypothesis 1a—Ngenxa yokuthi i-AET iyisilinganiso esiwumugqa futhi kufanele sincike kusayizi, ukuhluka kwe-AET kulindeleke ukuthi kuchazwe kangcono ngosayizi wogebhezi;
- I-hypothesis 1b—Ngenxa yokuthi i-RET ilinganiswe ngosayizi, ukuhluka kwe-RET kulindeleke ukuthi kuchazwe kangcono ngokuma kwezinyo;
- I-hypothesis 2a—Ngenxa yokuthi i-AET nobude bogebhezi kuyizilinganiso eziqondile zosayizi, kufanele zikale ngomthambeka we-isometric;
- I-Hypothesis 2b - Ngoba amazinyo e-caudal athola amandla amakhulu okuluma ku-arch, ngakho-ke i-RET izoba phezulu kumazinyo e-caudal.
Amathebula angezansi anikeza idatha yesampula (izingebhezi zezingwenya i-alligator mississippiensis, ethathwe eRockefeller Reserve eGrand Chenier, eLouisiana, kanye nezinsalela zamathambo).
Ithebula No. 1: idatha yokuskena amazinyo engwenya (i-rostral, i-intermediate kanye ne-caudal).
Ithebula No. 2: idatha yamazinyo (i-LSkull - ubude be-skull, i-hCrown - ukuphakama komqhele, i-VE - ivolumu yoqweqwe lwawo, i-VD - ivolumu ye-dentin, i-SAEDJ - indawo yesixhumi esibonakalayo se-enamel-dentin, i-AET - ukujiya okuphelele koqweqwe lwawo, i-RET - ukushuba koqweqwe lwawo).
Imiphumela yocwaningo
Ngokusho kwedatha yamazinyo evezwe kuThebula 2, ososayensi baphethe ngokuthi ukujiya koqweqwe lwawo kukala nge-isometrically ngobude bekhanda logebhezi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinyo likuphi.
Ithebula No. 3: Amanani we-AET kanye ne-RET ngokuya ngokuguquguqukayo.
Isithombe #3: Ukukala kwe-AET/RET ngokuhlobene nobude bekhanda logebhezi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubukhulu be-koqweqwe lwamazinyo emazinyweni e-caudal bukhulu kakhulu kunabanye, kodwa lokhu futhi akuxhomeki ngobude be-skull.
Ithebula No. 4: amanani aphakathi kokuqina koqweqwe lwawo kuzilwane ezinomgogodla eziphakeme (Crocodyliform - extra-taxon group of crocodiles, Dinosaur - dinosaurs, Artiodactyl - artiodactyls, Odontocete - suborder of cetaceans, Perissodactyl - odd-toed ungulates, Primate - primate - Igundane - amagundane).
Isithombe #4: Ubukhulu boqweqwe lwamazinyo e-caudal bukhulu kunobamanye amazinyo.
Idatha ephathelene nokukala (Ithebula No. 3) iqinisekisile i-hypothesis 1a, echaza ukuncika kwevelu ye-AET ngobude bogebhezi, hhayi endaweni yezinyo. Kodwa amanani e-RET, ngokuphambene nalokho, ancike endaweni yezinyo emgqeni, hhayi ubude bekhanda, okuqinisekisa i-hypothesis 1b.
Ama-hypotheses asele (2a no-2b) nawo aqinisekisiwe, ngokulandelayo kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kokuqina okumaphakathi koqweqwe lwamazinyo olunezikhundla ezihlukene emgqeni.
Ukuqhathaniswa koqweqwe lwazo lwengwenya yesimanje yaseMississippi kanye nokhokho bayo basendulo babonisa ukufana okuningi, kodwa futhi kwakukhona umehluko. Ngakho, ku-Allognathosuchus ukujiya koqweqwe lwawo kucishe kube ngama-33% amakhulu kunezingwenya zesimanje (isithombe esingezansi).
Isithombe #5: Ukuqhathaniswa kokujiya okumaphakathi koqweqwe lwawo ku-alligator kanye nezinsalela zengwenya ngokusekelwe ekuphakameni komqhele wezinyo.
Befingqa yonke imininingwane engenhla, ososayensi bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ukushuba koqweqwe lwawo kuncike ngokuqondile, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, indima yamazinyo. Uma la mazinyo edingeka ukuchotshozwa, koqweqwe lwawo luyoba lukhulu kakhulu. Ngaphambilini kwatholakala ukuthi ingcindezi (compressive force) yamazinyo e-caudal iphakeme kunaleyo yamazinyo e-rostral. Lokhu kubangelwa ngokunembile indima yabo - ukubamba inyamazane nokuchoboza amathambo. Ngakho-ke, uqweqwe oluqinile luvimbela ukulimala kwamazinyo, angaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu ngesikhathi sokudla. Ngempela, ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi amazinyo e-caudal ezingwenya aphuka kancane kakhulu, naphezu kokucindezeleka okukhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi amazinyo I-Allognathosuchus i-koqweqwe lwawo lukhulu kakhulu kunalolo lwezinye izingwenya ezicwaningiwe. Kukholakala ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezinsalela lwaluncamela ukudla izimfudu, futhi ukuchoboza amagobolondo azo kudinga amazinyo aqinile noqweqwe oluqinile.
Ososayensi baphinde baqhathanisa ukujiya koqweqwe lwazo lwengwenya namanye ama-dinosaurs, okuyisilinganiso esilinganiselwe sesisindo nobukhulu obuhambisanayo. Lokhu kuhlaziya kubonise ukuthi ama-crocodylians anoqweqwe olushubile (umdwebo ongezansi).
Isithombe #6: Ukuqhathaniswa koqweqwe lwawo lwengwenya namadayinaso.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uqweqwe lwawo lwe-tyrannosaurid lwalucishe lulingane nolwezingwenya ze-Allognathosuchus ezincane kakhulu ngisho nezingwenya zesimanje. Kunengqondo ukuthi ukwakheka kwamazinyo ezingwenya kuchazwa yimikhuba yazo mayelana nokuzingela nokudla.
Nokho, naphezu kwamarekhodi abo, uqweqwe lwawo lwama-archosaur (izingwenya, ama-dinosaurs, ama-pterosaur, njll.) luncane kunolwezilwane ezincelisayo.
Isithombe #7: Ukuqhathanisa ukujiya koqweqwe lwawo (AET) wezingwenya nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo.
Kungani uqweqwe lwabazingeli, abathembele kakhulu emihlathini yabo, luncane kunolwezilwane ezincelisayo? Impendulo yalo mbuzo yayivele ekuqaleni - esikhundleni samazinyo agugile amasha. Nakuba izingwenya zinamazinyo aqinile, azidingi, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, amazinyo aqine kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi izinyo elisha liyohlala lithatha indawo yelephukile. Izilwane ezincelisayo (ingxenye enkulu) azinalo leli thalente.
Isithombe #8: Ukuqhathaniswa koqweqwe lwawo (RET) lwengwenya nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ngokuqondile, ukushuba koqweqwe lwawo kuma-archosaur buyahlukahluka kusuka ku-0.01 kuye ku-0.314 mm, futhi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo kusuka ku-0.08 kuya ku-2.3 mm. Umehluko, njengoba besho, usobala.
Ukuze uthole ukubheka okuningiliziwe kwama-nuances ocwaningo, ngincoma ukuthi ubheke
Epilogue
Amazinyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi angazwakala eyinqaba kangakanani, ayithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni ukudla. Yebo, umuntu wanamuhla angakwazi njalo ukulungisa noma yikuphi ukukhubazeka okuhambisana namazinyo, kodwa phakathi kwabameleli basendle abekho odokotela bamazinyo. Ngisho nabantu babengazi njalo ukuthi kuyini ukwelashwa kwamazinyo. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zikhetha amazinyo aqinile futhi aqinile, kanti ezinye zikhetha ukuwashintsha, njengamagilavu. Izingwenya nezihlobo zazo ezikude zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu womabili. I-koqweqwe lwamazinyo emazinyweni, adingekayo ukuze ubambe inyamazane ngempumelelo kanye namathambo aphukile, aminyene kakhulu ezingwenya, kodwa ngenxa yokucindezeleka okukhulu, amazinyo abo asaguga futhi ngezinye izikhathi aphuka. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izinyo elisha lithatha indawo yezinyo elidala.
Kumuntu, esinye sezici ezisihlukanisayo yisithupha esiphikisayo, esisisize kakhulu emizamweni eminingi, kusukela “kuthatha induku bese ufenda umakhelwane ocasulayo egatsheni” futhi uphethe ngokuthi “thatha ipeni ubhale i-sonnet. ” Ezingwenya, ithuluzi elinjalo yimihlathi yazo, ikakhulukazi amazinyo azo. Yile ngxenye yomzimba eyenza izingwenya zibe abazingeli abayingozi nababulalayo okufanele zigwenywe.
NgoLwesihlanu ekuseni:
Ikhathuni elifushane elithakazelisa kakhulu futhi elihle ngobuhle lapho ingwenya ingeyona ingwenya impela.
Ikhathuni mayelana nokuthi awukwazi kanjani ukwethemba "izingodo" ezisolisayo emanzini, ikakhulukazi uma uyinkonkoni.
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