Amazinyo amakhulu, imihlathi eqinile, isivinini, ukubona okumangalisayo nokunye okuningi kuyizici ezisetshenziswa abadli bazo zonke izinhlobo nemivimbo ekuzingeleni. Inyamazane yona nayo ayifuni ukuhlala igoqe izidladla zayo (amaphiko, izinselo, izimpiko, njll.) futhi iza nezindlela ezintsha zokugwema ukuthintana okungafuneki nohlelo lokugaya ukudla kwesilwane esizingelayo. Abanye baba ngompetha bokucasha, abanye bazigcoba ngophoyizeni, abanye bajikijela izibilini zabo ebusweni bomoni (hello sea cucumbers). Kodwa kukhona nalabo indlela yabo yokuzivikela engabonakali noma ezwakalayo kithi. Amabhu awukudla okuyintandokazi kwamalulwane. Izigidi eziningi zeminyaka, bobabili bapholisha amakhono abo e-ultrasound. Amagundane ayisebenzisa ukuze athole inyamazane, futhi amabhu ayisebenzisela ukubona izilwane ezidla ezinye. Kodwa "ukuxwayiswa kusengaphambili" akwanele kumabhu, ngakho baye bahlakulela ikhono lokudala "ukuphazamiseka komsakazo" okuphazamisa "umbono" we-ultrasonic wamalulwane. Bakwenza kanjani lokhu, uma kubhekwa ubuthulu babo obuyi-100%, futhi kusebenza kangakanani ekubasizeni bagweme ukufa? Sizobheka izimpendulo embikweni weqembu locwaningo. Hamba.
Isisekelo socwaningo
Lapho uzingela ebusuku, udinga ukuba namehlo amahle kakhulu, umuzwa obukhali wokuhogela, noma ukuzwa okuhle kakhulu. Amalulwane akhetha okwakamuva ngomqondo othile. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-echolocation kunenzuzo kakhulu kumalulwane. Okokuqala, ukuzingela ebusuku kunciphisa inani lezingozi ezingase zibe khona kanye nokuncintisana ekufuneni ukudla. Okwesibili, kunezinambuzane eziningi ebusuku, okusho ukuthi amathuba okudla ngemva kuka-18:00 aphezulu kakhulu.
Amalulwane akhiqiza i-ultrasound emazingeni ahlukene okuvama kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nasohlotsheni olulodwa, imvamisa iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: ekuqaleni 130-150 kHz, bese kuba 30-40 kHz.
Ngesikhathi ezingela, amalulwane “akhipha” amagagasi akhanyayo “aphahlazeka” ezintweni eziwazungezile, kuhlanganise nezisulu ezingase zibe khona. Amagagasi abonisiwe abanjwa ilulwane futhi lingakwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwezithiyo noma ligxile ngokunembile ekuhlaseleni kwalo inyamazane yalo.
Lapho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusabalalisa amathalenta, amabhu nawo awazange ame eceleni. Ayakwazi ukukhiqiza umsindo we-ultrasonic noma amasiginali angamanga aqinisekisa ilulwane ukuthi awadleki. Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhu zisebenzisa i-stridulation. Leli gama elingavamile lilula kakhulu ukuchaza: khumbula ukuthi amakhilikithi "acula" kanjani ehlobo? Lokhu kuyi-stridulation. Enye inkosi ekhanyayo, noma ene-sonorous, yaleli thalenta ama-cicadas.
Omunye umthombo wemisindo kumabhu kungase kube i-percussion “castanets” - izakhi zobulili eziguquliwe (yebo, ososayensi babiza izitho zangasese ezikhiqiza ama-castanets anomsindo; ubucabanga ukuthi abantu besayensi abanawo ubuciko bokusungula?).
Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zamabhu zisebenzisa ama-tymbal (akufanele zididaniswe namasimbali) - ukwakheka okukhethekile kwe-cuticular ebusweni bomzimba “kunomcamelo” womoya ngaphansi.
Ocwaningweni olubuyekeziwe namuhla, ososayensi banake uhlobo lwamabhu iYponomeuta, lapho iningi lezinhlobo (futhi kukhona cishe eziyikhulu lazo) linokwakheka okungajwayelekile ku-arsenal yazo - indawo ekhanyayo emaphikweni angenazikali phakathi kwemithambo yeCu1b.
kanye cu2. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi inqwaba yama-ridge eduze nale ndawo, okungase kubonise ukuthi le ndawo ihileleke ekukhiqizeni umsindo ngokusebenzisa i-stridulation (mhlawumbe).
Esithombeni esingakwesokunxele (A) indawo yokwakheka okuguquguqukayo ichazwe ngomhlophe, futhi esithombeni esingakwesokudla (B) izithombe ze-SEM zendawo efanayo.
Ososayensi bazibekele umsebenzi wokuphendula imibuzo eminingana: ingabe le ndawo eguquguqukayo ikhiqiza umsindo noma cha, yiziphi izici zayo ze-acoustic (uma yenza), nokuthi le misindo isetshenziswa kanjani inundu empilweni yalo.
Izihloko eziyinhloko, okwakufanele zisize ekutholeni izimpendulo zemibuzo engenhla, kwakungabantu bezinhlobo ezimbili zamabhu - i-Y. evonymella kanye ne-Y. cagnagella.
Thola 10 umehluko: Y. evonymella (kwesokunxele) kanye Y. cagnagella (kwesokudla).
Lezi zifundo zithathwe endle ngenkathi zisesesigabeni sezibungu. Iziphungumangathi eziwumphumela zazigcinwa ezitsheni ezikhethekile ezingama-297 x 159 x 102 mm ezingeni lokushisa elingu-21 °C.
Imiphumela yokubuka
Ososayensi barekhoda izindiza zamahhala nezihleliwe zezihloko: izindiza ezi-15 zamahhala nezingu-2 ze-Y. evonymella; Izindiza ezirekhodiwe ezingu-9 ze-Y. cagnagella. Ngesikhathi sokundiza, amabhu akhiqiza ukuchofoza okufanayo kwe-ultrasonic ngesikhathi ngasinye se-wingbeat (amagrafu angezansi).
I-Spectrogram yokuchofoza kwe-ultrasonic phakathi ne-wingbeat eyodwa yebhu.
I-spectrogram engenhla ibonisa izindawo ezinemibala eminingi. Owokuqala (obomvu) ububanzi bemvamisa yemisindo ekhishwa amabhu omndeni omncane i-Arctiinae ngokumelene namalulwane. Futhi okwesibili (okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) uhla lokuzwa kwamalulwane ohlobo lwe-Eptesicus fuscus.
Ingqikithi yama-pulses amabili e-ultrasonic aqoshwa ngesikhathi sokushwibeka: eyodwa ekuqaleni kokushwiba neyesibili ekupheleni kokushwibeka. Kwakungesikhathi somfutho wokuqala lapho imvamisa yokuchofoza yaba nkulu. Inombolo yokuchofoza ukushaya ngakunye, uma kubhekwa ngokubonwayo, iqondana nenani lemigqa endaweni ekhanyayo. Ku-Y. evonymella, inani elimaphakathi lokuchofoza ngakunye kokushaya kwe-ultrasonic oku-1 ngu-12.6 ± 1.7, futhi kunemigqa engu-11 endaweni ekhanyayo (qaphela izinombolo esithombeni se-SEM sophiko).
Okulandelayo, ososayensi basusa ama-tymbals (indawo engu-260 x 800 µm) kubantu abayi-12 Y. evonymella kanye nemisindo eqoshiwe ngesikhathi bendiza ngaphambi nangemuva kokususwa. Inani lokuchofoza isikhathi ngasinye esingu-100 ms nalo libaliwe, elilingana namabhithi aphiko angaba ngu-3.
Abantu abayisikhombisa abakhiqizanga ukuchofoza ngemva kokususwa, abayisishiyagalombili bakhiqize ukuchofoza oku-1 kuphela, nokuchofoza okune kwakhiqiza, kodwa ngezinombolo ezimbalwa futhi nge-amplitude ephansi. Njengoba kwenzeka, kulezi zindawo ezine, izindawo ze-tymbal (izindawo eziguquguqukayo) azizange zisuswe ngokuphelele, ngakho zakhishwa ekuhlaziyweni okuqhubekayo.
Ngokokuhlola, ososayensi baqinisekisa ukuthi amabhu azo zombili izinhlobo zokuhlola akhiqiza imisindo. Manje banqume ukuzivivinya ukuze bazwe (abantu abangu-20 bezinhlobo ze-Y. evonymella kanye nabantu abangu-4 be-Y. cagnagella).
Ososayensi badlale i-ultrasound ngenkathi izifundo zindiza ngokukhululeka egumbini lokuhlola. Akekho noyedwa umuntu osabele kulokhu. Ukuhlolwa kwaphindwa, kodwa kwahlukaniswa abantu ngezinhlobo zezilwane ezitsheni ezihlukene, lapho babephumule khona. Futhi futhi, akekho ngisho nomnyakazo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokubeka abantu abangu-10 be-Y. evonymella ekamelweni elilodwa lendiza, ososayensi babone ukusabela kwezihloko komunye nomunye. Futhi kwakufana nasezivivinyweni ezedlule, okungukuthi, akukho.
Kuthiwani nge-stridulation? Ososayensi bahlole ukuthi amabhu okuhlola akhombisa yini izimpawu zokungqubuzana kwanoma yiziphi izingxenye zomzimba ukuze akhiphe imisindo. Futhi njengoba kwavela, abekho. Qaphela ukunyakaza kwamaphiko enu ngesikhathi sokundiza okulawulwayo kuvidiyo engezansi.
Kule vidiyo singabona ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko ezenzeka endaweni yamaphiko nezingxenye zawo ngesikhathi sokushaywa.
Njengoba indawo ekhanyayo isacwaningwa, akukho kungqubuzana okubonwe kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba webhu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi phakathi nokushwiba. Kodwa ukuchofoza ngandlela thile kuvela. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngokuzungezisa iphiko langemuva lihambisana ne-axis yalo lisuka phansi liye kwelinye ngesikhathi sezigaba ezingenhla neziphansi zokubhakuzisa kwephiko.
Ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwale nqubo kubonise ukuthi ngesikhathi sokukhothama (ukunyakaza kokujikeleza kwelungu) ekuqaleni kwe-flap, izingxenye ze-anal ne-jugal zephiko zigoqa phansi ngokuhlobene nengxenye yayo yangaphambili eduze kwe-claval groove.
Ukundiza kwebhu, ukubuka eceleni.
Le nqubo yenzeka kusukela phezulu kuya phansi kwephiko, ngakho-ke indawo ekhanyayo nayo ihilelekile. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuchofoza kwe-ultrasonic kwenzeka.
Ithebula elingenhla libonisa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokuchofoza okuyishumi okurekhodwe endaweni ephambene (90°) kuzo zonke izifundo (14 Y. evonymella kanye no-9 Y. cagnagella). Kwasungulwa imingcele ye-Spectral, ubude nobukhulu bokuchofoza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziya kwenziwa ngokuchofoza (oku-5 kumuntu ngamunye kwabayi-8) kokuma okuvundlile (0 °, 45 °, 90 ° kanye no-180 °).
Izinga elimaphakathi lomsindo lezihloko eziyisishiyagalombili ze-Y. evonymella eziqoshwe ezinhlangothini ezine: 0° - umbhobho ngaphambi kwebhu, 45° - ohlangothini olungaphambili, 90° - side, 180° - emuva.
Kwakungekho umehluko ophawulekayo: 0 ° no-45 °, Z = 0,3, p = 1,0; 0 ° no-180 °, Z = -2,3, p = 0,13; 45° kanye no-180°, Z = -2,4, p = 0,11.
Ososayensi baphinde babala ukuthi amalulwane azokuzwa ibanga elingakanani ukuchofozwa kwamabhu kuye ngokuthi akuphi. Imiphumela imi kanje: 6.0 ± 0.4 m ku-0°, 6.5 ± 0.4 m ku-45°, 7.9 ± 0.7 m ku-90° kanye no-5.6 ± 0.4 m ku-180°. Lezi zinkomba ziboniswa eshadini elingenhla (В).
Futhi lapha kugrafu А sibona i-amplitude yomsindo obonisiwe, ohlukahlukayo ebangeni lika-−35 ... −43 dB kumafrikhwensi ebangeni elingu-20 ... 160 kHz.
Ukuze uthole ukubheka okuningiliziwe ocwaningweni, ngincoma kakhulu ukuthi ubheke .
Epilogue
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kungaba okungenazimiso, okungenasihawu, okungajwayelekile futhi okuxakayo, njengoba isibonelo samabhu angaphansi kocwaningo sibonisa. Nakuba izithulu ngokuphelele, lezi zidalwa azinalo “izwi”. Esebenzisa izindawo ezikhanyayo ezimpikweni zawo lapho ebhakuzisa, amabhu akhiqiza ukuchofoza okukhanyayo okudida amalulwane alangazelela ukuzitika ngawo.
Ukujwayela okungajwayelekile okunjalo kuyiqiniso, kodwa kuzodala izinkulumo-mpikiswano eziningi mayelana nendlela eyakhiwe ngayo, yiziphi izinguquko zokuziphendukela kwemvelo amabhu adlula kuzo ukuze kuthuthukiswe indlela enjalo, nokuthi yaqala kuphi.
Siphinde sathola isiqiniseko sokuthi umhlaba ugcwele izidalwa ezimangalisayo ezingayeki ukumangala ngamakhono azo ebesingawazi.
Futhi, kunjalo, ngoLwesihlanu ongekho esihlokweni:
Lapha, wonke umuntu ohlushwa i-mottephobia (ukwesaba amabhu) cishe inhliziyo yakhe imile ngenxa yokwethuka.
Siyabonga ngokufunda, hlalani nelukuluku futhi nibe nempelasonto enhle bafana.
Siyabonga ngokuhlala nathi. Uyazithanda izindatshana zethu? Ufuna ukubona okuqukethwe okuthakaselayo okwengeziwe? Sisekele ngokufaka i-oda noma ngokuncoma kubangani, Isaphulelo sika-30% sabasebenzisi be-Habr ku-analogue ehlukile yamaseva eleveli yokungena, esungulwe yithi ngenxa yakho: (itholakala nge-RAID1 kanye ne-RAID10, kufika kuma-cores angu-24 kuze kufike ku-40GB DDR4).
VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 Cores) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps mahhala kuze kube intwasahlobo lapho ukhokha isikhathi esiyizinyanga eziyisithupha, ungakwazi uku-oda .
I-Dell R730xd ishibhile izikhathi ezi-2? Lapha kuphela eNetherlands nase-USA! Funda mayelana
Source: www.habr.com