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Haɗa ƙungiyoyi Linux в Windows amfani da PowerShell da WSL

Tambayar da aka saba yi daga masu haɓaka fasaha Windows"Me yasa babu wani abu a nan tukuna?" <ВСТАВЬТЕ ТУТ ЛЮБИМУЮ КОМАНДУ LINUX>? Ko yana da ƙarfi swipe less ko kayan aikin da aka sani grep ko sed, masu haɓaka a ƙarƙashin Windows suna son samun sauƙin samun waɗannan umarni a cikin ayyukansu na yau da kullun.

Tsarin ƙasa Windows to Linux (WSL) ya ɗauki babban mataki a wannan fanni. Yana ba ku damar kiran umarni Linux daga Windows, yana wakiltar su ta hanyar wsl.exe (misali. wsl ls). Kodayake wannan babban ci gaba ne, wannan zaɓin yana fama da rashin amfani da yawa.

  • Bugu da kari wsl m da m.
  • Pути Windows A cikin muhawara ba koyaushe yake aiki ba saboda ana fassara koma-baya a matsayin haruffan tserewa, ba masu raba kundin adireshi ba.
  • Pути Windows a cikin muhawara ba a fassara su zuwa wurin hawa daidai a cikin WSL ba.
  • Ba a mutunta saitunan tsoho a cikin bayanan martaba na WSL tare da laƙabi da masu canjin yanayi.
  • Ba a tallafawa kammala hanyar ba Linux.
  • Ba a tallafawa kammala umarni.
  • Ba a goyan bayan kammala jayayya.

Sakamakon ƙungiyar Linux ana gane su a ƙarƙashin Windows Suna kama da 'yan ƙasa na aji biyu—kuma suna da wahalar amfani da su fiye da ƙungiyoyin gida. Domin daidaita haƙƙoƙinsu, dole ne a magance waɗannan matsalolin.

Kayan aikin PowerShell

Tare da kayan aikin PowerShell, za mu iya ƙara cika umarni da kawar da buƙatar prefixes wsl, hanyoyin watsa labarai Windows A kan hanyar WSL. Bukatun asali don harsashi:

  • Ga kowace ƙungiya Linux Dole ne a sami na'urar rufewa guda ɗaya mai suna iri ɗaya.
  • Dole ne harsashi ya gane hanyoyi Windows, an wuce su azaman hujjoji, kuma an mayar da su zuwa hanyoyin WSL.
  • Ya kamata harsashi ya kira wsl tare da umarnin da ya dace Linux ga duk wani shigarwar bututun mai da kuma zartar da duk wani hujjar layin umarni da aka mika wa aikin.

Tun da ana iya amfani da wannan ƙirar ga kowane umarni, za mu iya taƙaita ma'anar waɗannan kundi sannan mu samar da su cikin kuzari daga jerin umarni don shigo da su.

# The commands to import.
$commands = "awk", "emacs", "grep", "head", "less", "ls", "man", "sed", "seq", "ssh", "tail", "vim"
 
# Register a function for each command.
$commands | ForEach-Object { Invoke-Expression @"
Remove-Alias $_ -Force -ErrorAction Ignore
function global:$_() {
    for (`$i = 0; `$i -lt `$args.Count; `$i++) {
        # If a path is absolute with a qualifier (e.g. C:), run it through wslpath to map it to the appropriate mount point.
        if (Split-Path `$args[`$i] -IsAbsolute -ErrorAction Ignore) {
            `$args[`$i] = Format-WslArgument (wsl.exe wslpath (`$args[`$i] -replace "", "/"))
        # If a path is relative, the current working directory will be translated to an appropriate mount point, so just format it.
        } elseif (Test-Path `$args[`$i] -ErrorAction Ignore) {
            `$args[`$i] = Format-WslArgument (`$args[`$i] -replace "", "/")
        }
    }
 
    if (`$input.MoveNext()) {
        `$input.Reset()
        `$input | wsl.exe $_ (`$args -split ' ')
    } else {
        wsl.exe $_ (`$args -split ' ')
    }
}
"@
}

jerin $command yana bayyana umarnin shigo da kaya. Sa'an nan kuma mu ƙirƙira da ƙarfi da ƙarfi ga kowane ɗayansu ta amfani da umarnin Invoke-Expression (ta hanyar cire duk wani laƙabi da zai ci karo da aikin).

Aikin yana maimaitawa akan hujjojin layin umarni kuma yana ƙayyade hanyoyin Windows ta amfani da umarni Split-Path и Test-Pathsannan ya juya waɗannan hanyoyin zuwa hanyoyin WSL. Muna tafiyar da hanyoyi ta hanyar aikin taimako Format-WslArgument, wanda za mu ayyana nan gaba. Yana tserewa haruffa na musamman kamar sarari da baƙaƙe waɗanda ba za a yi musu mummunar fassara ba.

A ƙarshe, muna isarwa wsl shigar da bututun da kowane gardama layin umarni.

Tare da taimakon irin waɗannan na'urorin rufewa za ku iya kiran umarnin da kuka fi so Linux ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta halitta, ba tare da ƙara wani ƙarin bayani ba wsl kuma ba tare da damuwa da yadda ake juya hanyoyin ba:

  • man bash
  • less -i $profile.CurrentUserAllHosts
  • ls -Al C:Windows | less
  • grep -Ein error *.log
  • tail -f *.log

An nuna ainihin saitin umarni a nan, amma zaka iya ƙirƙirar wrapper don kowane umarni. Linuxkawai ta hanyar ƙara shi zuwa jerin. Idan ka ƙara wannan lambar a cikin naka bayanin martaba PowerShell, waɗannan umarni za su kasance a gare ku a kowane zaman PowerShell, kamar umarnin ƙasa!

Saitunan Tsohuwar

В Linux Abu ne da aka saba bayyana sunayen laƙabi da/ko masu canjin yanayi a cikin bayanan martaba (bayanin martaba na shiga), saita sigogi na tsoho don umarnin da ake yawan amfani da su (misali, alias ls=ls -AFh ko export LESS=-i). Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amfani da wakili ta hanyar harsashi mara hulɗa wsl.exe - cewa bayanan martaba ba a ɗora su ba, don haka waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan ba su samuwa ta hanyar tsoho (watau. ls a cikin WSL da wsl ls za su yi daban-daban tare da laƙabin da aka ayyana a sama).

PowerShell yana bayarwa $PSDefaultParameterValues, daidaitaccen tsari don ayyana sigogin tsoho, amma don cmdlets kawai da ayyukan ci-gaba. Tabbas, zamu iya yin ayyuka na ci gaba daga cikin harsashi, amma wannan yana gabatar da matsalolin da ba dole ba (misali, PowerShell yana daidaita sunaye na yanki (misali, -a yayi daidai da -ArgumentList), wanda zai saɓa wa umarnin Linux, ɗaukar sunaye marasa tushe a matsayin muhawara), kuma tsarin da aka tsara don bayyana ƙimar tsoho ba zai zama mafi dacewa ba (fayyace muhawarar tsoho yana buƙatar sunan siga a cikin maɓallin, ba kawai sunan umarni ba).

Koyaya, tare da ɗan gyare-gyare ga harsashi, za mu iya aiwatar da samfurin kama $PSDefaultParameterValues, kuma kunna zaɓuɓɓukan tsoho don umarni Linux!

function global:$_() {
    …
 
    `$defaultArgs = ((`$WslDefaultParameterValues.$_ -split ' '), "")[`$WslDefaultParameterValues.Disabled -eq `$true]
    if (`$input.MoveNext()) {
        `$input.Reset()
        `$input | wsl.exe $_ `$defaultArgs (`$args -split ' ')
    } else {
        wsl.exe $_ `$defaultArgs (`$args -split ' ')
    }
}

Wucewa $WslDefaultParameterValues zuwa layin umarni, muna aika sigogi ta hanyar wsl.exe. Mai zuwa yana nuna yadda ake ƙara umarni zuwa bayanin martaba na PowerShell don saita saitunan tsoho. Yanzu za mu iya yi!

$WslDefaultParameterValues["grep"] = "-E"
$WslDefaultParameterValues["less"] = "-i"
$WslDefaultParameterValues["ls"] = "-AFh --group-directories-first"

Tun da sigogin ana yin su ne bayan $PSDefaultParameterValueszaka iya yana da sauƙi a kashe su na dan lokaci ta hanyar shigar da maɓallin "Disabled" cikin ma'ana $true. Ƙarin fa'idar tebur ɗin zanta daban shine ikon kashewa $WslDefaultParameterValues daban daga $PSDefaultParameterValues.

Ƙarshen jayayya

PowerShell yana ba ku damar yin rijistar tireloli masu hujja ta amfani da umarnin Register-ArgumentCompleter. Bash yana da ƙarfi shirye-shirye na atomatik kammala kayan aikin. WSL yana ba ku damar kiran bash daga PowerShell. Idan za mu iya yin rajistar kammala gardama don kayan aikin mu na PowerShell kuma mu kira bash don samar da abubuwan da aka kammala, muna samun cikakkiyar hujja tare da daidaici ɗaya kamar bash kanta!

# Register an ArgumentCompleter that shims bash's programmable completion.
Register-ArgumentCompleter -CommandName $commands -ScriptBlock {
    param($wordToComplete, $commandAst, $cursorPosition)
 
    # Map the command to the appropriate bash completion function.
    $F = switch ($commandAst.CommandElements[0].Value) {
        {$_ -in "awk", "grep", "head", "less", "ls", "sed", "seq", "tail"} {
            "_longopt"
            break
        }
 
        "man" {
            "_man"
            break
        }
 
        "ssh" {
            "_ssh"
            break
        }
 
        Default {
            "_minimal"
            break
        }
    }
 
    # Populate bash programmable completion variables.
    $COMP_LINE = "`"$commandAst`""
    $COMP_WORDS = "('$($commandAst.CommandElements.Extent.Text -join "' '")')" -replace "''", "'"
    for ($i = 1; $i -lt $commandAst.CommandElements.Count; $i++) {
        $extent = $commandAst.CommandElements[$i].Extent
        if ($cursorPosition -lt $extent.EndColumnNumber) {
            # The cursor is in the middle of a word to complete.
            $previousWord = $commandAst.CommandElements[$i - 1].Extent.Text
            $COMP_CWORD = $i
            break
        } elseif ($cursorPosition -eq $extent.EndColumnNumber) {
            # The cursor is immediately after the current word.
            $previousWord = $extent.Text
            $COMP_CWORD = $i + 1
            break
        } elseif ($cursorPosition -lt $extent.StartColumnNumber) {
            # The cursor is within whitespace between the previous and current words.
            $previousWord = $commandAst.CommandElements[$i - 1].Extent.Text
            $COMP_CWORD = $i
            break
        } elseif ($i -eq $commandAst.CommandElements.Count - 1 -and $cursorPosition -gt $extent.EndColumnNumber) {
            # The cursor is within whitespace at the end of the line.
            $previousWord = $extent.Text
            $COMP_CWORD = $i + 1
            break
        }
    }
 
    # Repopulate bash programmable completion variables for scenarios like '/mnt/c/Program Files'/<TAB> where <TAB> should continue completing the quoted path.
    $currentExtent = $commandAst.CommandElements[$COMP_CWORD].Extent
    $previousExtent = $commandAst.CommandElements[$COMP_CWORD - 1].Extent
    if ($currentExtent.Text -like "/*" -and $currentExtent.StartColumnNumber -eq $previousExtent.EndColumnNumber) {
        $COMP_LINE = $COMP_LINE -replace "$($previousExtent.Text)$($currentExtent.Text)", $wordToComplete
        $COMP_WORDS = $COMP_WORDS -replace "$($previousExtent.Text) '$($currentExtent.Text)'", $wordToComplete
        $previousWord = $commandAst.CommandElements[$COMP_CWORD - 2].Extent.Text
        $COMP_CWORD -= 1
    }
 
    # Build the command to pass to WSL.
    $command = $commandAst.CommandElements[0].Value
    $bashCompletion = ". /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion 2> /dev/null"
    $commandCompletion = ". /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/$command 2> /dev/null"
    $COMPINPUT = "COMP_LINE=$COMP_LINE; COMP_WORDS=$COMP_WORDS; COMP_CWORD=$COMP_CWORD; COMP_POINT=$cursorPosition"
    $COMPGEN = "bind `"set completion-ignore-case on`" 2> /dev/null; $F `"$command`" `"$wordToComplete`" `"$previousWord`" 2> /dev/null"
    $COMPREPLY = "IFS=`$'n'; echo `"`${COMPREPLY[*]}`""
    $commandLine = "$bashCompletion; $commandCompletion; $COMPINPUT; $COMPGEN; $COMPREPLY" -split ' '
 
    # Invoke bash completion and return CompletionResults.
    $previousCompletionText = ""
    (wsl.exe $commandLine) -split 'n' |
    Sort-Object -Unique -CaseSensitive |
    ForEach-Object {
        if ($wordToComplete -match "(.*=).*") {
            $completionText = Format-WslArgument ($Matches[1] + $_) $true
            $listItemText = $_
        } else {
            $completionText = Format-WslArgument $_ $true
            $listItemText = $completionText
        }
 
        if ($completionText -eq $previousCompletionText) {
            # Differentiate completions that differ only by case otherwise PowerShell will view them as duplicate.
            $listItemText += ' '
        }
 
        $previousCompletionText = $completionText
        [System.Management.Automation.CompletionResult]::new($completionText, $listItemText, 'ParameterName', $completionText)
    }
}
 
# Helper function to escape characters in arguments passed to WSL that would otherwise be misinterpreted.
function global:Format-WslArgument([string]$arg, [bool]$interactive) {
    if ($interactive -and $arg.Contains(" ")) {
        return "'$arg'"
    } else {
        return ($arg -replace " ", " ") -replace "([()|])", ('$1', '`$1')[$interactive]
    }
}

Lambar tana da ɗan girma ba tare da fahimtar wasu ayyukan ciki na bash ba, amma ainihin abin da muke yi shine:

  • Rijista mai cikar gardama ga duk nade-naden ayyukan mu ta hanyar wuce lissafi $commands a cikin siga -CommandName to Register-ArgumentCompleter.
  • Muna yin taswirar kowane umarni zuwa aikin harsashi wanda bash ke amfani da shi don cikawa ta atomatik (don ayyana ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun atomatik, amfani da bash $F, gajarta don complete -F <FUNCTION>).
  • Mayar da Hujja ta PowerShell $wordToComplete, $commandAst и $cursorPosition cikin tsarin da ake tsammani ta ayyukan bash's kammalawa ta atomatik bisa ga ƙayyadaddun bayanai shirye-shirye auto-kammala bash.
  • Muna tsara layin umarni don canjawa zuwa wsl.exe, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa an saita yanayin daidai, yana kiran aikin da ya dace ta atomatik, kuma yana fitar da sakamakon a cikin layi-by-line fashion.
  • Sai mu kira wsl tare da layin umarni, muna raba fitarwa ta hanyar masu rarraba layi kuma muna samar da kowane CompletionResults, rarrabuwar su da gujewa haruffa kamar sarari da baƙaƙe waɗanda ba za a yi musu mummunar fassara ba.

Sakamakon haka, harsashin umarninmu Linux zai yi amfani da daidai kammalawa ta atomatik kamar yadda yake a cikin bash! Misali:

  • ssh -c <TAB> -J <TAB> -m <TAB> -O <TAB> -o <TAB> -Q <TAB> -w <TAB> -b <TAB>

Kowane kammalawa ta atomatik yana ba da ƙima ta musamman ga gardamar da ta gabata, karanta bayanan sanyi kamar sanannun runduna daga WSL!

<TAB> za a sake zagayowar ta cikin sigogi. <Ctrl + пробел> zai nuna duk zaɓuɓɓukan da ake da su.

Hakanan, tunda yanzu muna da kammalawar bash ta atomatik yana aiki, zaku iya kammala hanyoyin ta atomatik Linux kai tsaye a cikin PowerShell!

  • less /etc/<TAB>
  • ls /usr/share/<TAB>
  • vim ~/.bash<TAB>

A cikin lokuta inda bash autocompletion bai samar da wani sakamako ba, PowerShell yana komawa ga hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su na tsarin. WindowsSaboda haka, a aikace, zaku iya amfani da hanyoyi biyu a lokaci guda gwargwadon iyawar ku.

ƙarshe

Ta amfani da PowerShell da WSL za mu iya haɗa umarni Linux в Windows kamar ƙa'idodin asali. Babu buƙatar bincika ginawa ko kayan aikin Win32 Linux ko katse aikin ta hanyar zuwa Linux-harshe. Kawai shigar da WSL, daidaita Bayanan martaba na PowerShell и jera umarnin da kuke son shigo da su! Cikakken kammalawa ta atomatik don sigogin umarni da hanyoyin fayil Linux и Windows — wannan aiki ne wanda ba ya samuwa ko da a cikin umarnin asali a yau Windows.

Cikakkun lambar tushe da aka bayyana a sama, da ƙarin jagorori don haɗa ta cikin tafiyar aikinku, akwai a nan.

Wadanne ƙungiyoyi? Linux Me kake ganin ya fi amfani? Waɗanne abubuwa ne ka saba da su da suka ɓace yayin aiki a ciki WindowsRubuta a cikin sharhi ko ku GitHub!

source: www.habr.com

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