Sannu duka! A cikin wannan labarin, ina so in yi magana game da yadda injin turbin gas ɗin jirgin sama (GTE) ke aiki. Zan yi ƙoƙarin yin wannan a matsayin mai sauƙi kuma mai iya fahimta sosai.
Ana iya raba injunan turbine na jirgin zuwa:
- injin turbojet (TRD)
- injunan turbojet guda biyu (injunan turbojet)
- Injin Turboprop (TVD)
- Injin Turboshaft (TVaD)
Bugu da ƙari, injunan turbojet da turbofans na iya ƙunsar bayan ƙonawa, wanda hakan zai zama turbofans da turbofans, bi da bi. Ba za mu yi la’akari da su a wannan talifin ba.
Bari mu fara da injin turbojet.
Turbojet injuna
An kirkiro wannan nau'in injin a farkon rabin karni na 20 kuma ya fara samun amfani da yawa zuwa karshen yakin duniya na biyu. Jirgin saman turbojet na farko a duniya shine Jamus Me.262. Injin Turbofan sun shahara har zuwa 60s, bayan haka an fara maye gurbinsu da injin turbofan.
Hoton zamani na Me-262 wanda aka ɗauka a cikin 2016
Injin turbojet mafi sauƙi ya haɗa da abubuwa masu zuwa:
- Na'urar shigarwa
- Kwampreso
- ɗakin konewa
- Turbine
- Jet bututun ƙarfe (nan gaba kawai bututun ƙarfe)
Zamu iya cewa wannan shine mafi ƙarancin saiti don aikin injin na yau da kullun.
Yanzu bari mu kalli abin da ake buƙata don menene kuma me yasa.
Na'urar shigarwa tashar fadadawa ce wacce ake ba da iska zuwa kwampreso kuma an riga an matsa. A cikinsa, ƙarfin motsa jiki na iska mai shigowa yana juye juzu'i zuwa matsa lamba.
*nan gaba zamuyi magana akan saurin subsonic. A supersonic gudun, kimiyyar lissafi canje-canje, kuma komai ya bambanta a can.
Compressor shine na'urar da ke ƙara yawan iska. Ana iya siffanta kwampreso ta hanyar ƙima kamar matakin karuwar matsa lamba. A cikin injuna na zamani ya riga ya fara wuce raka'a 40. Bugu da ƙari, yanayin zafi a cikinsa yana ƙaruwa (watakila wani wuri har zuwa digiri 400 ma'aunin Celsius).
Wurin konewa wata na'ura ce da ake ba da zafi ga iska mai matsa lamba (bayan kwampreso) saboda konewar man fetur. Zazzabi a cikin ɗakin konewa yana da girma sosai, zai iya kaiwa digiri 2000 ma'aunin Celsius. Yana iya zama a gare ku cewa matsa lamba gas a cikin ɗakin kuma yana ƙaruwa sosai, amma wannan ba haka ba ne. A ka'ida, an yarda da cewa ana ba da zafi a matsa lamba akai-akai. A gaskiya ma, yana raguwa kadan saboda hasara (matsalar ƙira mara kyau).
Turbine na'ura ce da ke juyar da wani yanki na makamashin iskar gas bayan ɗakin konewa zuwa makamashin motsa jiki. Tunda ana amfani da injin turbin ba kawai a cikin jirgin sama ba, ana iya ba da ƙarin ma'anar gabaɗaya: wannan na'urar ce wacce ke juyar da makamashin ciki na ruwa mai aiki (a cikin yanayinmu, ruwan aiki shine gas) zuwa aikin injina akan shaft. Kamar yadda zaku iya fahimta, injin turbine da compressor suna kan shaft guda kuma suna da alaƙa da juna. Idan matsa lamba gas ya karu a cikin kwampreso, to, a cikin turbine, akasin haka, yana raguwa, wato, iskar gas yana faɗaɗa.
Bututun bututun ƙarfe shine tashar tapering wanda yuwuwar ƙarfin iskar gas ke canzawa zuwa makamashin motsa jiki (sauran ajiyar makamashin iskar gas bayan turbine). Kamar yadda yake a cikin injin turbin, haɓakar iskar gas yana faruwa a cikin bututun ƙarfe. An kafa jet, wanda, yana gudana daga cikin bututun ƙarfe, yana motsa jirgin.
Mun tsara abubuwan asali. Amma har yanzu ba a bayyana yadda yake aiki ba? Sa'an nan kuma bari mu sake yi kuma a takaice.
Iska daga yanayi yana shiga cikin na'urar shigar, inda aka dan matsa sannan ya shiga cikin kwampreso. A cikin kwampreso, karfin iska yana ƙaruwa har ma da ƙari, kuma yawan zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa. Bayan compressor, iska ta shiga ɗakin konewa kuma, haɗuwa a can tare da man fetur, yana ƙonewa, wanda ke haifar da karuwa mai karfi a cikin zafin jiki, a, wanda zai iya cewa, matsa lamba akai-akai. Bayan ɗakin konewa, iskar gas mai zafi yana shiga cikin injin turbine. Wani bangare na makamashin iskar yana kashewa ne wajen jujjuya kwampreso da injin turbine (domin zai iya gudanar da aikinsa da aka bayyana a sama), dayan bangaren makamashin kuma yana kashewa ne wajen tafiyar da jirgin da muke bukata, saboda gaskiyar lamarin. cewa iskar gas, bayan ya wuce injin turbin, ya juya ya zama rafi na jet a cikin bututun ƙarfe ya tsere daga gare ta (bututun) zuwa cikin yanayi. Wannan yana kammala zagayowar. Tabbas, a gaskiya, duk matakai a cikin sake zagayowar suna faruwa a ci gaba.
Ana kiran wannan sake zagayowar da zagayowar Brayton, ko kuma zagayowar thermodynamic tare da ci gaba da aiki da shigar da zafi a matsi akai-akai. Duk injunan injin iskar gas suna aiki bisa ga wannan zagayowar.
Zagayen Brayton a cikin daidaitawar P-V
N-B - tsarin matsawa a cikin na'urar shigarwa
V-K - tsarin matsawa a cikin kwampreso
K-G - samar da zafi na isobaric
G-T - tsarin fadada gas a cikin injin turbine
G-S - tsarin fadada gas a cikin bututun ƙarfe
С-Н - cirewar zafi na isobaric cikin yanayi
Tsarin tsari na injin turbojet, inda 0-0 shine axis injin
Injin turbojet na iya samun ramuka biyu. A wannan yanayin, da kwampreso ya ƙunshi ƙananan matsa lamba (LPC) da kuma babban matsa lamba (HPC), kuma samar da aikin za a gudanar da wani low-matsa lamba turbine (LPT) da kuma high-matsa lamba turbine. HPT), bi da bi. Wannan tsari ya fi dacewa da gasdynamically.
Cutaway View na ainihin injin irin wannan
Mun bincika ƙa'idar aiki mafi sauƙi na da'irar injin injin turbin jirgin sama. A dabi'ance, Airbuses na zamani da Boeings suna sanye da injunan turbofan, wanda ƙirar ƙirar ta fi rikitarwa, amma duk abin da ke aiki daidai da dokoki iri ɗaya. Mu duba su.
Injin turbojet mai kewayawa biyu
Injin turbofan, da farko, ya bambanta da injin turbojet saboda yana da da'irori guda biyu: na waje da na ciki. Da'irar cikin gida tana ƙunshe da abu ɗaya da injin turbojet: compressor (an raba zuwa LPC da HPC), ɗakin konewa, injin turbine (wanda aka raba zuwa HPT da LHP) da bututun ƙarfe. Kwakwalwar waje tashar ce mai bututun ƙarfe a ƙarshe. Ba shi da ɗakin konewa ko injin turbin. A gaban da'irori biyu (nan da nan bayan shigarwar injin) akwai matakan kwampreso da ke aiki akan duka da'irori.
Ba hoto bane bayyananne, dama? Bari mu gano yadda yake aiki.
Tsarin tsari na injin turbojet tagwaye-shaft kewaye
Iskar da ke shiga injin, tana wucewa ta mataki na farko na ƙananan matsa lamba, ya kasu kashi biyu. Wani ɓangare na iska yana gudana tare da kewaye na ciki, inda tsarin guda ɗaya ke faruwa wanda aka kwatanta lokacin da muka kwance injin turbojet. Kashi na biyu na iska yana shiga cikin kewayen waje, yana karɓar makamashi daga matakin farko na LPC (wanda ke aiki akan da'irori biyu). A cikin da'irar waje, ana kashe makamashin iska ne kawai don shawo kan asarar hydraulic (saboda gogayya). A ƙarshe, wannan iska tana shiga bututun madauki na waje, yana haifar da tuƙi mai girma. Ƙaƙwalwar da kewayen waje ta ƙirƙira na iya yin lissafin kashi 80% na tura injin gabaɗaya.
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman halaye na injin turbofan shine rabon kewayawa. Matsakaicin kewayawa shine rabon kwararar iska a cikin madauki na waje zuwa kwararar iska a madauki na ciki. Wannan lambar na iya zama ko dai girma ko ƙasa da ɗaya. A kan injuna na zamani wannan lambar ya wuce raka'a 12.
Injunan da ke da ma'aunin kewayawa fiye da biyu galibi ana kiransu injin turbofan, kuma matakin farko na kwampreso (wanda ke aiki a duka da'irori) ana kiransa fan.
Injin turbofan Boeing 757-200. Ana iya ganin na'urar shigarwa da fanfo a gaba.
A kan wasu injuna, injin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana kora shi, wanda aka sanya shi kusa da bututun kewayawa na ciki. Daga nan sai injin ya juya ya zama shaft uku. Misali, injunan Rolls Royce RB211 (wanda aka sanya akan L1011, B747, B757, B767), D-18T (An-124), D-36 (Yak-42) an yi su bisa ga wannan ƙirar.
D-18T a cikin sashe daga ciki
Babban fa'idar injin turbofan shine ikon haifar da haɓaka mai ƙarfi da ingantaccen inganci idan aka kwatanta da injin turbojet.
Da wannan zan so in gama game da injin turbofan kuma matsa zuwa nau'in injin na gaba - injin turbofan.
Turboprop injuna
Injin turboprop, kamar turbojet, injin turbin gas ne. Kuma yana aiki kusan kamar turbojet. Injin turboprop na asali ya ƙunshi abubuwan da muka riga muka sani: compressor, ɗakin konewa, injin turbine da bututun ƙarfe. Ana kara musu akwatin gear da dunƙulewa.
Ka'idar aiki iri ɗaya ce da ta turbojet, tare da bambancin cewa kusan dukkanin makamashin iskar gas ana kashewa a cikin injin turbine don jujjuya kwampreta da jujjuya farfela ta cikin akwatin gear (a nan propeller da akwatin gear suna kan ɗaya). shaft kamar compressor). Tufafin yana haifar da mafi yawan abin turawa. Ragowar bangaren makamashin bayan turbine an kai shi cikin bututun ƙarfe, yana samar da bugun jet, amma ƙarami ne, yana iya zama kashi goma na jimlar. Ana buƙatar akwatin gear a cikin wannan makircin don rage saurin gudu da watsa wutar lantarki, tunda injin turbine yana iya jujjuyawa a mitoci mai yawa, alal misali, 10000 rpm, amma propeller kawai yana buƙatar 1500. Kuma propeller yana da nauyi sosai.
Tsarin tsari na gidan wasan kwaikwayo
Amma akwai wani zane don injunan turboprop: tare da turbine kyauta.
Mahimmancinsa shi ne cewa an shigar da wani turbine daban a bayan turbine na kwampreso da aka saba, wanda ba a haɗa shi da injina da injin turbine ba. Irin wannan injin injin ana kiransa kyauta. Haɗin da ke tsakanin injin turbine na kwampreso da injin turbin kyauta shine kawai mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Daga turbine na kyauta akwai shinge daban wanda aka shigar da akwatin gear tare da propeller. Komai yana aiki iri ɗaya kamar yadda yake a cikin shari'ar farko. Yawancin injunan zamani an kera su daidai wannan hanyar. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin wannan makirci shine ikon yin amfani da injin da ke ƙasa a matsayin na'ura mai ba da wutar lantarki (APU), ba tare da tuki ba.
Tsarin tsari na injin turboprop tare da injin turbine kyauta
Ina so in lura cewa babu buƙatar kallon injunan turboprop a matsayin relic mara amfani na baya. Na sha jin irin wadannan maganganu sau da yawa, amma ba gaskiya ba ne.
A wasu lokuta, injin turboprop yana da mafi girman inganci, a matsayin mai mulkin, a kan jirgin sama da ba shi da sauri sosai (alal misali, 500 km / h), haka ma, jirgin zai iya zama girman girman. A wannan yanayin, injin turboprop na iya samun riba sau da yawa fiye da injin turbojet da aka tattauna a baya.
Wannan shine inda zamu iya gamawa game da injunan turboprop. A hankali muna gabatowa manufar injin turboshaft.
Injin Turboshaft
Dole ne wannan shine karo na farko da yawancin masu karatu a nan suka ji irin wannan suna. Ana shigar da irin wannan injin akan jirage masu saukar ungulu.
Injin turboshaft yayi kama da injin turboprop mai kyauta. Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi na'ura mai kwakwalwa, ɗakin konewa, injin turbine, sannan akwai injin turbin kyauta, wanda aka haɗa da duk abin da ya gabata kawai gasdynamic. Amma irin wannan injin ba ya haifar da tuƙin jet; ba shi da bututun jirage, shaye-shaye kawai. Turbine na kyauta yana da nasa shaft, wanda aka haɗa zuwa babban akwatin gearbox na helikwafta (babban rotor). Ee, duk jirage masu saukar ungulu na san suna da irin wannan akwatin gear, kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana da girma mai ban sha'awa. Gaskiyar ita ce saurin rotor na helikwafta yana da ƙasa sosai. Idan na jirgin sama, kamar yadda na rubuta a sama, za su iya isa 1500 rpm, to, helikofta, misali, Mi-8, kawai 193 rpm.
Kuma saurin injin jirgin helikwafta sau da yawa yana da yawa (saboda ƙananan girmansa), kuma wajibi ne a rage shi sau ɗari ko fiye. Yana faruwa cewa gearbox da aka shigar a kan engine da kuma a kan helikofta kanta, misali, a kan Mi-2 da GTD-350 engine.
Tsarin tsari na injin turboshaft
Injin TV3-117 daga helikofta Mi-8. Ana iya ganin bututun shaye-shaye da tuƙi a hannun dama
Don haka, mun kalli injunan injin turbin gas iri hudu. Ina fatan rubutu na ya kasance a sarari kuma ya amfane ku. Kuna iya rubuta duk tambayoyi da sharhi a cikin sharhi.
Gode muku da hankali.
source: www.habr.com
