A ranar 3 ga Agusta a Moscow, tsakanin 12:00 da 14:30, cibiyar sadarwar Rostelecom AS12389 ta sami ɗan ƙaramin tallafi amma sananne. NetBlocks abin da ya faru shi ne na farko "rufe jihar" a tarihin Moscow. Wannan kalmar tana nufin rufewa ko ƙuntatawa ga hukuma ta hanyar Intanet.
Abin da ya faru a Moscow a karon farko ya kasance yanayin duniya tsawon shekaru da yawa yanzu. A cikin shekaru uku da suka wuce, hukumomi 377 ne aka yi niyya na rufe intanet da hukumomi ke yi a duniya, a cewar .
Jihohi na kara yin amfani da takunkumin hana shiga yanar gizo, a matsayin kayan aikin tantancewa da kuma wani makami na yaki da haramtattun ayyuka.
Amma tambayar ita ce, yaya tasirin wannan kayan aiki yake? Wane sakamako amfaninsa ke haifarwa? Kwanan nan, an gudanar da bincike da dama wadanda suka yi karin haske kan wannan batu.
Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyu don kashe Intanet, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su:
Na farko shine rushewar dukkanin hanyar sadarwa, kamar wannan .
Na biyu shine toshe hanyar shiga wasu gidajen yanar gizo (misali, cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a) ko saƙon take,” kamar haka .
Babban matsalar rashin Intanet na farko a duniya ya faru ne a cikin 2011, lokacin da gwamnatin Masar ta rufe intanet da hanyoyin sadarwar wayar hannu na tsawon kwanaki biyar a lokacin "".
Amma a cikin 2016 ne wasu gwamnatocin Afirka suka fara amfani da rufewar yau da kullun. Jumhuriyar Kongo ce ta fara yin shari'ar baƙar fata, wadda ta toshe duk wata hanyar sadarwa na tsawon mako guda a lokacin gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa.
Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa rufewa ba koyaushe ba ne na siyasa. a lokacin jarrabawar makaranta don hana zubewar tambayoyin jarabawa. A Brazil WhatsApp a 2015 da 2016 bayan Facebook Inc (wanda ya mallaki WhatsApp) ya kasa biyan bukatun kotu na neman bayanai a wani bangare na binciken laifuka.
Bugu da ƙari, hakika gaskiya ne cewa maganganun ƙiyayya da labaran karya na iya yaɗuwa da sauri a kan kafofin watsa labarun da aikace-aikacen saƙo. Daya daga cikin hanyoyin da hukumomi ke amfani da su wajen hana yada irin wadannan bayanai ita ce takurawa hanyar sadarwa.
A bara, alal misali, kwarara Ya samo asali ne sakamakon jita-jita da aka yada ta WhatsApp, wanda ya yi sanadiyar kashe mutane 46.
Koyaya, a cikin ƙungiyar haƙƙin dijital yi imani cewa yada bayanan karya galibi yana aiki ne kawai a matsayin murfin rufewar wucin gadi. Misali, Rufe yanar gizo a Syria ya nuna cewa suna da nasaba da tashin hankalin da dakarun gwamnati ke yi.
Dalilin VS na ainihi na rufewar Intanet a cikin 2018 bisa ga bayanai .
Geography of outages
A 2018 shekara An yi rikodin katsewar Intanet 196 a duk duniya. Kamar yadda aka yi a shekarun baya, akasarin tafiye-tafiyen sun kasance a Indiya, kashi 67% na duk an ruwaito su a duniya.
Sauran kashi 33% a kasashe daban-daban: Algeria, Bangladesh, Kamaru, Chadi, Ivory Coast, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Habasha, Indonesia, Iraki, Kazakhstan, Mali, Nicaragua, Najeriya, Pakistan, Philippines da Rasha.
Tasirin katsewa
An buga shi a watan Fabrairun 2019, marubucinsa Jan Rydzak daga Jami'ar Stanford yana binciken rufewar Intanet da tasirin su kusan shekaru 5.
Jan Rydzak ya karanci Indiya, wacce ke da karin rufewar intanet fiye da ko'ina a duniya. Ba a bayyana dalilan da yawa daga cikinsu ba, amma waɗanda aka san su a hukumance yawanci ana bayyana su ta hanyar buƙatar murkushe ayyukan tarzoma iri-iri.
Gabaɗaya, Rydzak ya bincika zanga-zangar 22 a Indiya tsakanin 891 da 2016. Bincikensa ya nuna cewa duka intanet da ƙuntatawa na kafofin watsa labarun ba su bayyana don rage yawan haɓaka ba.
A lokuta da zanga-zangar ta shafi tashin hankali, ya gano cewa rufewar intanet yana da alaƙa da haɓaka. Kowace rana bayan rufe Intanet ya haifar da tashin hankali fiye da lokacin da aka yi zanga-zangar tare da shiga Intanet akai-akai.
A halin da ake ciki, yayin rufewar intanet, zanga-zangar lumana, wacce wataƙila ta fi dogaro da daidaituwar hankali a cikin tashoshi na dijital, ba su nuna tasiri mai mahimmanci na rufewa ba.
Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya nuna cewa a wasu lokuta, rufe hanyoyin sadarwa ya haifar da maye gurbin hanyoyin da ba su dace ba tare da masu tayar da hankali, wanda ya nuna ba ya dogara da ingantaccen sadarwa da daidaitawa.
Farashin outages
Yayin da rufe hanyoyin shiga intanet ke zama abin farin jini ga gwamnatoci da yawa, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa ba tafiya kyauta ba ce.
A cikin kasashe 19 daga Yuli 2015 zuwa Yuni 2016, Darrell West na Cibiyar Brookings ta gano cewa an kiyasta asarar GDP da ta kai dala biliyan 2,4.
Jerin ƙasashe masu iyakacin asara daga rufewar Intanet.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa Darrell West kawai yayi la'akari da tasirin tattalin arziƙin na fita . Bai ƙididdige farashin kuɗin harajin da aka rasa ba, tasiri akan yawan aiki ko asarar amincewar masu saka hannun jari daga rufewar.
Don haka, adadi na dala biliyan 2,4 kiyasin ra'ayin mazan jiya ne wanda mai yiyuwa ne ya gaza bayyana ainihin barnar tattalin arziki.
ƙarshe
Tabbas batun yana buƙatar ƙarin nazari. Misali, amsar tambayar nawa ne za a iya hasashen binciken rufewar a Indiya ga kowace kasa, a takaice, ba a bayyane yake ba.
Amma a lokaci guda, yana bayyana cewa rufewar intanet shine, a mafi kyawu, kayan aiki mara kyau tare da tsadar amfani. Amfani da wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako.
Kuma watakila wasu haɗari, misali, ƙuntatawa na ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ko kotuna, tabarbarewar yanayin saka hannun jari. Har yanzu ba a yi nazarin yiwuwar faruwar su ba.
Idan kuma haka ne, me yasa?
source: www.habr.com