Sannu, mazauna Khabro! Shin zai yiwu a yi magana game da salon, bangaskiya ko fantasy a cikin ilimin kimiyya na asali?
Duniya ba ta da sha'awar salon ɗan adam. Ba za a iya fassara kimiyya da bangaskiya ba, domin a koyaushe ana fuskantar gwajin gwaji mai tsauri kuma ana watsar da shi da zarar ka'idar ta fara cin karo da haƙiƙanin gaskiya. Kuma fantasy gabaɗaya yana watsi da gaskiya da dabaru. Duk da haka, babban Roger Penrose ba ya so ya yi watsi da waɗannan abubuwan gaba ɗaya, saboda salon kimiyya na iya zama injin ci gaba, bangaskiya yana bayyana lokacin da aka tabbatar da ka'idar ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje na gaske, kuma idan ba tare da fantasy ba mutum ba zai iya fahimtar duk abubuwan ban mamaki na mu ba. Duniya.
A cikin babin "Fashion", za ku koyi game da ka'idar kirtani, mafi kyawun ka'idar gaye na 'yan shekarun nan. “Imani” an sadaukar da shi ne ga ƙa’idodin da injiniyoyin ƙididdiga suka tsaya akan su. Kuma "Fantasy" bai damu da komai ba face ka'idodin asalin duniya da aka sani da mu.
3.4. Babban Bang Paradox
Bari mu fara gabatar da tambayar abin lura. Wace shaida kai tsaye akwai cewa duk duniya da ake iya gani ta kasance sau ɗaya a cikin matsananciyar matsatsi da yanayi mai tsananin zafi wanda zai yi daidai da hoton Big Bang da aka gabatar a Sashe na 3.1? Shaidar da ta fi tursasawa ita ce radiyon sararin samaniya na microwave (CMB), wani lokaci ana kiransa babban bang. CMB radiation haske ne, amma yana da tsayi mai tsayi sosai, don haka ba zai yiwu a gan shi da idanunka ba. Wannan hasken yana zubo mana daga ko'ina sosai a ko'ina (amma galibi ba tare da daidaituwa ba). Yana wakiltar zafi mai zafi tare da zafin jiki na ~ 2,725 K, wato, fiye da digiri biyu sama da cikakken sifili. An yi imanin cewa "hakika" da aka gani ya samo asali ne a cikin wani yanayi mai zafi mai ban mamaki (~ 3000 K a wancan lokacin) kimanin shekaru 379 bayan Babban Bang - a zamanin watsawa na ƙarshe, lokacin da duniya ta fara bayyana ga radiation na lantarki (ko da yake wannan bai faru ba kwata-kwata a lokacin Babban Bang) fashewa; wannan lamari ya faru ne a farkon 000/1 na yawan shekarun duniya - daga Big Bang har zuwa yau). Tun daga zamanin warwatse na ƙarshe, tsawon waɗannan raƙuman haske ya ƙaru kusan kamar yadda duniyar da kanta ta faɗaɗa (da kusan 40), ta yadda ƙarfin makamashi ya ragu sosai. Saboda haka, yanayin zafin da aka lura na CMB shine kawai 000 K.
Gaskiyar cewa wannan radiation da gaske ba ya haɗawa (wato, thermal) yana da ban sha'awa ta tabbatar da ainihin yanayin mitar sa, wanda aka nuna a cikin siffa. 3.13. Ƙarfin radiation a kowane takamaiman mitar ana ƙididdige shi a tsaye akan jadawali, kuma mitar tana ƙaruwa daga hagu zuwa dama. Ci gaba da lanƙwasa yayi daidai da bakan na Planck blackbody wanda aka tattauna a cikin Sashe na 2.2 don zafin jiki na 2,725 K. Maƙallan da ke kan lanƙwasa bayanai ne daga takamaiman abubuwan lura waɗanda aka ba da sandunan kuskure. A lokaci guda, sandunan kuskure suna ƙaruwa sau 500, tunda in ba haka ba za su zama ba zai yiwu a yi la'akari da su ba, har ma a hannun dama, inda kurakurai suka kai iyakar su. Yarjejeniyar tsakanin madaidaicin ka'idar da sakamakon lura abu ne mai ban mamaki kawai-watakila mafi kyawun yarjejeniya tare da bakan thermal da aka samu a yanayi.
Koyaya, menene wannan daidaituwar ke nunawa? Gaskiyar cewa muna la'akari da yanayin da, a fili, ya kasance kusa da ma'aunin thermodynamic (wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da kalmar incoherent a baya). Amma menene ƙarshe ya biyo bayan gaskiyar cewa sabuwar halitta ta kasance kusa da ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio? Mu koma ga Fig. 3.12 daga sashe na 3.3. Yankin da ya fi faɗin ƙanƙara zai (ta ma'anarsa) ya fi kowane irin wannan yanki girma, kuma yawanci zai kasance mai girma dangi da sauran wanda zai mamaye su duka! Ma'auni na thermodynamic yayi daidai da yanayin macroscopic, wanda, mai yiwuwa, kowane tsarin zai zo ba dade ko ba dade. Wani lokaci ana kiran shi da thermal death na Universe, amma a cikin wannan yanayin, m isa, ya kamata mu yi magana game da thermal haihuwa na Universe. Halin yana da sarkakiya ta yadda sabuwar duniya ta haɓaka cikin sauri, don haka jihar da muke la'akari a zahiri ba ta da daidaito. Duk da haka, fadadawa a cikin wannan yanayin ana iya la'akari da ainihin adiabatic - Tolman ya gamsu da wannan batu a cikin 1934 [Tolman, 1934]. Wannan yana nufin cewa darajar entropy ba ta canza ba yayin fadadawa. (Yanayin da ya yi kama da wannan, lokacin da ake kiyaye ma'auni na thermodynamic saboda fadada adiabatic, ana iya kwatanta shi a cikin sararin samaniya a matsayin saitin yankuna masu girma dabam tare da yanki mai laushi, wanda ya bambanta da juna kawai a cikin takamaiman kundin sararin samaniya. Za mu iya ɗauka cewa wannan jiha ta farko ta kasance tana da matsakaicin entropy - duk da fadadawa!).
A bayyane yake, muna fuskantar wani yanayi na musamman. Bisa ga muhawarar da aka gabatar a Sashe na 3.3, Dokar ta Biyu tana buƙatar (kuma ita ce, bisa ƙa'ida, ta bayyana ta) Babban Bang ya zama yanayin macroscopic tare da ƙananan entropy. Duk da haka, abubuwan lura na CMB da alama suna nuna cewa yanayin macroscopic na Big Bang yana da alaƙa da babban entropy, watakila ma matsakaicin yiwuwar. Ina muka je da gaske ba daidai ba?
Anan akwai bayani guda ɗaya game da wannan sabani: ana ɗauka cewa, tun da jaririn da aka haifa ya kasance "ƙananan", za a iya samun iyaka zuwa matsakaicin matsakaici, kuma yanayin ma'aunin thermodynamic, wanda a bayyane yake ana kiyaye shi a lokacin. kawai iyakance matakin entropy mai yiwuwa a wancan lokacin. Duk da haka, wannan amsar ba daidai ba ce. Irin wannan hoton zai iya dacewa da wani yanayi daban-daban, wanda girman sararin samaniya zai dogara ne akan wasu ƙuntatawa na waje, misali, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin gas wanda ke kunshe a cikin silinda tare da piston da aka rufe. A wannan yanayin, ana samar da matsi na piston ta wasu hanyoyin waje, wanda aka sanye da tushen waje (ko fitarwa) na makamashi. Amma wannan yanayin bai shafi sararin duniya gaba ɗaya ba, wanda geometry da kuzarinsa, da kuma “gabaɗayan girmansa,” an ƙaddara su ne kawai ta tsarin cikin gida kuma ana tafiyar da su ta hanyar madaidaitan ma'auni na ka'idar gamammancin Einstein (ciki har da ma'auni). equations dake bayyana yanayin al'amura; duba sashe na 3.1 da 3.2). A ƙarƙashin irin waɗannan yanayi (lokacin da ma'auni suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa kuma ba su bambanta dangane da alkiblar lokaci - duba sashe na 3.3), jimillar ƙarar sararin lokaci ba zai iya canzawa cikin lokaci ba. Ana tsammanin cewa sararin lokaci P da kansa bai kamata ya "sauya" ba! Dukkan juyin halitta ana siffanta su ta wurin wurin lanƙwasa C a sararin samaniya P kuma a wannan yanayin yana wakiltar cikakken juyin halitta (duba sashe 3.3).
Wataƙila matsalar za ta ƙara fitowa fili idan muka yi la’akari da matakan da suka biyo baya na rugujewar Duniya, a lokacin da ake tunkarar Babban Crash. Tuna samfurin Friedman na K> 0, Λ = 0, wanda aka nuna a cikin siffa. 3.2a a cikin sashe na 3.1. Yanzu mun yi imanin cewa rikice-rikice a cikin wannan samfurin ya samo asali ne daga rarraba kwayoyin halitta ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma a wasu sassa na gida sun riga sun rushe, sun bar ramukan baƙar fata a wurinsu. Sa'an nan kuma ya kamata mu ɗauka cewa bayan wannan wasu ramukan baƙar fata za su haɗu tare da juna kuma rugujewar zuwa wani yanki na ƙarshe zai zama wani tsari mai rikitarwa, wanda kusan babu abin da ya kamance da ƙaƙƙarfan Babban Crash na madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar siffar Friedmann. samfurin da aka gabatar a cikin siffa. 3.6 a. Akasin haka, a cikin sharuddan inganci, yanayin rugujewar zai kasance mafi tunawa da babban rikici da aka nuna a cikin siffa. 3.14 a; Sakamakon bambance-bambancen da ya taso a cikin wannan yanayin na iya, zuwa wani lokaci, ya kasance daidai da hasashen BCLM da aka ambata a ƙarshen sashe na 3.2. Halin rugujewar ƙarshe zai sami ƙaƙƙarfan ƙima, duk da cewa Duniyar za ta koma ƙasa zuwa ƙaramin girma. Kodayake wannan musamman (rufewar sararin samaniya) samfurin Friedmann ba a halin yanzu ana la'akari da kyakkyawan wakilci na sararin samaniyar mu, ra'ayoyin iri ɗaya sun shafi sauran samfuran Friedmann, tare da ko ba tare da madaidaicin yanayin sararin samaniya ba. Sigar rugujewar kowane irin wannan ƙirar, da fuskantar irin wannan hargitsi saboda rashin daidaituwar rarraba kwayoyin halitta, yakamata ya sake juyewa ya zama hargitsi mai cinyewa gabaɗaya, maɗaukaki kamar ramin baki (Fig. 3.14 b). Ta hanyar jujjuya lokaci a cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan jihohin, za mu kai ga yuwuwar sigularity na farko (mai yiwuwa Big Bang), wanda ke da, daidai da haka, babban entropy, wanda ya saba wa zato da aka yi a nan game da "rufin" na entropy (Fig. 3.14 c).
Anan dole ne in ci gaba zuwa wasu hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda kuma wasu lokuta ana la'akari da su. Wasu masana masana suna ba da shawarar cewa dole ne doka ta biyu ta ko ta yaya ta juye kanta a cikin irin waɗannan samfuran masu rugujewa, ta yadda jimillar entropy na sararin samaniya za ta zama ƙarami (bayan faɗaɗa mafi girma) yayin da Babban Crash ke gabatowa. Duk da haka, irin wannan hoton yana da wuya a yi tunanin a gaban ramuka na baki, wanda, da zarar sun kasance, za su fara aiki don ƙara yawan entropy (wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin asymmetry a cikin wuri na sifili cones kusa da taron sararin samaniya. duba hoto 3.9). Wannan zai ci gaba zuwa nan gaba mai nisa - aƙalla har sai ramukan baƙar fata sun ƙaura a ƙarƙashin tasirin hanyar Hawking (duba sashe na 3.7 da 4.3). A kowane hali, wannan yuwuwar ba ta warware dalilan da aka gabatar a nan ba. Akwai wata muhimmiyar matsala wacce ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan samfuran rugujewar hadaddun kuma waɗanda masu karatu da kansu za su yi tunani game da su: singularities na baƙar fata ba za su iya tashi ba a lokaci guda, don haka idan muka juya lokaci, ba za mu sami Babban Bang ba. wanda ke faruwa "duk kuma kai tsaye". Duk da haka, wannan shine ainihin ɗaya daga cikin kaddarorin (har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba, amma mai gamsarwa) hasashe na ƙididdiga mai ƙarfi na sararin samaniya [Penrose, 1998a; PkR, sashe na 28.8], bisa ga abin da, a cikin yanayin gabaɗaya, irin wannan mufuradi za su kasance kamar sararin samaniya (sashe na 1.7), don haka ana iya ɗaukar taron lokaci ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, ba tare da la'akari da ingancin ingancin ƙididdiga mai ƙarfi na sararin samaniya ba, an san yawancin mafita waɗanda ke gamsar da wannan yanayin, kuma duk irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka (lokacin da aka faɗaɗa) za su sami ƙimar darajar entropy. Wannan yana rage damuwa sosai game da ingancin bincikenmu.
Saboda haka, ba mu sami shaidar cewa, idan aka yi la'akari da ƙananan wurare na sararin samaniya, dole ne a sami wani "ƙananan rufi" na yuwuwar entropy. A ka'ida, tarin kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'i na baƙar fata da kuma haɗuwa da "black hole" mufuradi a cikin rudani guda ɗaya wani tsari ne wanda ya dace da doka ta biyu, kuma wannan tsari na ƙarshe dole ne ya kasance tare da haɓaka mai girma. a cikin entropy. Halin ƙarshe na sararin samaniya, "kananan" ta ma'auni na geometric, na iya samun entropy da ba za a iya misalta ba, da yawa fiye da na farkon matakan irin wannan ƙirar sararin samaniya mai rugujewa, kuma ƙaramin sarari kanta ba ya saita "rufi" don ƙimar mafi girma. na entropy, ko da yake irin wannan "rufin" (lokacin jujjuya kwararar lokaci) zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa entropy ya yi ƙasa sosai yayin Babban Bang. A gaskiya ma, irin wannan hoton (Fig. 3.14 a, b), wanda gabaɗaya yana wakiltar rugujewar sararin samaniya, yana ba da shawarar mafita ga rikice-rikice: me yasa a lokacin Big Bang akwai ƙarancin entropy na musamman idan aka kwatanta da abin da zai iya kasancewa, duk da gaskiyar cewa fashewar ta kasance mai zafi (kuma irin wannan jihar ya kamata ya sami matsakaicin entropy). Amsar ita ce cewa entropy na iya karuwa sosai idan an yarda da manyan ƙetare daga daidaituwar sararin samaniya, kuma mafi girman haɓakar irin wannan yana da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa saboda daidai da fitowar ramukan baki. Saboda haka, Big Bang mai kama da juna yana iya samun, in mun gwada da magana, ƙarancin entropy, duk da cewa abin da ke cikinsa ya yi zafi sosai.
Ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙaƙƙarfan shaidun da ke nuna cewa Big Bang ya kasance daidai ne a sarari, daidai da lissafi na ƙirar FLRU (amma bai dace da mafi yawan shari'ar rashin daidaituwa da aka kwatanta a cikin siffa 3.14c ba), ya sake zuwa. daga RI, amma wannan lokacin tare da haɗin kai na kusurwa maimakon yanayin yanayin zafi. Wannan yanayin yana bayyana a cikin gaskiyar cewa yawan zafin jiki na RI kusan iri ɗaya ne a kowane lokaci a sararin sama, kuma ɓata daga yanayin kamanni bai wuce 10-5 ba (daidaita don ƙaramin tasirin Doppler da ke hade da motsinmu ta hanyar abubuwan da ke kewaye. ). Bugu da kari, akwai kusan daidaiton duniya a cikin rarraba taurari da sauran al'amura; Don haka, rarraba baryons (duba Sashe na 1.3) akan ma'auni masu girma na gaskiya yana da alaƙa da babban haɗin kai, ko da yake akwai abubuwan da ba a iya gani ba, musamman abin da ake kira voids, inda yawancin abubuwan da ake iya gani sun kasance ƙasa da matsakaici. Gabaɗaya, ana iya jayayya cewa ɗaiɗaiɗi ya fi girma a cikin abubuwan da suka gabata na sararin samaniya da muke kallo, kuma RI ita ce mafi tsohuwar shaidar rarraba kwayoyin halitta da za mu iya lura da ita kai tsaye.
Wannan hoton ya yi daidai da ra'ayin cewa a farkon farkon ci gabanta hakika sararin samaniya ya yi kama da juna, amma tare da ɗimbin yawa marasa daidaituwa. A tsawon lokaci (kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar nau'o'i daban-daban na "gwagwarmaya" - tafiyar matakai da ke rage motsin dangi), waɗannan rashin daidaituwa na yawa sun karu a ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi, wanda ya dace da ra'ayin clumping na kwayoyin halitta a hankali. Bayan lokaci, kullun yana ƙaruwa, yana haifar da samuwar taurari; suna taruwa cikin taurarin taurari, kowannensu yana samun babban rami mai baki a tsakiya. A ƙarshe, wannan ƙulle-ƙulle yana faruwa ne saboda tasirin da babu makawa na nauyi. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin da gaske suna da alaƙa da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar entropy kuma suna nuna cewa, la'akari da nauyi, waccan ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa na farko, wanda kawai RI ya rage a yau, zai iya yin nisa daga matsakaicin entropy. Yanayin zafi na wannan ƙwallon, kamar yadda shaida ta bakan Planck da aka nuna a cikin siffa. 3.13, ya ce kawai wannan: idan muka yi la'akari da Universe (a cikin zamanin na karshe warwatse) kawai a matsayin tsarin da ya ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta da makamashi hulda da juna, sa'an nan za mu iya ɗauka cewa shi ne a zahiri a thermodynamic ma'auni. Koyaya, idan kuma muka yi la'akari da tasirin gravitational, hoton yana canzawa sosai.
Idan muka yi tunanin, alal misali, gas a cikin akwati da aka rufe, to yana da dabi'a don ɗauka cewa zai kai iyakar entropy a cikin wannan yanayin macroscopic lokacin da aka rarraba a ko'ina cikin akwati (Fig. 3.15 a). A wannan yanayin, zai yi kama da ƙwallon zafi wanda ya haifar da RI, wanda aka rarraba a ko'ina cikin sararin sama. Duk da haka, idan kun maye gurbin kwayoyin gas tare da tsarin tsarin jikin da aka haɗa da juna ta hanyar nauyi, misali, taurari guda ɗaya, kuna samun hoto daban-daban (Fig. 3.15 b). Saboda tasirin gravitational, taurari za a rarraba ba daidai ba, a cikin nau'i na gungu. Daga ƙarshe, za a sami mafi girman entropy lokacin da taurari masu yawa suka ruguje ko suka shiga cikin ramukan baƙi. Ko da yake wannan tsari na iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo (ko da yake za a sauƙaƙe shi ta hanyar rikici saboda kasancewar iskar gas), za mu ga cewa a ƙarshe, lokacin da nauyi ya mamaye, entropy ya fi girma, ƙananan abu yana rarraba a cikin tsarin. .
Ana iya gano irin waɗannan tasirin har ma a matakin ƙwarewar yau da kullun. Wani zai iya tambaya: menene matsayin doka ta biyu wajen kiyaye rayuwa a duniya? Sau da yawa za ku iya jin cewa muna rayuwa a wannan duniyar tamu godiya ga makamashin da aka samu daga Rana. Amma wannan ba magana ce ta gaskiya gaba ɗaya ba idan muka yi la’akari da duniya gaba ɗaya, tunda kusan duk ƙarfin da duniya ke samu da rana ya sake ƙafewa zuwa sararin samaniya, zuwa sararin duhun dare. (Hakika, ainihin ma'auni za a ɗan daidaita shi da abubuwa kamar ɗumamar yanayi da ɗumamar duniya saboda lalatawar rediyo.) In ba haka ba, duniya za ta ƙara ƙara zafi kuma ta zama ba za a iya rayuwa cikin ƴan kwanaki ba! Duk da haka, photons da aka karɓa kai tsaye daga Rana suna da mitar mitoci kaɗan (sun tattara su a cikin ɓangaren rawaya na bakan), kuma duniya tana fitar da ƙananan mitar photon a cikin bakan infrared zuwa sararin samaniya. Bisa ga dabarar Planck (E = hν, duba sashe na 2.2), kowane photon da ke zuwa daga Rana daidaiku yana da makamashi mafi girma fiye da photon da ke fitarwa zuwa sararin samaniya, don haka, don samun daidaito, yawancin photons dole ne su bar duniya fiye da isa. duba hoto 3.16). Idan ƙananan photons sun zo, to, makamashi mai shigowa zai sami ƙananan digiri na 'yanci kuma makamashi mai fita zai sami yawa, sabili da haka, bisa ga tsarin Boltzmann (S = k log V), photons masu shigowa za su sami ƙarancin entropy fiye da masu fita. . Muna amfani da ƙananan makamashin da ke ƙunshe a cikin shuke-shuke don rage namu entropy: muna cin shuke-shuke ko herbivores. Ta haka ne rayuwa a duniya ke rayuwa da bunƙasa. (A bayyane yake, Erwin Schrödinger ne ya fara tsara waɗannan tunanin a fili a cikin 1967, lokacin da ya rubuta littafinsa na juyin juya hali Life as It Is [Schrödinger, 2012]).
Mafi mahimmancin gaskiya game da wannan ma'auni na ƙananan entropy shine wannan: Rana wuri ne mai zafi a cikin sararin sama mai duhu. Amma ta yaya irin waɗannan yanayi suka taso? Yawancin matakai masu rikitarwa sun taka rawa, ciki har da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da halayen thermonuclear, da dai sauransu, amma abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne cewa Rana ta wanzu. Kuma ya taso ne saboda sinadarin hasken rana (kamar al’amarin da ke samar da sauran taurari) ya taso ne ta hanyar yin cudanya da nauyi, kuma duk ya fara ne da rarraba iskar gas da duhu.
Anan muna buƙatar ambaton wani abu mai ban mamaki da ake kira dark matter, wanda a fili yake shine kashi 85% na abubuwan (ba Λ) abubuwan da ke cikin sararin samaniya ba, amma ana gano shi kawai ta hanyar hulɗar gravitational, kuma ba a san abin da ke ciki ba. A yau muna la'akari da wannan al'amari ne kawai lokacin da ake ƙididdige yawan adadin, wanda ake buƙata lokacin ƙididdige wasu ƙididdiga masu yawa (duba sashe na 3.6, 3.7, 3.9, da kuma abin da mafi mahimmancin rawar da duhu duhu zai iya takawa, duba sashe na 4.3). Ko da kuwa batun al'amarin duhu, mun ga yadda mahimmancin yanayin rashin daidaituwa na asali na rarraba kwayoyin halitta ya tabbatar da zama ga rayuwarmu. Kasancewarmu, kamar yadda muka fahimce ta, ya dogara ne da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka na farko.
Anan mun zo ga wani abin al'ajabi-a zahiri, ban mamaki-bangaren Babban Bang. Sirrin ya ta'allaka ne ba kawai a yadda ya faru ba, har ma a cikin gaskiyar cewa lamari ne mai ƙarancin ƙarancin gaske. Bugu da ƙari, abin da ke da ban mamaki ba haka ba ne da yawa wannan yanayin kamar yadda gaskiyar cewa entropy ya yi ƙasa kaɗan kawai a cikin wani takamaiman girmamawa, wato: digiri na 'yanci na gravitational, saboda wasu dalilai, an shafe gaba daya. Wannan ya bambanta da ma'aunin 'yanci na kwayoyin halitta da (electromagnetic) radiation, tun da sun bayyana suna da matuƙar farin ciki a cikin yanayi mai zafi tare da iyakar entropy. A ganina, wannan shine watakila mafi zurfin sirrin sararin samaniya, kuma saboda wasu dalilai har yanzu ya kasance ba a ƙididdige shi ba!
Ya zama dole a yi daki-daki kan yadda yanayi na musamman na Babban Bang ya kasance da kuma wane nau'i na entropy zai iya tasowa a cikin tsarin clumping gravitational. Saboda haka, da farko kuna buƙatar gane abin da entropy mai ban mamaki yake a zahiri a cikin rami na baki (duba siffa 3.15 b). Zamu tattauna wannan batu a sashe na 3.6. Amma a yanzu, bari mu juya zuwa wata matsala mai alaƙa da mai zuwa, mai yuwuwa yuwuwa: bayan haka, sararin samaniya na iya zama marar iyaka (kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin FLRU tare da K). 0, duba sashe na 3.1) ko aƙalla yawancin sararin duniya ba za a iya gani kai tsaye ba. A kan haka, za mu fuskanci matsalar sararin samaniya, wanda za mu tattauna a sashe na gaba.
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source: www.habr.com