Rubutun Mayan shine kawai cikakken tsarin rubutu a Amurka, amma godiya ga ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen jajirtattun mutanen Spain, an manta da shi gaba ɗaya a ƙarni na 17. Duk da haka, dubban waɗannan alamomin an adana su a kan duwatsun sassaƙaƙƙiya, frescoes da yumbu, kuma a cikin karni na 20, wani ɗalibin Soviet na yau da kullun ya fito da wani ra'ayi wanda ya ba da damar gano su. Kuma wannan labarin zai nuna yadda wannan tsarin ke aiki.
Rubutun Mayan tsarin logosyllabic ne (verbal-syllabic), wanda yawancin alamomin suke , yana nuna kalmomi ko ra'ayoyi (misali, "garkuwa" ko "jaguar"), da ƙarami - , wanda ke wakiltar sautunan ɗaiɗaikun maɗaukaki (“pa”, “ma”) da kuma tantance sautin kalmar.
A cikin duka, kusan rubutun 5000 sun tsira har zuwa yau, daga abin da masana kimiyyar almara suka gano fiye da glyphs dubu. Yawancin su bambance-bambancen haruffa iri ɗaya ne (allographs) ko kuma suna da sauti iri ɗaya (homophones). Ta wannan hanyar, za mu iya gano "kawai" kusan 500 hieroglyphs, wanda ya fi haruffan da muka saba da su, amma kasa da Sinanci masu haruffa 12. An san ma'anar sauti da kashi 000% na waɗannan alamun, kuma an san ma'anar ma'anar ta kashi 80 kawai, amma ana ci gaba da yanke hukunci.
Sannun rubutun Maya na farko tun daga karni na 3 BC, kuma na baya-bayan nan daga mamayar Mutanen Espanya a karni na 16 AD. Wannan rubutun ya ɓace gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙarni na 17, lokacin da aka ci daular Mayan ta ƙarshe.
Marubuci zomo akan
Yadda ake karanta Mayan hieroglyphs
Wahala ta farko a cikin koyon Mayan hieroglyphs ita ce ƙirarsu ta kasance mai sassauƙa ta yadda akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don rubuta kalma ɗaya ba tare da canza karatu ko ma'ana ba. Haka ne, aikin kirkire-kirkire ne, kuma marubutan Mayan sun yi kama da jin daɗinsa kuma suna cin gajiyar yancinsu na kirkire-kirkire:
Dan bayani# A cikin misalan, fassarar Mayan hieroglyphs zuwa haruffan Latin an nuna alama da ƙarfi. A wannan yanayin, manyan haruffa suna nuna LOGOGRAMS, da ƙananan haruffa - syllabograms. Raba fassarar yana cikin rubutun kuma fassarar tana cikin alamomin ambato “”.
Kamar tsarin Latin, kalmomin Mayan sun ƙunshi haruffa masu alaƙa da yawa, amma saboda yanayin hoto na rubuce-rubuce, sun kasance mafi wuyar ganewa ta idon da ba a horar da su ba fiye da tsarin haruffa na al'ada.
Rukunin haruffa waɗanda suka samar da kalma ana kiran su block ko hadadden glyph. Mafi girman alamar toshe ana kiransa babban alamar, kuma ƙananan waɗanda ke maƙala da shi ana kiran su affixes.
Yawanci, ana karanta haruffa a cikin toshe glyph daga hagu zuwa dama da sama zuwa ƙasa. Hakazalika, an rubuta rubutun Mayan daga hagu zuwa dama da sama zuwa kasa a cikin ginshiƙan tubalan biyu.
Logograms
Logograms alamu ne da ke wakiltar ma'ana da furcin cikakkiyar kalma. Ko a cikin tsarin rubutun mu na haruffa-phonetic, dangane da haruffan Latin, muna amfani da tambari:
- @ (na kasuwanci a): ana amfani dashi a cikin adiresoshin imel da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a, ana amfani da su a asali a cikin takaddun biyan kuɗi a maimakon kalmar Ingilishi a, ma'ana "a [farashi]"
- £: alamar Sterling
- & (ampersand): ya maye gurbin haɗin gwiwar "da"
Yawancin haruffan Mayan a rubuce-rubucen tambari ne:
Tsarin da ke kunshe da tambari kawai zai yi matukar wahala, tunda yana bukatar wata alama ta daban ga kowane abu, ra'ayi ko motsin rai. Idan aka kwatanta, hatta haruffan Sinanci, waɗanda ke ɗauke da haruffa sama da 12, ba tsarin bayanai ba ne kawai.
Sillabograms
Bugu da ƙari, tambari, Mayakan sun yi amfani da syllabograms, wanda ya sa ya yiwu ba a kumbura haruffa ba kuma ya kiyaye sassaucin tsarin.
Sillabogram ko phonogram alama ce ta sauti da ke nuna saƙo. A cikin yarukan Mayan, yana aiki a matsayin harafin SG (baƙaƙe-wasali) ko a matsayin harafin S(G), (sautin baƙar fata ba tare da wasali mai rakiyar ba).
Gabaɗaya, yaren Mayan yana bin tsarin baƙaƙe-wala-baƙi (CVC), kuma bisa ƙa'ida. wasali na ƙarshe a cikin kalma yawanci yana danne:
Abin sha'awa, duk wata kalma da aka rubuta a cikin tambari za a iya rubuta ta gaba ɗaya a cikin syllabograms. Tsohon Mayas sukan yi haka, amma ba su taɓa barin tambura gaba ɗaya ba.
Ƙarin sauti
Ƙarin ƙararrakin sauti yana cikin mafi yawan lafuzza a tsakanin Mayan. Wannan manhajja ce da ke taimakawa wajen karanta tambarin ma’ana da ma’ana sama da daya ko kuma ke nuni da lafuzzan lafuzzan farko, wanda ya sauwake a karanta.
A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa, alamar “dutse” (a cikin launin toka) ita ma phonogram ɗin sautin “ku” wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin kalmomin “ahk” “kunkuru” ko “kutz” “turkey” (sautin wasali na ƙarshe. an jefar da shi a cikin duka biyun). Amma idan aka rubuta ta a matsayin kalma dabam, ana ƙara ƙarar sautin “ni” zuwa gare ta, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa hakika kalmar “dutse” ce:
Ƙididdigar Semantic da diacritics
Ƙididdigar harshe da alamomin yare suna taimaka wa mai karatu ya fahimci furci ko ma'anar kalma, amma, ba kamar ma'anar sauti ba, ba a furta su ta kowace hanya.
Ƙididdigar tamani ta ƙayyadaddun tambarin polysemantic. Kyakkyawan misali na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ma'ana shine iyakar ado kusa da hoto ko haruffa. Ana amfani da shi don nuna kwanaki a ciki :
Alamar diacritic suna ƙayyade lafazin glyph. Harsunan Turai suna da alamomi guda ɗaya, misali.
- cedille: a cikin Faransanci, yana nuna cewa harafin c ana furta shi azaman s maimakon k, misali facade.
- Diaresis: a cikin Jamusanci, yana nuna motsi na gaba na wasulan /a/, /o/ ko /u/, misali, schön [ʃøːn] - "kyakkyawa", schon [ʃoːn] - "riga".
A cikin rubuce-rubucen Mayan, alamar yare na gama gari shine ɗigo biyu a saman (ko ƙasa) kusurwar hagu na toshe na glyphs. Suna nuna wa mai karatu maimaicin sila. Don haka a cikin misalin da ke ƙasa an kwafi harafin “ka”:
Polyphony da homophony
Polyphony da luwadi suna ƙara dagula rubutun Mayan. Tare da polyphony, ana furta alamar iri ɗaya kuma ana karantawa daban. A cikin rubutun Mayan hieroglyphic, alal misali, kalmar tun da syllable ku ana wakilta su da alama ɗaya:
yana nufin cewa sauti ɗaya yana wakiltar alamomi daban-daban. Don haka, a cikin rubutun Mayan, kalmomin "maciji", "hudu" da "sky" ana furta su iri ɗaya, amma an rubuta su daban:
Tsarin kalma
Ba kamar Turanci ba, wanda ke amfani da ginin Maudu'i-Verb-Object, yaren Mayan yana amfani da oda-Object-Subject. Tunda tsoffin rubutun Mayan suna farawa da kwanan wata kuma ba su da wani kari, tsarin jimla na yau da kullun zai zama Kwanan wata-Verb-Subject.
Yawancin rubutun da aka samo an zana su ne akan gine-gine masu mahimmanci kuma suna bayyana rayuwar sarakuna da tarihin daular. A cikin irin waɗannan rubuce-rubucen, kwanakin sun mamaye kashi 80% na sarari. Fi'ili yawanci ana wakilta su da tubalan guda ɗaya ko biyu na glyphs, suna bi da dogayen sunaye da lakabi.
Sanarwa
Mayawan suna da nau'ikan karin magana guda biyu. An yi amfani da saitin A tare da fi'ilai masu wucewa da Saitin B tare da fi'ilai masu canzawa. Mafi sau da yawa, Mayans sun yi amfani da karin magana na mutum na uku ("he, she, it," "shi, her, his") daga saitin A. Karin magana daga wannan saitin ana amfani da sunaye da fi'ili. Mutum na uku muɗaɗɗen an yi shi ta hanyar prefixes masu zuwa:
- u- kafin kalmomi ko kalmomi da suka fara da baƙar magana
- ya-, ye-, yi-, yo-, yu- kafin kalmomi ko fi'ili da suka fara da wasulan a, e, i, o, u, bi da bi.
A cikin yanayin farko, ana amfani da alamun masu zuwa:
Ana iya amfani da kowane ɗayan waɗannan haruffan don wakiltar mutum na uku ɗaya:
Lura da prefix /u/ a misali na farko. Wannan sigar sigar farko ce mai sauƙi a layi na uku na adadi na baya.
Syllabograms don prefix -ya:
Za ku-:
A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa, an tsara alamar ye a matsayin hannu:
Don yi:
A cikin wannan misalin, ana jujjuya yi 90° a gaba da agogo baya don kyawawan dalilai:
Za yo-:
Za yu-:
Sunaye
Mayan suna da nau'ikan sunaye guda biyu: "mallaki" da "cikakkiyar" (marasa mallaka).
Cikakkun sunaye ba su da rafi, tare da keɓancewa guda biyu:
- kari - yana nuna sassan jiki
- kari -aj yana nuna abubuwan da mutane ke sanyawa, kamar kayan ado
Jima'i
Babu jinsi a cikin yaren Mayan, in ban da sunaye da ke bayyana wani aiki ko matsayi, misali, "marubuci", "sarauniya", "sarki", da sauransu. Ga irin waɗannan kalmomi muna amfani da su:
- prefix Ix- na mata
- prefix Aj- na maza
Labarai
Yawancin tsoffin rubutun Mayan an adana su a kan manyan gine-gine, kuma suna ba da tarihin rayuwar masu mulki. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan dukkanin fi'ili an rubuta su a cikin mutum na uku kuma ana samun su nan da nan bayan kwanakin. Mafi yawan lokuta a cikin irin waɗannan rubuce-rubucen akwai kalmomin da ba za su iya haɗawa da abubuwa ba.
Domin abin da ya gabata (wanda har yanzu ana tattaunawa) ma'anar ita ce -iiy, kuma nan gaba maƙasudin shine -oom:
Sau da yawa bayan fi'ili za ka iya ganin alamar -aj, wanda ke juya madaidaicin (mai ikon sarrafa abu) tushen zuwa kalmar fi'ili, misali, chuhk-aj ("An kama shi"):
Ɗaya daga cikin nau'o'in fi'ili masu jujjuyawa na gama gari ana iya gane su cikin sauƙi ta wurin prefix u- (pronouns na mutum na uku) da kari -aw. Alal misali, game da farkon mulkin, nassosin sun yi amfani da kalmar uch'am-aw K'awiil - "ya ɗauki K'awiil" (masu mulkin Mayan ba su sami kursiyin sarauta ba, amma sandar sarauta, wanda ke nuna hali. ):
Manufofin
A cikin rubutun Mayan na gargajiya, sifofin suna gaba da suna, kuma ana ƙara maɗaukaki (-al, -ul, -el, -il, -ol) cikin suna, bin ƙa'idar synharmony. Don haka ma'anar "wuta" ita ce k'ahk ' ("wuta") + -al = k'ahk'al:
Asalin rubutun Mayan
Rubutun Mayan ba shine tsarin rubutu na farko a Mesoamerica ba. Har kwanan nan an yi imani da cewa ya samo asali daga (ko Epiolmec) rubuce-rubuce, amma a cikin 2005 an gano , wanda ya jinkirta ƙirƙirar rubutun Mayan.
Tsarin rubuce-rubuce na farko a Mesoamerica an yi imanin sun bayyana a ƙarshen zamanin Olmec (kimanin 700-500 BC), sannan aka raba zuwa hadisai biyu:
- a arewa a cikin tsaunukan Mexico
- a kudu a tsaunuka da tsaunuka na Guatemala da kuma jihar Chiapas ta Mexico.
Rubutun mayan na cikin al'ada ta biyu. Rubutun farko sune zane-zane a ciki (Guatemala, karni na 3 BC) da rubuce-rubuce akan mashin dutse na kango (Belize, 1st karni BC).
Rubutun Mayan na farko da hoto
Ƙaddamar da rubutun Mayan
/ Anan kuma na kara fadada ainihin labarin tare da kayan daga tushen gida - kimanin. mai fassara/
Ƙididdigar rubutun Mayan ya ɗauki ƙarni da rabi. An bayyana shi a cikin littattafai da yawa, wanda mafi shaharar su shine Michael Co. An yi fim ɗin Documentary bisa shi a cikin 2008.
An fara buga rubutun Mayan a cikin 1810s, lokacin da aka samo littattafan Mayan da aka adana ta hanyar mu'ujiza a cikin ɗakunan tarihin Turai, waɗanda ake kira codeces ta kwatanci da na Turai. Sun jawo hankali, kuma a cikin 1830s, an fara cikakken nazarin wuraren Mayan a Guatemala da Belize.
A 1862, wani firist na Faransa An gano a cikin Royal Academy of History a Madrid "Rahoton Al'amura a Yucatan," wani rubutun da Bishop na Yucatan, Diego de Landa ya rubuta a kusa da 1566. De Landa a cikin wannan daftarin aiki kuskure yayi ƙoƙarin daidaita mayan glyphs tare da haruffan Mutanen Espanya:
Duk da wannan kuskuren hanya, rubutun De Landa ya taka rawa sosai wajen tantance rubutun Mayan. Juyin juya halin ya zo a cikin 1950s.
Yuri Knorozov, 19.11.1922/30.03.1999/XNUMX - XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX
A cewar wata almara, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1945, wani ma’aikacin bindigu Yuri Knorozov ya sami littattafan da aka shirya don kwashewa daga Laburaren Jihar Prussian a cikin tarkacen Berlin. Daya daga cikinsu ya zama babban bugu na lambobin Mayan guda uku da suka tsira. Knorozov, wanda ya yi karatu a sashen tarihi na Jami'ar Kharkov a gaban sojojin, ya zama sha'awar waɗannan rubuce-rubucen, bayan yakin ya sauke karatu daga sashen tarihi na Jami'ar Jihar Moscow kuma ya fara fassara rubutun Mayan. Wannan shi ne yadda wani ɗan Mayani Micheal Ko ya bayyana wannan labari, amma mai yiwuwa Knorozov, wanda ya gamu da ƙarshen yaƙi a wani rukunin sojoji kusa da birnin Moscow, ya ƙawata gaskiyar a cikin wata tattaunawa ta sirri domin ya gigita abokin aikinsa na Amurka.
Babban yanki na sha'awar Knorozov shine ka'idar ƙungiyoyin, kuma ya fara ƙaddamar da rubuce-rubucen Mayan ba kwatsam ba, amma tare da burin gwada ra'ayinsa game da ka'idodin musayar bayanai gama gari ga duk mutane. "Babu wani abu da mutum ya yi wanda ba zai iya fahimtar wani ba."
Duk da haka, bisa la'akari da sakewa na uku na Mayan codeces da kuma rubutun de Landa, Knorozov ya gane cewa alamun da ke cikin "Rahoto kan Harkokin Yucatan" ba haruffa ba ne, amma kalmomi.
Hanyar Knorozov
A cikin bayanin dalibi Knorozov, Doctor of Historical Sciences G. Ershova, hanyarsa ta kasance kamar haka:
Mataki na farko shine zaɓin tsarin tunani: kafa tsarin rubutu tsakanin alamomi da karatunsu a cikin yanayin da ba a san harshe ba ko kuma ya canza sosai.
Mataki na biyu - ingantaccen karatun sauti na hieroglyphs, tunda wannan shine kawai yiwuwar karanta kalmomin da ba a sani ba waɗanda aka sami sanannun haruffa.
Mataki na uku shine amfani da hanyar kididdigar matsayi. Nau'in rubuce-rubucen (aidaya, morphemic, syllabic, haruffa) ana ƙaddara ta adadin haruffa da yawan amfani da haruffa. Sa'an nan kuma ana nazarin yawan amfani da matsayi da wannan alamar ta bayyana - wannan shine yadda ake ƙayyade ayyukan alamun. Ana kwatanta wannan bayanan tare da kayan aiki , wanda ke ba da damar gano nahawu na mutum ɗaya, masu magana na nahawu, tushen da sifofin sabis. Sa'an nan kuma an kafa karatun asali na alamomin.
Mataki na hudu shine gano haruffan haruffa waɗanda za'a iya karantawa ta amfani da "Rahoto kan Al'amura a Yucatan" a matsayin maɓalli. Knorozov ya lura cewa alamar "cu" daga rubutun de Landa a cikin kundin Mayan ya biyo bayan wata alama kuma wannan nau'in yana hade da hoton turkey. Kalmar Mayan don "turkey" ita ce "kutz" - kuma Knorozov ya yi tunanin cewa idan "cu" ita ce alamar farko, to dole ne na biyu ya zama "tzu" (idan an jefar da wasali na ƙarshe). Don gwada samfurinsa, Knorozov ya fara bincike a cikin codes don glyph wanda ya fara da alamar "tzu", kuma ya same shi sama da hoton kare (tzul):
Cikakkun bayanai daga и lambobin
Mataki na biyar - karatun giciye bisa sanannun alamun.
Mataki na shida - tabbatar da ka'idar synharmony. Alama iri ɗaya tana iya nuna maɓalli da sauti daban. Ya bayyana cewa alamun sautunan ɗaya dole ne su kasance da wasula masu daidaitawa tare da morpheme.
Mataki na bakwai tabbaci ne cewa ga duk sautunan wasali a cikin rubutun Mayan akwai alamomi masu zaman kansu da aka bayar a cikin haruffa de Landa.
Mataki na takwas - nazari na yau da kullun na rubutu. Knorozov ya ƙaddara cewa rubutun ukun sun ƙunshi haruffa 355 na musamman, amma saboda amfani da zane-zane da zane-zane, an rage adadin su zuwa 287, amma babu fiye da 255 da za a iya karantawa - sauran suna da gurɓata sosai ko kuma suna iya zama bambancin sanannun. haruffa.
Mataki na tara - nazarin mita na rubutu. Alamar mai zuwa ta fito: yayin da kake matsawa cikin rubutun, adadin sabbin haruffa yana raguwa, amma bai kai sifili ba. Alamun suna da madaidaicin mitoci daban-daban: kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkan alamu an sami su a cikin hieroglyph ɗaya kawai; kusan kashi biyu cikin uku an yi amfani da su a ƙasa da 50 hiroglyphs, amma haruffa ɗaya sun kasance gama gari.
Mataki na goma shine ƙaddarar masu magana na nahawu, wanda don haka ya zama dole don nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin hiroglyphs. Yu. Knorozov ya ɓata lokaci mai yawa wajen tantance tsarin rubuta haruffa ɗaya cikin tubalan. Dangane da matsayinsu a cikin layin, ya raba waɗannan hiroglyphs zuwa rukuni shida. Binciken dacewarsu da alamu masu canzawa ya ba da damar gano alamun nahawu - manyan mambobi na biyu na jimla. Alamu masu sauye-sauye a cikin katangar hiroglyphic suna nuna affixes da kalmomin aiki. Bayan haka, an fara aiki da ƙamus da ƙara yawan haruffan da za a iya karantawa.
Gane hanyar Knorozov
Hanyar syllabic Knorozov ya saba wa ra'ayoyin , wanda ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga nazarin rubutun Mayan a cikin 1940s kuma an dauke shi a matsayin malami mafi daraja a fagen. Thomson ya yi amfani da hanyar tsari: ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙayyade tsari da manufar Mayan glyphs bisa ga rarraba su a cikin rubutun. Duk da nasarorin da ya samu, Thomson ya musanta yuwuwar cewa rubutun Mayan na sauti ne kuma yana iya yin rikodin yaren magana.
A cikin USSR na waɗannan shekarun, duk wani aikin kimiyya dole ne ya ƙunshi hujja daga ra'ayi na Marxist-Leninist, kuma bisa ga wannan saka hannun jari, Thomson ya zargi Knorozov da inganta ra'ayoyin Marxism a tsakanin masana kimiyya na Mayan. Wani ƙarin dalili na zargi shi ne bayanin masu shirye-shirye daga Novosibirsk, wanda ya sanar da ci gaban, bisa ga aikin Knorozov, na "ka'idar decryption na'ura" na tsohuwar matani kuma ya gabatar da ita ga Khrushchev.
Duk da karfi zargi, Western masana kimiyya (Tatyana Proskuryakova, Floyd Lounsbury, Linda Schele, David Stewart) ya fara juya zuwa Knorozov's phonetic ka'idar, kuma bayan mutuwar Thomson a 1975, taro deciphering Mayan texts ya fara.
Mayan rubutun yau
Kamar kowane tsarin rubutu, an yi amfani da glyphs na Mayan don dalilai iri-iri. Galibi, abubuwan tunawa da tarihin masu mulki sun zo mana. Bugu da kari, hudu sun tsira : "Dresden Codex", "Paris Codex", "Madrid Codex" da "Grollier Codex", samu kawai a 1971.
Har ila yau, ana samun ruɓaɓɓen littattafai a cikin kaburbura na Mayan, amma har yanzu ba a tantance su ba, tun da rubutun an makale tare kuma an jiƙa da lemun tsami. Koyaya, tare da haɓaka tsarin dubawa, waɗannan rubuce-rubucen suna da . Kuma idan muka yi la'akari da cewa kawai 60% na hieroglyphs an ƙaddara, binciken Mayan zai ba mu wani abu mai ban sha'awa.
P.S. Kayayyaki masu amfani:
- Tables na syllabogram daga Harri Kettunen & Christophe Helmke (2014), Gabatarwa zuwa Maya Hieroglyphs:
- Harri Kettunen & Christophe Helmke (2014), Gabatarwa zuwa Maya Hieroglyphs, []
- Mark Pitts & Lynn Matson (2008), Rubutu a cikin Maya Glyphs Sunaye, Wurare, & Sauƙaƙan Jumloli Gabatarwa mara Fassara, []
- - bayanai na Mayan hieroglyphs a cikin hoto mai hoto
- tare da cikakkun bayanai na wurin ya bayyana, Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Jami'ar Harvard.
source: www.habr.com