Wannan lacca ba ta cikin jadawali, amma dole ne a ƙara don guje wa taga tsakanin azuzuwan. Lakcar tana da gaske game da yadda muka san abin da muka sani, idan, ba shakka, mun san shi. Wannan maudu'in ya kai shekaru - an tattauna shi tun shekaru 4000 da suka gabata, idan ba haka ba. A cikin falsafa, an ƙirƙiri kalma ta musamman don nuna ta - ilmin ilmin halitta, ko kimiyyar ilimi.
Ina so in fara da ƙabilun farko na zamanin da. Yana da kyau a lura cewa a cikin kowannensu akwai tatsuniya game da halittar duniya. A cewar wani imani na d ¯ a Jafanawa, wani ya ta da laka, daga tsibiran da suka fantsama. Sauran al’ummai kuma suna da irin wannan tatsuniyoyi: misali, Isra’ilawa sun gaskata cewa Allah ya halicci duniya na kwanaki shida, bayan haka ya gaji ya gama halitta. Duk waɗannan tatsuniyoyi iri ɗaya ne - ko da yake makircinsu ya bambanta, duk suna ƙoƙarin bayyana dalilin da yasa wannan duniyar ta kasance. Zan kira wannan hanya ta tiyoloji domin bai ƙunshi bayani ba sai dai “ya faru ne bisa ga nufin alloli; sun yi abin da suka ga ya dace, kuma haka ne duniya ta kasance.”
A wajen karni na XNUMX BC. e. Masana falsafa na zamanin d Girka sun fara yin tambayoyi na musamman - menene wannan duniyar ta kunsa, menene sassanta, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su kusanci su da hankali maimakon tauhidi. Kamar yadda aka sani, sun haskaka abubuwa: ƙasa, wuta, ruwa da iska; suna da wasu ra'ayoyi da imani da yawa, kuma sannu a hankali amma duk waɗannan an canza su zuwa tunaninmu na zamani na abin da muka sani. Duk da haka, wannan batu ya dame mutane a tsawon lokaci, har ma da Helenawa na dā sun yi mamakin yadda suka san abin da suka sani.
Kamar yadda za ku iya tunawa daga bahasin mu na ilimin lissafi, tsoffin Helenawa sun yi imanin cewa ilimin lissafi, wanda ilimin lissafin su ya iyakance, abin dogaro ne kuma babu shakka ilimi ne. Koyaya, kamar yadda Maurice Kline, marubucin littafin “Mathematics,” ya nuna. Rashin tabbas,” wanda yawancin masu ilimin lissafi za su yarda, ba ya ƙunshe da wata gaskiya a cikin lissafi. Lissafi yana ba da daidaito kawai da aka ba da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin tunani. Idan kun canza waɗannan dokoki ko zato da aka yi amfani da su, lissafin zai bambanta sosai. Babu cikakkiyar gaskiya, sai dai watakila Dokoki Goma (idan kai Kirista ne), amma, kash, babu wani abu game da batun tattaunawarmu. Ba shi da daɗi.
Amma zaka iya amfani da wasu hanyoyi kuma samun sakamako daban-daban. Descartes, bayan ya yi la'akari da zato na masana falsafa da yawa a gabansa, ya ɗauki mataki baya kuma ya yi tambaya: "Yaya kadan zan iya tabbatarwa?"; A matsayin amsa, ya zaɓi bayanin "Ina tsammanin, saboda haka ni ne." Daga wannan magana ya yi ƙoƙari ya samo falsafa kuma ya sami ilimi mai yawa. Wannan falsafar ba a tabbatar da ita da kyau ba, don haka ba mu taɓa samun ilimi ba. Kant ya bayar da hujjar cewa kowa an haife shi da cikakken ilimin Euclidean Geometry, da sauran abubuwa iri-iri, wanda ke nufin cewa akwai ilimin halitta wanda Allah ya ba shi, idan kuna so. Abin takaici, kamar yadda Kant ke rubuta tunaninsa, masu ilimin lissafi suna ƙirƙirar geometries waɗanda ba na Euclidean ba waɗanda suka yi daidai da samfurin su. Sai ya zama cewa Kant yana jefa kalmomi a cikin iska, kamar kusan duk wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tunani game da yadda ya san abin da ya sani.
Wannan maudu’i ne mai muhimmanci, domin a kodayaushe ana karkatar da kimiyya zuwa ga hujja: sau da yawa za ka ji cewa kimiyya ta nuna hakan, ta tabbatar da cewa zai kasance kamar haka; mun san wannan, mun san hakan - amma mun sani? Ka tabbata? Zan duba wadannan tambayoyi daki-daki. Bari mu tuna da doka daga ilmin halitta: ontogeny maimaita phylogeny. Yana nufin cewa ci gaban mutum, daga kwai da aka haɗe zuwa ɗalibi, yana maimaita tsarin juyin halitta gaba ɗaya. Don haka, masana kimiyya suna jayayya cewa a lokacin ci gaban amfrayo, gill slits ya bayyana kuma ya sake bace, sabili da haka sun ɗauka cewa kakanninmu masu nisa kifi ne.
Yana da kyau idan ba ku yi tunani game da shi da gaske ba. Wannan yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na yadda juyin halitta ke aiki, idan kun yi imani da shi. Amma zan ci gaba kadan in tambaya: ta yaya yara suke koyo? Ta yaya suke samun ilimi? Wataƙila an haife su da ƙayyadaddun ilimi, amma wannan ya zama kamar gurgu. A gaskiya, yana da matuƙar rashin gamsarwa.
To me yara suke yi? Suna da wasu illolin, yin biyayya da abin da yara suka fara yin sauti. Suna yin duk waɗannan sautunan da muke yawan kira babbling, kuma wannan baƙar magana ba ta dogara da inda aka haifi yaron ba - a China, Rasha, Ingila ko Amurka, yara za su yi magana iri ɗaya. Koyaya, babling zai ci gaba daban-daban dangane da ƙasar. Alal misali, lokacin da yaron Rasha ya ce kalmar "mama" sau biyu, zai sami amsa mai kyau don haka ya maimaita waɗannan sautunan. Ta hanyar gogewa, yana gano waɗanne sauti ne ke taimakawa cimma abin da yake so da waɗanda ba sa, don haka yana nazarin abubuwa da yawa.
Bari in tunatar da ku abin da na riga na fada sau da yawa - babu kalmar farko a cikin ƙamus; kowace kalma ana siffanta ta ta wasu, wanda ke nufin ƙamus madauwari ce. Hakazalika, lokacin da yaro yayi ƙoƙari ya gina jerin abubuwa masu ma'ana, yana da wahala ya fuskanci rashin daidaituwa da dole ne ya warware, tun da babu wani abu na farko da yaron ya koya, kuma "mahaifiya" ba koyaushe yana aiki ba. Rudani ya taso, misali, kamar yadda zan nuna a yanzu. Ga shahararren barkwancin Amurka:
waƙoƙin sanannen waƙa ( murna da gicciye zan ɗauka, da farin ciki ɗaukar giciyen ku)
da kuma yadda yara ke ji (da murna da giciye-sa ido bear, farin ciki giciye-ido bear)
(A cikin Rashanci: violin-fox / creak of a wheel, Ni Emerald mai wanking/cores ne mai tsantsa emerald, idan kana son sa plums / idan kana so ka yi farin ciki, stosh your shit-ass / ɗari matakai baya.)
Na kuma fuskanci irin waɗannan matsalolin, ba a cikin wannan yanayin ba, amma akwai lokuta da yawa a rayuwata waɗanda zan iya tunawa lokacin da na yi tunanin cewa abin da nake karantawa da kuma faɗar gaskiya ne mai yiwuwa, amma na kusa da ni, musamman iyayena, sun fahimci wani abu. .. wannan ya bambanta.
Anan zaku iya lura da manyan kurakurai kuma ku ga yadda suke faruwa. Yaron yana fuskantar buƙatar yin zato game da abin da kalmomi a cikin harshe suke nufi kuma a hankali ya koyi daidai zaɓuɓɓuka. Duk da haka, gyara irin waɗannan kurakurai na iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. Ba shi yiwuwa a tabbatar da cewa an gyara su gaba daya ko a yanzu.
Kuna iya tafiya mai nisa ba tare da fahimtar abin da kuke yi ba. Na riga na yi magana game da abokina, likitan ilimin lissafi daga Jami'ar Harvard. Lokacin da ya kammala karatunsa a Harvard, ya ce zai iya ƙididdige abubuwan da aka samo ta hanyar ma'anarsa, amma bai fahimce shi sosai ba, kawai ya san yadda ake yi. Wannan gaskiya ne ga abubuwa da yawa da muke yi. Don hawan keke, allo, ninkaya, da sauran abubuwa da yawa, ba ma buƙatar sanin yadda ake yin su. Kamar dai ilimin ya fi yadda za a iya bayyana shi da kalmomi. Na yi shakkar cewa ba ku san hawan keke ba, ko da ba za ku iya gaya mani ba, amma kuna tafiya a gabana da ƙafa ɗaya. Don haka, ilimin zai iya bambanta sosai.
Bari mu ɗan taƙaita abin da na faɗa. Akwai mutanen da suka gaskata cewa muna da ilimin halitta; Idan ka kalli yanayin gaba ɗaya, za ka iya yarda da wannan, la'akari, alal misali, cewa yara suna da dabi'ar halitta ta furta sauti. Idan an haifi yaro a kasar Sin, zai koyi furta sautuka da yawa domin ya cimma abin da yake so. Idan an haife shi a Rasha, zai kuma yi sauti da yawa. Idan an haife shi a Amurka, har yanzu zai yi sautuna da yawa. Harshen da kansa ba shi da mahimmanci a nan.
A daya bangaren kuma, yaro yana da ikon koyan kowane harshe, kamar sauran. Yana tuna jerin sautunan kuma ya gano abin da suke nufi. Dole ne ya sanya ma'ana a cikin waɗannan sautunan da kansa, tunda babu wani ɓangaren farko da zai iya tunawa. Ka nuna wa yaronka doki kuma ka tambaye shi: “Shin kalmar “doki” sunan doki ne? Ko hakan yana nufin tana da kafa hudu? Watakila wannan shine kalar ta? Idan ka yi ƙoƙarin gaya wa yaro abin da doki yake ta hanyar nuna shi, yaron ba zai iya amsa wannan tambayar ba, amma abin da kake nufi ke nan. Yaron ba zai san wane nau'in zai rarraba wannan kalmar ba. Ko, alal misali, ɗauki fi'ili "don gudu." Ana iya amfani da shi lokacin da kuke tafiya da sauri, amma kuma kuna iya cewa launukan da ke cikin rigar ku sun ɓace bayan wankewa, ko kuma kuka game da gaggawar agogo.
Yaron yana fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya gyara kuskurensa, ya yarda cewa ya fahimci wani abu ba daidai ba. A tsawon shekaru, yara suna raguwa da yin hakan, kuma idan sun girma, ba za su iya canjawa ba. Babu shakka, mutane na iya yin kuskure. Ka tuna, alal misali, waɗanda suka yi imani cewa shi Napoleon ne. Komai yawan shaidar da kuka gabatar wa irin wannan mutumin cewa ba haka ba ne, zai ci gaba da yin imani da ita. Ka sani, akwai mutane da yawa masu ƙwaƙƙwaran imani waɗanda ba ka raba su. Tun da kuna iya gaskata cewa imaninsu hauka ne, cewa akwai tabbataccen hanya don gano sabon ilimi ba gaskiya ba ne. Za ku ce ga wannan: "Amma kimiyya tana da kyau sosai!" Mu duba hanyar kimiyya mu ga ko wannan gaskiya ne.
Godiya ga Sergei Klimov don fassarar.
A ci gaba…
Wanda yake so ya taimaka da - rubuta a cikin PM ko imel [email kariya]
Af, mun kuma ƙaddamar da fassarar wani littafi mai ban sha'awa - )
Muna nema musamman wadanda zasu taimaka fassara . (canja wuri na minti 10, an riga an ɗauki 20 na farko)
Abubuwan da ke cikin littafin da surori da aka fassara
- Gabatarwa zuwa Fasahar Yin Kimiyya da Injiniya: Koyan Koyo (Maris 28, 1995)
- " Tushen Juyin Juyin Halitta (Masu hankali)" (Maris 30, 1995)
- "Tarihin Kwamfuta - Hardware" (Maris 31, 1995)
- "Tarihin Kwamfuta - Software" (Afrilu 4, 1995)
- "Tarihin Kwamfuta - Aikace-aikace" (Afrilu 6, 1995)
- "Babban Hankali - Sashe na I" (Afrilu 7, 1995)
- "Babban Hankali - Sashe na II" (Afrilu 11, 1995)
- "Harkokin Artificial III" (Afrilu 13, 1995)
- "N-Dimensional Space" (Afrilu 14, 1995)
- "Ka'idar Codeing - Wakilin Bayani, Sashe na I" (Afrilu 18, 1995)
- "Ka'idar Codeing - Wakilin Bayani, Sashe na II" (Afrilu 20, 1995)
- "Lambobin Gyara Kuskure" (Afrilu 21, 1995)
- "Ka'idar Bayani" (Afrilu 25, 1995) Anyi, duk abin da zaka yi shine buga shi
- "Filters Digital, Sashe na I" (Afrilu 27, 1995)
- "Filters Digital, Part II" (Afrilu 28, 1995)
- "Filters Digital, Part III" (Mayu 2, 1995)
- "Filters Digital, Sashe na IV" (Mayu 4, 1995)
- "Simulation, Sashe na I" (Mayu 5, 1995)
- "Simulation, Part II" (Mayu 9, 1995)
- "Simulation, Part III" (Mayu 11, 1995)
- "Fiber Optics" (Mayu 12, 1995)
- "Gudanar da Taimakon Kwamfuta" (Mayu 16, 1995)
- "Lissafi" (Mayu 18, 1995)
- "Kwanta Makanikai" (Mayu 19, 1995)
- "Kirƙirar halitta" (Mayu 23, 1995). Fassara:
- "Masana" (Mayu 25, 1995)
- "Bayanan da ba a dogara ba" (Mayu 26, 1995)
- "Injiniya Tsari" (Mayu 30, 1995)
- "Kuna Samun Abin da Kuke Auna" (Yuni 1, 1995)
- (Yuni 2, 1995) fassara a cikin minti 10 guntu
- Hamming, "Kai da Bincikenku" (Yuni 6, 1995).
Wanda yake so ya taimaka da - rubuta a cikin PM ko imel [email kariya]
source: www.habr.com