A yau, software na ilimi tarin aikace-aikacen da aka tsara don haɓaka takamaiman ƙwarewa a cikin ɗalibai. Amma irin wannan tsarin ya fara bayyana fiye da shekaru ɗari da suka wuce - injiniyoyi da masu ƙirƙira sun yi nisa daga "injunan ilimi" na inji zuwa na farko kwamfutoci da algorithms. Bari mu yi magana game da wannan dalla-dalla.
Hotuna: / CC BY
Gwaje-gwaje na farko-nasara da rashin nasara
Software na ilimi ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX. Na dogon lokaci, masu ba da shawara da littattafai sun kasance babban tushen ilimi. Tsarin ilimi ya ɗauki lokaci mai yawa daga malamai, kuma sakamakon wani lokaci ya bar abubuwa da yawa.
Nasarorin juyin juya halin masana'antu ya kai mutane da yawa ga abin da ake ganin a lokacin tabbataccen ƙarshe: ana iya koyar da ɗalibai cikin sauri da inganci idan an maye gurbin malamai da injinan koyarwa. Sa'an nan "conveyor" ilimi zai ba da damar horar da kwararru tare da ƙarancin lokaci. A yau, yunƙurin sarrafa wannan tsari ya yi kama da butulci. Amma wannan "stumppunk na ilimi" ne ya zama tushen fasahar zamani.
Alamar farko don na'urar injiniya don koyon nahawu a cikin 1866 ta Amurka Halcyon Skinner. Motar akwati ce mai tagogi biyu. A cikin ɗayan su ɗalibin ya ga zane-zane (misali, doki). A cikin taga na biyu, ta amfani da maɓalli, ya buga sunan abin. Amma tsarin bai gyara kurakurai ba kuma bai yi tabbaci ba.
A cikin 1911, na'urar koyar da lissafi, karatu da rubutu ta sami haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam Herbert Austin Aikins daga Jami'ar Yale. Dalibin ya haɗa tubalan katako guda uku tare da yankan siffa a cikin akwati na musamman na katako. Waɗannan tubalan da aka kwatanta, alal misali, abubuwan da ke cikin misalin lissafi mai sauƙi. Idan alkalumman da aka zaba daidai, to, an kafa amsar daidai a saman fale-falen buraka ().
A cikin 1912, wani masanin ilimin halin dan Adam Ba'amurke ne ya aza tushen sabbin hanyoyin koyarwa masu sarrafa kai. (Edward Lee Thorndike) a cikin littafin "Ilimi". Ya yi la’akari da babban illar littattafan karatu shi ne yadda aka bar dalibai su yi abinsu. Wataƙila ba za su mai da hankali ga muhimman abubuwa ba ko kuma, ba tare da ƙware da tsofaffin abu ba, su ci gaba da koyan sababbi. Thorndike ya ba da shawarar wata hanya ta daban: “littafin injina” wanda a cikinsa aka buɗe sassan na gaba kawai bayan an kammala na baya da kyau.
Hotuna: /unsplash.com
A cikin babban aikin Thorndike, bayanin na'urar ya ɗauka , bai yi cikakken bayani ba ta kowace hanya. Amma wannan ya isa ga farfesa na Jami'ar Ohio Sidney Pressey, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga aikin masanin ilimin halin dan Adam, zuwa tsarin ilmantarwa - Malami ta atomatik. A kan ganga na injin, ɗalibin ya ga zaɓin tambaya da amsa. Ta danna ɗaya daga cikin maɓallan inji guda huɗu, ya zaɓi daidai. Bayan haka ganga zai juya kuma na'urar zata "ba da shawarar" tambaya ta gaba. Bugu da ƙari, ƙididdiga ta lura da adadin ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin daidai.
A cikin 1928 Pressey ikon mallaka don ƙirƙira, amma bai aiwatar da ra'ayin Thorndike gaba ɗaya ba. Malami ta atomatik ya kasa koyarwa, amma ya baka damar gwada iliminka da sauri.
Bayan Sidney Pressey, masu ƙirƙira da yawa sun fara kera sabbin “injunan koyarwa.” Sun haɗu da gwaninta na karni na 1936, ra'ayoyin Thorndike da fasaha na sabon karni. Kafin XNUMX a Amurka Halaye daban-daban 700 don "injunan koyarwa." Amma daga baya yakin duniya na biyu ya fara, an dakatar da aiki a wannan yanki kuma an jira kusan shekaru 20 na manyan nasarori.
Injin Koyon Frederick Skinner
A cikin 1954, farfesa na Jami'ar Cambridge Burrhus Frederic Skinner ya tsara mahimman ka'idoji don nazarin nahawu, lissafi da sauran batutuwa. Ra'ayi a matsayin ka'idar shirin ilmantarwa.
Ya bayyana cewa babban abin da ke cikin na'urar koyarwa ya kamata ya zama tsayayyen shiri tare da abubuwa don koyo da gwada kayan. Tsarin koyo da kansa yana mataki-mataki - dalibi ba ya ci gaba har sai ya yi nazarin abin da ake so kuma ya amsa tambayoyin gwaji. A wannan shekarar, Skinner ya gabatar da "na'urar koyarwa" don amfani a makarantu.
An buga tambayoyin akan katunan takarda kuma an nuna "firam ta firam" a cikin taga ta musamman. Dalibin ya buga amsar a madannin na'urar. Idan amsar daidai ce, injin yana huda rami a cikin katin. An bambanta tsarin Skinner daga kwatankwacinsa ta gaskiyar cewa bayan jerin tambayoyin farko, ɗalibin ya sake karɓar waɗanda ba zai iya amsawa ba. An sake maimaita zagayowar muddin matsalolin da ba a warware su sun kasance ba. Don haka, na'urar ba kawai ta gwada ilimi ba, har ma ta koyar da ɗalibai.
Ba da daɗewa ba aka saka motar a cikin yawan jama'a. A yau, ana ɗaukar ƙirƙirar Skinner a matsayin na'ura ta farko da ta sami damar haɗa sakamakon binciken ƙididdiga a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam tare da sabbin fasahohi na lokacin.
Tsarin PLATO, wanda ya wanzu tsawon shekaru 40
Bisa ka'idar ilmantarwa da aka tsara, a cikin 1960, injiniya mai shekaru 26 (Donald Bitzer), wanda kawai ya sami digirinsa daga Jami'ar Illinois, tsarin kwamfuta PLATO (Shirye-shiryen dabaru don Ayyukan Koyarwa Mai sarrafa kansa).
Tashoshin PLATO sun haɗa da babban tsarin jami'a . Nunin su TV ne na yau da kullun, kuma madannin mai amfani yana da maɓallai 16 kawai don kewayawa. Daliban jami'a na iya yin karatun darussa da yawa.
Hotuna: / PD / PLATO4 madannai
Sigar farko ta PLATO ta gwaji ce kuma tana da iyakoki masu mahimmanci: alal misali, ikon masu amfani biyu don yin aiki tare da shi a lokaci guda ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin 1961 (a cikin sabon sigar PLATO II). Kuma a cikin 1969, injiniyoyi sun gabatar da yaren shirye-shirye na musamman don haɓaka ba kawai kayan ilimi ba, har ma da wasanni.
PLATO ya inganta, kuma a cikin 1970 Jami'ar Illinois ta shiga yarjejeniya tare da Kamfanin Kula da Bayanai. Na'urar ta shiga kasuwar kasuwanci.
Shekaru shida bayan haka, tashoshi 950 sun riga sun yi aiki tare da PLATO, kuma jimillar kwasa-kwasan ya kasance sa'o'in koyarwa dubu 12 a cikin darussan jami'a da yawa.
Ba a amfani da tsarin a yau; an daina shi a cikin 2000. Koyaya, ƙungiyar PLATO Learning (yanzu Edmentum), wacce ke da alhakin haɓaka tashoshi, tana haɓaka darussan horo.
"Shin mutum-mutumi na iya koyar da yaranmu"
Tare da haɓaka sabbin fasahohin ilimi a cikin 60s, suka fara suka, galibi a cikin shahararrun jaridun Amurka. Kanun jaridu da mujallu kamar "Injin Koyarwa: Albarka ko La'ana?" suka yi magana da kansu. an rage masu shakka zuwa batutuwa uku.
Da fari dai, babu isassun horo na dabaru da fasaha na malamai dangane da yanayin karancin ma'aikata a makarantun Amurka. Na biyu, tsadar kayan aiki da ƙananan adadin darussan horo. Don haka, makarantu a daya daga cikin gundumomi sun kashe dala 5000 (kudi mai yawa a wancan lokacin), bayan sun gano cewa babu isassun kayan aiki na cikakken ilimi.
Na uku, masana sun damu game da yuwuwar tauye ilimi. Yawancin masu sha'awar sun yi magana game da gaskiyar cewa a nan gaba ba za a buƙaci malamai ba.
Ci gaba da ci gaba ya nuna cewa tsoro ya kasance a banza: malamai ba su zama masu taimakawa kwamfuta ba, farashin kayan aiki da software sun ragu, kuma adadin kayan ilimi ya karu. Amma wannan ya faru ne kawai a cikin 80-90s na karni na XNUMX, lokacin da sababbin abubuwan da suka faru suka bayyana wadanda suka mamaye nasarorin PLATO.
Za mu yi magana game da waɗannan fasahohin lokaci na gaba.
Me kuma muka rubuta game da Habré:
source: www.habr.com