Ina so in gabatar wa jama'a guntun wannan littafi da aka buga kwanan nan:
Samfuran Ontological na kamfani: hanyoyin da fasaha [Text]: monograph / [S. V. Gorshkov, S. S. Kralin, O. I. Mushtak da sauransu; Editan zartarwa S.V. Gorshkov]. - Ekaterinburg: Ural University Publishing House, 2019. - 234 p.: rashin lafiya., tebur; 20 cm - Marubuci. aka nuna a baya tit. Tare da - Littafi Mai Tsarki a karshen ch. - ISBN 978-5-7996-2580-1: kwafi 200.
Manufar buga wannan guntu a kan Habré sau huɗu ne:
- Yana da wuya wani ya iya riƙe wannan littafi a hannunsu idan ba abokin ciniki ba ne na mutuntaka ; Babu shakka ba a sayarwa ba.
- An yi gyare-gyare ga rubutun (ba a yi la'akari da su a ƙasa ba) kuma an yi ƙarin abubuwan da ba su dace da tsarin da aka buga ba: bayanin kula (ƙarƙashin ɓarna) da hyperlinks.
- ina so in yi tattara tambayoyi da sharhi, domin a yi la'akari da su lokacin haɗa wannan rubutu a cikin sigar da aka sake bita a cikin kowane wallafe-wallafe.
- Yawancin masu bibiyar Yanar gizo ta Semantic da Haɗaɗɗen Bayanai har yanzu sun yi imanin cewa da'irar su tana da ƙunci sosai, musamman saboda har yanzu jama'a ba a yi bayanin yadda ya kamata ba yadda yake da kyau zama mabiyi na Yanar Gizon Semantic da Bayanan Haɗi. Marubucin guntu, kodayake yana cikin wannan da'irar, ba ya riƙe wannan ra'ayi, amma, duk da haka, yana ɗaukar kansa wajibi ne don yin wani ƙoƙari.
Sabili da haka,
Shafin yanar gizo
Za a iya wakilta juyin halittar Intanet kamar haka (ko magana game da sassanta waɗanda aka kafa cikin tsari da aka nuna a ƙasa):
- Takardu akan Intanet. Mabuɗin fasaha - Gopher, FTP, da dai sauransu.
Intanet hanyar sadarwa ce ta duniya don musayar albarkatun gida. - Takardun Intanet. Mabuɗin fasaha shine HTML da HTTP.
Halin albarkatun da aka fallasa suna la'akari da halayen watsawar su. - Bayanan Intanet. Maɓalli na fasaha - REST da SABULU API, XHR, da sauransu.
Zamanin aikace-aikacen Intanet, ba kawai mutane sun zama masu amfani da albarkatu ba. - Bayanan Intanet. Mabuɗin fasahohin fasaha na bayanai ne masu alaƙa.
Wannan mataki na hudu, wanda Berners-Lee ya annabta, mahaliccin fasahar fasaha na biyu da kuma darektan W3C, ana kiransa Semantic Web; An tsara fasahohin bayanan da aka haɗa don yin bayanai akan gidan yanar gizo ba kawai na'ura mai karantawa ba, har ma da "na'ura-fahimta."
Daga abin da ya biyo baya, mai karatu zai fahimci ma'anar da ke tsakanin mahimman ra'ayoyin matakai na biyu da na hudu:
- URLs suna kama da URIs,
- Analog na HTML shine RDF,
- Hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo na HTML suna kama da abubuwan da suka faru na URI a cikin takardun RDF.
Gidan Yanar Gizon Semantic ya fi tsarin hangen nesa na gaba na Intanet fiye da takamaiman yanayin da ba a so ba ko kuma na son rai, kodayake yana iya ɗaukar waɗannan na ƙarshe cikin la'akari. Misali, muhimmin sifa na abin da ake kira Yanar Gizo 2.0 ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin “abun ciki na mai amfani.” Musamman, ana kiran shawarar W3C don yin la'akari da shi ""kuma irin wannan aiki kamar .
Yanar Gizon Semantic ya Mutu?
Idan kun ƙi , halin da ake ciki tare da gidan yanar gizo na ma'ana yana da kusan daidai da tsarin gurguzu a lokacin ci gaban zamantakewar zamantakewa (kuma ko ana lura da aminci ga sharadi na Ilyich, bari kowa ya yanke shawara da kansa). Injin bincike tilasta wa gidajen yanar gizo yin amfani da RDFa da JSON-LD kuma su kansu suna amfani da fasahohin da ke da alaƙa da waɗanda aka bayyana a ƙasa (Gidan Ilimin Google, Hotunan Ilimin Bing).
A cikin sharuddan gabaɗaya, marubucin ba zai iya faɗi abin da ke hana yaɗuwar girma ba, amma yana iya yin magana bisa ga kwarewar mutum. Akwai matsalolin da za a iya magance su "daga cikin akwatin" a cikin yanayin SW m, ko da yake ba su da yawa sosai. Sakamakon haka, wadanda ke fuskantar wadannan ayyuka ba su da wata hanyar tilasta wa wadanda ke iya samar da mafita, yayin da samar da mafita mai zaman kansa na karshen ya saba wa tsarin kasuwancinsu. Don haka muna ci gaba da rarraba HTML tare da manne tare APIs daban-daban, junanmu shittier.
Duk da haka, fasahar da aka haɗa ta hanyar sadarwa sun bazu fiye da gidan yanar gizo na yau da kullum; Littafin, a gaskiya, an sadaukar da shi ga waɗannan aikace-aikacen. A halin yanzu, al'umman da aka haɗa bayanan suna tsammanin waɗannan fasahohin za su ƙara yaɗuwa godiya ga rikodi na Gartner (ko shela, kamar yadda kuke so) na halaye kamar su. Graphs Ilimi и Data Fabric. Ina so in yi imani cewa ba zai zama aiwatar da "keke" na waɗannan ra'ayoyin da za su yi nasara ba, amma waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ka'idodin W3C da aka tattauna a ƙasa.
Bayanai masu alaƙa
Berners-Lee ya ayyana Bayanan da aka haɗa a matsayin gidan yanar gizo na ma'anar "an yi daidai": tsarin hanyoyin da fasahar da ke ba shi damar cimma burinsa na ƙarshe. Ka'idodin asali na Linked Data Berners-Lee masu zuwa.
Ka'ida 1. Amfani da URIs don sunaye mahaɗan.
URIs sune masu gano mahaɗan duniya sabanin masu gano kirtani na gida don shigarwar. Daga baya, wannan ƙa'idar ta fi dacewa a bayyana a cikin taken Google Knowledge Graph "".
Ka'ida 2. Amfani da URIs a cikin tsarin HTTP don a iya cire su.
Ta hanyar nuni ga URI, yakamata a sami alamar da ke bayan wannan ma'anar (kwatankwacin sunan mai aiki "ya bayyana a nan).*"na C); daidai, don samun wasu wakilcin wannan alamar - ya danganta da ƙimar taken HTTP Accept:. Wataƙila, tare da zuwan zamanin AR / VR, zai yiwu a sami albarkatun kanta, amma a yanzu, mafi mahimmanci, zai zama takaddar RDF, wanda shine sakamakon aiwatar da tambayar SPARQL. DESCRIBE.
Ka'ida 3. Amfani da ka'idojin W3C - da farko RDF(S) da SPARQL - musamman lokacin da aka soke URIs.
Waɗannan “yadudduka” guda ɗaya na tarin fasahar Haɗin kai, wanda kuma aka sani da , za a bayyana a kasa.
Ka'ida 4. Amfani da nassoshi zuwa wasu URIs lokacin da ke bayyana ƙungiyoyi.
RDF yana ba ku damar iyakance kanku zuwa bayanin magana na albarkatu a cikin harshe na halitta, kuma ka'ida ta huɗu tana kiran kada ku yi wannan. Idan ka'idar farko ta kasance a duk duniya, zai yiwu lokacin da aka kwatanta albarkatu don komawa ga wasu, ciki har da "kasashen waje", wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake kira bayanan haɗin gwiwa. A zahiri, kusan babu makawa a yi amfani da URI mai suna a cikin ƙamus na RFFS.
RDF
(Tsarin Siffar Bayanan Albarkatu) ƙa'ida ce don kwatanta abubuwan da ke da alaƙa.
Bayanin nau'in "subject-predicate-object", da ake kira triplets, an yi su ne game da ƙungiyoyi da dangantakarsu. A cikin mafi sauƙi, batun, predicate, da abu duk URIs ne. URI iri ɗaya na iya kasancewa a cikin matsayi daban-daban a cikin uku uku: zama batun, tsinkaya, da abu; Don haka, uku-uku suna yin nau'in jadawali da ake kira jadawali RDF.
Batutuwa da abubuwa na iya zama ba kawai URIs ba, har ma da abin da ake kira babu komai, da abubuwa kuma na iya zama na zahiri. Litattafai misalai ne na nau'ikan farko da suka ƙunshi wakilcin kirtani da alama nau'in.
Misalai na rubuce-rubuce na zahiri (a cikin fassarar Turtle, ƙarin game da shi a ƙasa): "5.0"^^xsd:float и "five"^^xsd:string. Litattafai tare da nau'in rdf:langString Hakanan ana iya sanye shi da alamar harshe; a cikin Kunkuru an rubuta shi kamar haka: "five"@en и "пять"@ru.
Nodes marasa amfani albarkatun "marasa suna" ba tare da masu gano duniya ba, game da abin da za a iya yin maganganun, duk da haka,; irin sauye-sauye masu wanzuwa.
Don haka (wannan shine, a zahiri, duk batun RDF):
- batun URI ne ko kulli mara komai,
- Ma'anar ita ce URI,
- abu URI ne, kumburi mara komai, ko na zahiri.
Me yasa ba za a iya predicates su zama nodes mara kyau ba?
Dalili mai yuwuwa shine sha'awar fahimta ba bisa ka'ida ba da fassara sau uku zuwa cikin yaren ma'ana na farko-farko s p o kamar wani abu kamar 
inda - predicate, и - akai-akai. Alamomin wannan fahimtar suna cikin takardar "", wanda ke da matsayi na bayanin kula na ƙungiyar W3C. Tare da wannan fahimtar, sau uku s p []inda [] - kumburi mara komai, za a fassara shi azaman inda - m, amma yadda za a fassara s [] o? Daftarin aiki tare da matsayin Shawarar W3C"” yana ba da wata hanyar fassara, amma har yanzu baya la’akari da yuwuwar tsinkayar zama nodes mara kyau.
Duk da haka, Manu Sporni .
RDF samfuri ne mai ƙima. Ana iya rubuta RDF (jeri a jera) a cikin ma'auni daban-daban: , (mafi yawan karatun mutane), , (binary).
RDF guda ɗaya za a iya jera shi cikin RDF/XML ta hanyoyi daban-daban, don haka, alal misali, ba shi da ma'ana don tabbatar da sakamakon XML ta amfani da XSD ko ƙoƙarin cire bayanai ta amfani da XPath. Hakazalika, JSON-LD ba zai iya gamsar da matsakaitan masu haɓaka Javascript sha'awar yin aiki tare da RDF ta amfani da ɗigo na Javascript da madaidaicin ma'auni (ko da yake JSON-LD yana motsawa ta wannan hanyar ta hanyar ba da tsari. ).
Yawancin ma'amala suna ba da hanyoyi don gajarta dogon URIs. Misali, talla @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> a Kunkuru to zai ba ka damar rubuta maimakon <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> kawai rdf:type.
RDFS
(RDF Schema) - ƙamus na ƙirar ƙira, yana gabatar da ra'ayoyin dukiya da aji da kaddarorin kamar su. rdf:type, rdfs:subClassOf, rdfs:domain и rdfs:range. Yin amfani da ƙamus na RDFS, alal misali, ana iya rubuta maganganun ingantattun maganganu masu zuwa:
rdf:type rdf:type rdf:Property .
rdf:Property rdf:type rdfs:Class .
rdfs:Class rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Resource .
rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:domain rdfs:Class .
rdfs:domain rdfs:domain rdf:Property .
rdfs:domain rdfs:range rdfs:Class .
rdfs:label rdfs:range rdfs:Literal .RDFS siffa ce da ƙamus ɗin ƙira, amma ba harshe ba ne mai takurawa (ko da yake ƙayyadaddun hukuma da yiwuwar irin wannan amfani). Bai kamata a fahimci kalmar "Schema" a cikin ma'ana ɗaya kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmar "Schema XML". Misali, :author rdfs:range foaf:Person yana nufin haka rdf:type duk darajar dukiya :author - foaf:Person, amma ba yana nufin ya kamata a faɗi haka a gaba ba.
SPARQL
(Protocol SPARQL da RDF Query Language) - harshe don neman bayanan RDF. A cikin yanayi mai sauƙi, tambayar SPARQL saitin samfurori ne waɗanda aka yi daidai da uku na jadawali da ake tambaya. Alamomi na iya ƙunsar masu canji a cikin magana, tsinkaya, da matsayi na abu.
Tambayar za ta dawo da irin waɗannan dabi'u masu canzawa waɗanda, idan aka canza su cikin samfuran, na iya haifar da ƙaramin juzu'in jadawali na RDF (wani ɓangaren sa uku). Bambance-bambancen suna iri ɗaya a samfura daban-daban na uku dole ne su kasance da ƙima iri ɗaya.
Misali, da aka ba wannan saitin axioms guda bakwai na RDFS, tambaya mai zuwa zata dawo rdfs:domain и rdfs:range a matsayin dabi'u ?s и ?p daidai da:
SELECT * WHERE {
?s ?p rdfs:Class .
?p ?p rdf:Property .
}Yana da kyau a lura cewa SPARQL yana bayyanawa kuma ba harshe bane don siffanta jadawali (duk da haka, wasu wuraren ajiyar RDF suna ba da hanyoyin daidaita tsarin aiwatar da tambaya). Don haka, wasu matsalolin jadawali na yau da kullun, alal misali, gano mafi guntu hanya, ba za a iya warware su a cikin SPARQL ba, gami da amfani da (amma kuma, ma'ajin RDF guda ɗaya suna ba da kari na musamman don magance waɗannan matsalolin).
SPARQL ba ya raba zato na bude duniya kuma yana bin tsarin "negation a matsayin gazawa", wanda a ciki. kayayyaki kamar FILTER NOT EXISTS {…}. Ana la'akari da rarraba bayanai ta amfani da tsarin .
Wurin shiga SPARQL - ajiyar RDF mai iya sarrafa tambayoyin SPARQL - ba shi da kwatancen kai tsaye daga mataki na biyu (duba farkon wannan sakin layi). Ana iya kwatanta shi da bayanan bayanai, dangane da abubuwan da aka samar da shafukan HTML, amma ana iya samun damar zuwa waje. Wurin samun damar SPARQL ya fi kwatankwacin wurin samun damar API daga mataki na uku, amma tare da manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu. Da fari dai, yana yiwuwa a haɗa tambayoyin "atomic" da yawa zuwa ɗaya (wanda ake la'akari da sifa mai mahimmanci na GraphQL), na biyu kuma, irin wannan API ɗin gabaɗaya ce ta rubutawa (wanda shine abin da HATEOAS yayi ƙoƙarin cimma).
Maganar siyasa
RDF hanya ce ta buga bayanai akan gidan yanar gizo, don haka ya kamata a ɗauki ajiyar RDF a matsayin daftarin aiki DBMS. Gaskiya ne, tun da RDF jadawali ne ba itace ba, sun kuma zama tushen jadawali. Yana da ban mamaki cewa ya yi aiki kwata-kwata. Wanene zai yi tunanin cewa za a sami mutane masu basira waɗanda za su aiwatar da nodes marasa tushe. Codd na nan .
Hakanan akwai ƙarancin cikakkun hanyoyin da za a tsara damar shiga bayanan RDF, misali, (LDF) da (LDP).
mujiya
(Harshen Ontology na Yanar Gizo) - ƙa'idar don wakilcin ilimi, juzu'in bayanin dabaru (ko'ina a ƙasa ya fi dacewa a faɗi OWL 2, sigar farko ta OWL ta dogara ne akan ).
Ra'ayoyin dabaru na siffantawa a cikin OWL sun dace da azuzuwan, ayyuka sun dace da kaddarorin, daidaikun mutane suna riƙe sunansu na baya. Axioms kuma ana kiran su axioms.
Misali, a cikin abin da ake kira don bayanin OWL an riga an san mu axiom za a rubuta kamar haka:
Class: Human
Class: Parent
EquivalentClass: Human and (inverse hasParent) some Human
ObjectProperty: hasParentAkwai wasu kalmomi don rubuta OWL, kamar , da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙayyadaddun hukuma, da . Bugu da ƙari, OWL na iya zama jeri da ƙari - a cikin kowane ƙayyadaddun kalmomi.
OWL yana da alaƙa guda biyu tare da RDF. A gefe guda, ana iya la'akari da shi azaman nau'in ƙamus wanda ke faɗaɗa RDFS. A gefe guda, yana da ƙarfi mafi ƙarfi wanda RDF shine tsarin serialization kawai. Ba duk ginin OWL na farko ba ne za a iya rubuta shi ta amfani da RDF guda uku.
Dangane da waɗanne rukunin gine-ginen OWL da aka ba da izinin yin amfani da su, suna magana akan abin da ake kira . Daidaitacce kuma mafi shahara sune OWL EL, OWL RL da OWL QL. Zaɓin bayanin martaba yana rinjayar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na matsalolin al'ada. Cikakken saitin OWL ya gina daidai da , ake kira OWL DL. Wani lokaci kuma suna magana game da OWL Full, wanda aka ba da izinin yin amfani da gine-gine na OWL tare da cikakken 'yancin da ke cikin RDF, ba tare da ƙuntatawa na ma'ana da lissafi ba. . Misali, wani abu na iya zama duka aji da dukiya. OWL Full ba shi da tabbas.
Mabuɗin ka'idodin don haɗa sakamako a cikin OWL shine ɗaukar zato na buɗe duniya. ) da ƙin yarda da zato na musamman sunaye (zaton suna na musamman, ). A ƙasa za mu ga inda waɗannan ƙa'idodin za su iya kaiwa da gabatar da wasu gine-gine na OWL.
Bari Ontology ya ƙunshi guntu mai zuwa (a cikin syntax na Manchester):
Class: manyChildren
EquivalentTo: Human that hasChild min 3
Individual: John
Types: Human
Facts: hasChild Alice, hasChild Bob, hasChild CarolShin zai biyo baya daga abin da aka ce Yohanna yana da ’ya’ya da yawa? Ƙin UNA zai tilasta injin inferment ya amsa wannan tambayar a cikin mummunan ra'ayi, tun da Alice da Bob na iya zama mutum ɗaya. Don waɗannan abubuwan su faru, kuna buƙatar ƙara axiom mai zuwa:
DifferentIndividuals: Alice, Bob, Carol, JohnBari yanzu juzu'in ontology ya kasance da nau'i mai zuwa (An bayyana Yahaya yana da 'ya'ya da yawa, amma yana da 'ya'ya biyu kawai):
Class: manyChildren
EquivalentTo: Human that hasChild min 3
Individual: John
Types: Human, manyChildren
Facts: hasChild Alice, hasChild Bob
DifferentIndividuals: Alice, Bob, Carol, JohnShin wannan ontology zai zama rashin daidaituwa (wanda za'a iya fassara shi azaman shaidar bayanan mara inganci)? Yarda da OWA zai sa injin inferment ya amsa da mummunan: "wani wuri" wani (a cikin wani ilimin kimiyya) yana iya yiwuwa a ce Carol ma ɗan Yahaya ne.
Don kawar da yuwuwar hakan, bari mu ƙara sabon gaskiya game da Yahaya:
Individual: John
Facts: hasChild Alice, hasChild Bob, not hasChild CarolDon ware bayyanar wasu yara, bari mu ce duk dabi'u na dukiya "samun yaro" mutane ne, wanda muke da kawai hudu:
ObjectProperty: hasChild
Domain: Human
Сharacteristics: Irreflexive
Class: Human
EquivalentTo: { Alice, Bill, Carol, John }Yanzu Ontology zai zama sabani, wanda injin inference ba zai kasa bayar da rahoto ba. Tare da na ƙarshe na axioms muna da, a wata ma'ana, "rufe" duniya, kuma ku lura da yadda aka ware yuwuwar John ya zama ɗansa.
Haɗin Bayanan Kasuwanci
Saitin hanyoyin da aka haɗa bayanai da fasaha an yi niyya ne don buga bayanai akan Yanar gizo. Amfani da su a cikin yanayin kamfani na ciki yana fuskantar matsaloli da dama.
Misali, a cikin rufaffiyar muhallin kamfani, ikon cirewa na OWL bisa dogaro da OWA da ƙin yarda da UNA, yanke shawara saboda buɗewa da rarraba yanayin gidan yanar gizon, yana da rauni sosai. Kuma a nan akwai mafita masu zuwa.
- Bayar da OWL tare da ilimin tauhidi, yana nuna watsi da OWA da ɗaukar UNA, aiwatar da injin fitarwa daidai. - Tare da wannan hanya Stardog RDF ajiya.
- Yin watsi da iyawar OWL don samun goyon bayan injunan mulki. - Stardog yana goyan bayan ; Jena da GraphDB suna bayarwa dokoki
- Ƙin iya ragewa na OWL, amfani da ɗaya ko wani yanki kusa da RDFS don yin ƙira. - Duba ƙarin game da wannan a ƙasa.
Wani batu kuma shi ne babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ga kamfanonin duniya kan batutuwan ingancin bayanai da kuma rashin kayan aikin tantance bayanai a cikin tarin bayanan da aka haɗa. Abubuwan da aka fitar anan sune kamar haka.
- Bugu da ƙari, yi amfani da ingantaccen ginin OWL tare da rufaffiyar fassarar duniya da sunaye na musamman idan akwai injin ƙira mai dacewa.
- Amfani , daidaitacce bayan an gyara jerin abubuwan da aka tsara na Semantic Web Layer Cake (duk da haka, ana iya amfani da shi azaman injin ƙa'ida), ko .
- Fahimtar cewa an yi komai a ƙarshe tare da tambayoyin SPARQL, ƙirƙirar naku sauƙin ingantattun bayanai ta amfani da su.
Duk da haka, ko da cikakken ƙin yarda da iyawar cirewa da kayan aikin tabbatarwa suna barin tarin bayanan Linked daga gasa a cikin ayyukan da suka yi kama da shimfidar wuri zuwa gidan yanar gizo mai buɗewa da rarrabawa - a cikin ayyukan haɗakar bayanai.
Menene tsarin bayanan kamfani na yau da kullun?
Wannan yana yiwuwa, amma ya kamata ku, ba shakka, ku san ainihin matsalolin da fasahar da ta dace za su warware. Zan kwatanta a nan wani hali na al'ada na mahalarta ci gaba don nuna yadda wannan tarin fasaha ya yi kama da ma'anar IT na al'ada. Ka tunatar da ni kadan daga cikin misalin giwa:
- Manazarcin kasuwanciRDF wani abu ne kamar samfurin ma'ana da aka adana kai tsaye.
- Manazarta TsarinRDF kamar haka , kawai tare da gungun fihirisa da yaren tambaya mai dacewa.
- developer: da kyau, wannan duk yana cikin ruhin ka'idodin ƙirar ƙira da ƙananan lambar, kwanan nan game da wannan.
- Manajan aikin: eh haka yake !
Aiki ya nuna cewa an fi amfani da tari a cikin ayyuka masu alaƙa da rarrabawa da bambancin bayanai, alal misali, lokacin gina tsarin ajin MDM (Master Data Management) ko DWH (Data Warehouse). Irin waɗannan matsalolin suna wanzu a kowace masana'antu.
Dangane da ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikace na masana'antu, fasahar Haɗaɗɗen Bayanai a halin yanzu sun fi shahara a masana'antu masu zuwa.
- fasahohin ilimin halittu (inda shahararsu da alama tana da alaƙa da sarƙaƙƙiyar yanki);
halin yanzu
Kwanan nan "Poiling Point" ya karbi bakuncin taron da kungiyar "Base Ilimin Likitanci ta Kasa" ta shirya "".
- samarwa da aiki na hadaddun samfurori (manyan injiniyan injiniya, samar da mai da iskar gas; mafi yawan lokuta muna magana ne game da daidaitattun abubuwa );
halin yanzu
A nan, ma, dalilin shine rikitarwa na batun batun, lokacin da, alal misali, a mataki na gaba, idan muka yi magana game da masana'antar man fetur da gas, lissafin kuɗi mai sauƙi yana buƙatar wasu ayyuka na CAD.
A 2008, wani taron shigarwa na wakilci, wanda Chevron ya shirya, ya faru .
TS EN ISO 15926, a ƙarshe, ya yi kama da ɗan nauyi ga masana'antar mai da iskar gas (kuma an sami wataƙila mafi girma aikace-aikacen injiniyan injiniya). Statoil (Equinor) ne kawai ya kamu da shi sosai; a Norway, gabaɗaya . Wasu kuma suna ƙoƙarin yin abin nasu ne. Alal misali, a cewar jita-jita, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta cikin gida ta yi niyyar ƙirƙirar "samfurin ontological samfurin man fetur da makamashi," kama, a fili, don .
- kungiyoyin kudi (har ma XBRL za a iya la'akari da nau'in matasan SDMX da RDF Data Cube ontology);
halin yanzu
A farkon shekara, LinkedIn ya ba da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa ga marubucin tare da guraben aiki daga kusan dukkanin manyan masana'antar hada-hadar kudi, wanda ya sani daga jerin talabijin "Force Majeure": Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase da / ko Morgan Stanley, Wells Fargo, SWIFT/Visa/Mastercard, Bank of America, Citigroup, Fed, Deutsche Bank... Wataƙila kowa yana neman wanda zai aika zuwa gare shi. . 'Yan kaɗan sun sami damar samun: ƙungiyoyin kuɗi sun ɗauki komai .
A kan HeadHunter, Sberbank ne kawai ya gamu da wani abu mai ban sha'awa; game da "Ajiye EAV tare da samfurin bayanai kamar RDF."
Wataƙila, bambanci a cikin matakin ƙauna ga fasahar da ta dace na cibiyoyin kuɗi na gida da na Yamma shine saboda yanayin ƙetare na ayyukan na ƙarshe. A bayyane yake, haɗin kai a kan iyakokin jihohi yana buƙatar mafita daban-daban na tsari da fasaha daban-daban.
- Tsarin amsa tambayoyi tare da aikace-aikacen kasuwanci (IBM Watson, Apple Siri, Google Knowledge Graph);
halin yanzu
Af, mahaliccin Siri, Thomas Gruber, shine marubucin ainihin ma'anar ontology (a cikin ma'anar IT) a matsayin "bayani da ƙima." A ra'ayi na, sake tsara kalmomi a cikin wannan ma'anar ba ya canza ma'anarsa, wanda watakila yana nuna cewa babu shi.
- buga bayanan da aka tsara (tare da mafi girman hujja wannan ana iya danganta shi da Buɗe Bayanan da aka haɗa).
halin yanzu
Manyan masu sha'awar bayanan da aka haɗa su ne abin da ake kira GLAM: Galleries, Library, Archives, and Museums. Ya isa a faɗi cewa Laburaren Majalisa na haɓaka wanda zai maye gurbin MARC21 , wanda yana ba da tushe don kwatancin bayanin littafin nan gaba kuma, ba shakka, bisa RDF.
Wikidata sau da yawa ana ba da misali da wani aiki mai nasara a fagen haɗin yanar gizo na Buɗaɗɗen bayanai - nau'in nau'in na'ura mai karantawa ta Wikipedia, abubuwan da ke cikin sa sabanin DBPedia, ba a shigo da su daga akwatunan bayanai na labarin ba, amma ana samun su. ƙirƙira fiye ko žasa da hannu (kuma daga baya ya zama tushen bayanai don akwatunan info ɗin guda ɗaya).
Muna kuma ba da shawarar ku duba shi masu amfani da ajiyar Stardog RDF akan gidan yanar gizon Stardog a cikin sashin "Customers".
Duk da haka, a cikin Gartner "Kasuwancin Taxonomy da Gudanar da Ontology" an sanya shi a tsakiyar gangara zuwa cikin kwarin rashin jin daɗi tare da fatan kaiwa ga "faralin samarwa" ba a farkon shekaru 10 ba.
Haɗa Bayanan Kasuwanci
Hasashe, hasashe, hasashe...
Saboda sha'awar tarihi, na yi lissafin ƙasa hasashen Gartner na shekaru daban-daban akan fasahohin da ke sha'awar mu.
| Shekara | Fasaha | Rahoton | Matsayi | Shekaru zuwa plateau |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Shafin yanar gizo | Kunno kai Technologies | Ƙirƙirar Ƙira | 5-10 |
| 2006 | Yanar Gizon Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwa | Kunno kai Technologies | Kololuwar Hasashen Tsammani | 5-10 |
| 2012 | Shafin yanar gizo | Big Data | Kololuwar Hasashen Tsammani | > 10 |
| 2015 | Bayanai masu alaƙa | Advanced Analytics da Kimiyyar Bayanai | Trough of Dillusionation | 5-10 |
| 2016 | Kasuwancin Ontology Management | Kunno kai Technologies | Trough of Dillusionation | > 10 |
| 2018 | Graphs Ilimi | Kunno kai Technologies | Ƙirƙirar Ƙira | 5-10 |
Duk da haka, riga a wani yanayin sama ya bayyana - Hotunan Ilimi. Wani reincarnation ya faru: DBMSs jadawali, wanda hankalin masu amfani da ƙoƙarin masu haɓakawa ya juya don canzawa, ƙarƙashin rinjayar buƙatun na tsohon da halaye na ƙarshen, ya fara ɗaukar kwantena da matsayi. na magabata masu fafatawa.
Kusan kowane jadawali DBMS yanzu yana bayyana kansa a matsayin dandali mai dacewa don gina “jafin ilimi” na kamfani (“bayanin da aka haɗa” wani lokaci ana maye gurbinsa da “bayanan da aka haɗa”), amma ta yaya irin waɗannan da’awar?
Rubutun bayanai na zane har yanzu suna da tushe; bayanan da ke cikin DBMS jadawali har yanzu silo iri ɗaya ne. Masu gano kirtani maimakon URI suna sanya aikin haɗa DBMSs jadawali biyu har yanzu aikin haɗin kai ne, yayin da haɗa kantunan RDF guda biyu sau da yawa yakan sauko don kawai haɗa hotuna biyu na RDF. Wani bangare na asemmanticity shine rashin juye-juye na ƙirar jadawali na LPG, wanda ke sa ya yi wahala sarrafa metadata ta amfani da dandamali iri ɗaya.
A ƙarshe, DBMSs jadawali ba su da injunan bincike ko injunan ƙa'ida. Za a iya sake haifar da sakamakon irin waɗannan injunan ta hanyar rikitarwa, amma wannan yana yiwuwa ko da a cikin SQL.
Koyaya, manyan tsarin ajiya na RDF ba su da wahalar tallafawa ƙirar LPG. Mafi ƙwaƙƙwarar hanya ana ɗaukar ita ce wacce aka gabatar a lokaci ɗaya a cikin Blazegraph: ƙirar RDF*, haɗa RDF da LPG.
Read more
Kuna iya karanta ƙarin game da tallafin ajiyar RDF don ƙirar LPG a cikin labarin da ya gabata akan Habré: . Ina fata wata rana za a rubuta wani labarin dabam game da Hotunan Ilimi da Fabric ɗin Bayanai. Sashe na ƙarshe, kamar yadda yake da sauƙin fahimta, an rubuta shi cikin sauri, duk da haka, ko da watanni shida bayan haka, duk abin da ba a bayyana ba sosai tare da waɗannan ra'ayoyin.
Litattafai
- Halpin, H., Monnin, A. (eds.) (2014). Injiniyan Falsafa: Zuwa ga Falsafa na Yanar Gizo
- Allemang, D., Hendler, J. (2011) Yanar Gizo na Semantic don Ma'aikacin Ontologist Aiki (eded na biyu).
- Staab, S., Studer, R. (eds.) (2009) Littafin Jagora akan Ontologies (ed na biyu).
- Wood, D. (ed.). (2011) Haɗin Bayanan Kasuwanci
- Keet, M. (2018) Gabatarwa ga Injiniya Ontology
source: www.habr.com