Mmụba nke ọnụọgụ transistors na ibe na-aga n'ihu na-agbaso iwu Moore

Ihe mgbochi na mmepe nke mmepụta semiconductor adịkwaghị ka ihe mgbochi, ma mgbidi dị ogologo. Ma ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu site na nzọụkwụ, na-agbaso ihe akaebe pụtara ìhè ewepụtara 55 afọ gara aga. Iwu Gordon Moore. Agbanyeghị na ndoputa, ọnụọgụ transistor na ibe na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye okpukpu abụọ kwa afọ abụọ.

Ka ọ ghara ịbụ ndị na-enweghị ntọala site na nyocha nke IC Insights bipụtara akụkọ na steeti nke ahịa semiconductor na 2020. Akụkọ ahụ gụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe nke isi ahịa kemgbe 71: ebe nchekwa DRAM, NAND flash memory, microprocessors na ndị na-emepụta eserese.

Ndị nyocha na-achọpụta na n'ime afọ 10 ruo 15 gara aga, ihe ndị dị ka ike oriri na oke ike amalitela imetụta mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ transistor na ụfọdụ ngwaahịa agbakwunyere. Ma n'ozuzu, mmepe ọhụrụ na ụzọ ọhụrụ maka ịmepụta na mmepụta nke ibe na-enye anyị ohere ịdabere na ịnọgide na-echekwa iwu Moore.

Ya mere, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke transistors na ibe DRAM mụbara na nkezi ọnụego nke ihe dị ka 2000% kwa afọ na mmalite 45s, mana agbadala 2016% kwa afọ kemgbe 20 site na iwebata ibe nchekwa 16-Gbit sitere na Samsung. Ọkọlọtọ DDR5, nke ka na-emecha site na JEDEC, ga-agụnye ngwaọrụ monolithic nwere ikike nke 24 Gbit, 32 Gbit na 64 Gbit, nke bụ mmụba ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu.

Mmụba kwa afọ na njupụta ebe nchekwa flash nọgidere na 2012-55% kwa afọ ruo n'afọ 60, mana agbadala ruo 30-35% kwa afọ. Maka ibe nchekwa flash planar, njupụta kachasị elu bụ 128 Gbit (data dị ka Jenụwarị 2020). Mana njupụta kachasị nke mgbawa 3D NAND ruru 1,33 Tbit maka ebe nchekwa 96-layer nwere bit anọ kwa cell (QLC). Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị nke afọ, a na-ekwe nkwa 1,5 Tbit 128-layer microcircuits, yana mmụba na-esote ike ruo 2 Tbit.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke transistor na Intel PC microprocessors toro ihe dị ka 2010% kwa afọ ruo 40, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ a dara ọkara n'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke transistor na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto na nhazi nkesa nke ụlọ ọrụ. Uto a kwụsịrị n'etiti etiti-ọgwụgwụ 2000s mana ọ maliteghachiri na ọnụego ihe dịka 25% kwa afọ. Intel kwụsịrị ikpughe nkọwa ọnụọgụ transistor na 2017.

Ọnụọgụ transistors dị na ndị nhazi ngwa Apple na ekwentị mkpanaaka iPhone Kemgbe afọ 2013, ahịa iPad amụbaala site na pasentị iri anọ na atọ kwa afọ. Ọnụọgụ a gụnyere ihe nhazi A13 yana transistors ijeri asatọ na ọkara ya. A na-atụ anya na Apple ga-ewebata iPad Pro, nke ihe nhazi A13X ọhụrụ na-akwado, na ọkara mbụ nke afọ 2020.

GPU dị elu nke NVIDIA nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ transistor dị oke elu. N'adịghị ka microprocessors, GPUs, nwere ogo kachasị elu nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ, enweghị nnukwu ebe nchekwa nchekwa, na-ahapụ ọtụtụ ohere maka mgbagha (transistors). Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gara n'ihu na-elekwasị anya na mmụta igwe na ndị na-eme ngwa ngwa AI ga-eme ka omume a dịkwuo elu.

isi: 3dnews.ru