🥇3. Kapangidwe ka netiweki yamabizinesi pa Kusintha Kwambiri

3. Kapangidwe ka netiweki yamabizinesi pa ma switch a Extreme

Masana abwino abwenzi! Lero ndipitiliza mndandanda woperekedwa kwa Zosintha kwambiri nkhani pa Enterprise network design.

M'nkhaniyi ndiyesera kukhala mwachidule momwe ndingathere:

fotokozani njira yokhazikika yopangira netiweki ya Etnterprise
Ganizirani zamitundu yomanga imodzi mwamagawo ofunikira kwambiri pamabizinesi - network network (ip-campus)
fotokozani ubwino ndi kuipa kwa zosankha zosungira ma node ofunikira
pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chosavuta kupanga/kusintha netiweki yaying'ono ya Enterprise
sankhani Zosintha Kwambiri kuti mugwiritse ntchito netiweki yopangidwa
ntchito ndi ulusi ndi IP adiresi

Nkhaniyi ikhala yosangalatsa kwambiri kwa akatswiri opanga ma netiweki ndi oyang'anira mabizinesi omwe akungoyamba kumene ulendo wawo ngati "networker" kuposa mainjiniya odziwa zambiri omwe agwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri m'makampani opanga ma telecom kapena m'mabungwe akulu omwe ali ndi ma network omwe amagawidwa.

Mulimonsemo, kwa omwe akufuna, chonde onani mphaka.

Njira yopangira ma network modular

Ndiyamba nkhani yanga ndi njira yodziwika bwino yopangira ma netiweki, yomwe imakulolani kusonkhanitsa chithunzi kuchokera pazidutswa za netiweki kukhala chithunzi chimodzi.

Choyamba, kusokoneza pang'ono - nthawi zambiri ndimalingalira njira iyi ngati makulitsidwe pa mapu a geo-mapu, pamene dziko likuwonekera mu kuyerekezera koyamba, zigawo zachiwiri, mizinda yachitatu, ndi zina zotero.

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani chitsanzo ichi:

1st pafupifupi - network yonse yamabizinesi ndi magulu osiyanasiyana:
- msana kapena kampasi
- malire mlingo
- telecom operator mlingo
- madera akutali
Kuyerekeza kwachiwiri - gawo lililonse la magawowa limafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane magawo osiyanasiyana
- Network network kapena campus ili ndi:
  - 3- kapena 2-level module yofotokoza maukonde abizinesi ndi magawo ake - kupeza, kugawa ndi/kapena pachimake
  - gawo lofotokozera malo a data - data processing center (makamaka gawo la seva la zomangamanga)
- malirewo amakhala:
  - Module yolumikizira intaneti
  - WAN ndi MAN module, yomwe ili ndi udindo wolumikiza zinthu zamabizinesi zomwe zimagawidwa m'malo
  - gawo lopangira ma tunnel a VPN ndi mwayi wofikira kutali
  - Nthawi zambiri, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ambiri amakhala ndi ma module angapo, kapena onse, ophatikizidwa m'modzi
- mlingo wopereka:
  - Mulingo uwu umaphatikizanso kulumikizana "kudziko lakunja" - ulusi wakuda wakuda (kubwereka ulusi kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito), njira zolumikizirana (Ethernet, G.703, etc.), intaneti.
- mulingo wakutali:
  - Nthawi zambiri, awa ndi nthambi zabizinesi zomwe zimagawidwa mkati mwa mzinda, dera, dziko kapena ngakhale makontinenti.
  - zone iyi ikhozanso kukhala ndi malo osungira zosunga zobwezeretsera, omwe amafanana ndi ntchito yayikulu
  - ndipo ndithudi, posachedwapa kupeza kutchuka - teleworkers (ntchito zakutali)
Kuyerekeza kwachitatu - ma module aliwonse amagawidwa m'magawo ang'onoang'ono kapena magawo. Mwachitsanzo, pa network campus:
- Network 3-tier imagawidwa mu:
  - mwayi wofikira
  - gawo logawa
  - kernel level
- Muzochitika zovuta kwambiri, malo opangira deta akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu:
  - 2 kapena 3 gawo network network
  - gawo la seva
Ndiyesera kuwonetsa zonse pamwambapa mu chithunzi chosavuta:

Monga tikuwonera pachithunzi pamwambapa, njira yosinthira imathandizira kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ndikukonza chithunzi chonse kukhala zigawo zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mtsogolo.
Pazolinga za nkhaniyi, ndiyang'ana kwambiri gawo la Campus Enterprise ndikulongosola mwatsatanetsatane.
Mitundu yamanetiweki a IP-CAMPUS
Pamene ndinali kugwira ntchito kwa wothandizira, ndipo makamaka pambuyo pake ndikugwira ntchito monga ogwirizanitsa, ndinayang'anizana ndi "kukhwima" kosiyana kwa maukonde a makasitomala. Sindigwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti kukhwima pachabe, chifukwa nthawi zambiri pamakhala nthawi pomwe mawonekedwe a netiweki amakula ndi kukula kwa kampaniyo, ndipo izi ndi zenizeni, zachilengedwe.
Pakampani yaying'ono yomwe ili mkati mwa nyumba imodzi, maukonde abizinesi amatha kukhala ndi rauta imodzi yokha ya m'mphepete yomwe imakhala ngati chozimitsa moto, ma switch angapo olowera ndi ma seva angapo.
Ndimatcha netiweki yotereyi "netiweki imodzi" - palibe gawo loyambira la netiweki, gawo logawa limasunthidwa kupita ku rauta ya m'mphepete (yokhala ndi firewall, VPN komanso ntchito za projekiti), ndipo masiwichi olowera amagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta onse ogwira ntchito. maseva.

Pamene bizinesi ikukula-kuonjezera chiwerengero cha antchito, mautumiki, ndi ma seva-nthawi zambiri ndizofunikira kuti:
- onjezani kuchuluka kwa masinthidwe pamaneti ndi madoko olowera
- onjezerani mphamvu ya seva
- kulimbana ndi madera owulutsa - gwiritsani ntchito magawo a netiweki ndikuwongolera pakati pa magawo
- kuthana ndi kulephera kwa ma netiweki komwe kumayambitsa kutsika kwa antchito, chifukwa izi zimaphatikizapo ndalama zowonjezera kwa oyang'anira (wogwira ntchito alibe ntchito, malipiro amalipidwa, koma ntchitoyo siinathe)
- pothana ndi zolephera, ganizirani za kubwezeredwa kwa ma node ofunikira - ma routers, ma switch, ma seva ndi ntchito.
- limbitsani ndondomeko ya chitetezo, monga zoopsa zamalonda zingabwere ndipo, kachiwiri, kuti mukhale okhazikika pa intaneti
Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti injiniya (woyang'anira ma netiweki) posakhalitsa akuganiza za kumanga koyenera kwa intaneti ndipo amabwera ku chitsanzo cha 2-level.
Chitsanzochi chimasiyanitsa kale milingo ya 2 - mulingo wofikira ndi gawo logawa, lomwenso ndilo gawo loyambira (lokugwa-pakati).
Kugawa kophatikizana ndi zigawo za kernel zimagwira ntchito izi:
- aggregates maulalo kuchokera ma switches
- imayambitsa njira zamagawo a netiweki - pali ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri ndi zida zomwe sizingagwirizane ndi netiweki imodzi / 24, ndipo ngati zikwanira, mphepo yamkuntho imayambitsa kulephera kosalekeza (makamaka ngati ogwiritsa ntchito amawathandiza popanga malupu)
- imapereka kulumikizana pakati pa magawo osinthira oyandikana (kudzera maulalo othamanga)
- imapereka kulankhulana pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zipangizo zawo ndi famu ya seva, yomwe panthawiyi imayambanso kupatulidwa mu gawo lapadera la intaneti - malo opangira deta.
- imayamba kupereka, pamodzi ndi zosinthika zolowera, ku digiri imodzi kapena imzake, ndondomeko yachitetezo yomwe bizinesiyo imayamba kukhala nayo panthawiyi. Kampaniyo ikukula, ndipo zoopsa zamalonda zikukulanso (pano sindikutanthauza zokhazokha pazinsinsi zamalonda, kusiyanitsa kwa ndondomeko zopezera, ndi zina zotero, komanso nthawi yoyambira ya intaneti ndi antchito).
Chifukwa chake, maukonde posakhalitsa amakula kukhala mtundu wa 2-level:

Mtunduwu umabweretsa zofunikira zapadera pakusintha kwamlingo wofikira, zomwe zimaphatikiza maulalo kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zida zama network (zosindikiza, malo olowera, zida za VoIP, mafoni a IP, makamera a IP, ndi zina) komanso zosinthira magawo ndi ma kernels.
Zosintha zofikira ziyenera kukhala zanzeru komanso zokhoza kukwaniritsa magwiridwe antchito a netiweki, chitetezo, komanso kusinthasintha ndipo ziyenera:
- kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madoko ndi madoko - makamaka ndi mwayi wokhala ndi malo osungiramo magalimoto komanso kuchuluka kwa madoko.
- kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira zosinthira ndi kutulutsa
- kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ofunikira omwe angakwaniritse ndondomeko yachitetezo yomwe ilipo (ndiponso, kukula kwa zofunika zina)
- ali ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zida zapaintaneti zovuta kuzifikira ndikutha kuziyambitsanso patali pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu (PoE, PoE +)
- mutha kusungitsa magetsi anu kuti mugwiritse ntchito m'malo omwe akufunika
- kukhala (ngati kuli kotheka) kuthekera kwina kwa kukula kwa magwiridwe antchito - mwachitsanzo nthawi zambiri pomwe chosinthira chofikira chimasanduka chosinthira chogawa
Zosintha zogawa, nawonso, zimatsatiridwanso ndi izi:
- zonse potengera ma doko a trunk downlink opita ku masinthidwe olowera, komanso kulumikizana ndi anzawo osinthira oyandikana nawo (ndipo mtsogolomo, njira zolumikizirana zolowera ku kernel)
- malinga ndi L2 ndi L3 magwiridwe antchito
- pankhani yachitetezo chachitetezo
- pakuwonetsetsa kulolerana kwa zolakwika (kuchepetsa, kuphatikizika ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mphamvu)
- ponena za kupereka kusinthasintha pamene mukugwirizanitsa magalimoto
- kukhala (ngati kuli kotheka) kuthekera kwina kwa kukula kwa magwiridwe antchito (kusintha kwa chipangizo chophatikizira kukhala pachimake pakapita nthawi)
- nthawi zina, zingakhale zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito madoko a PoE, PoE + pazosintha zogawa.
Kuphatikiza apo - zambiri: ngati oyang'anira atsatira mfundo zakukula mwachangu komanso chitukuko cha bizinesi, maukonde apitilizabe kukula mtsogolomo - bizinesiyo imatha kuyamba kubwereka nyumba zoyandikana, kumanga nyumba zawo kapena kutenga opikisana nawo ang'onoang'ono, potero akuwonjezeka. kuchuluka kwa ntchito kwa antchito. Nthawi yomweyo, ma network akukula, omwe amafunikira:
- kupatsa antchito malo ogwirira ntchito - masiwichi atsopano olowera okhala ndi madoko amafunikira
- kupezeka kwa zosintha zatsopano zogawira maulalo kuchokera ku masiwichi olowa
- kumanga kwatsopano, komanso kukonzanso njira zoyankhulirana zomwe zilipo
Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kumawonjezeka pazifukwa izi:
- chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madoko olowera komanso, motero, ogwiritsa ntchito maukonde
- chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kuchokera kumagawo oyandikana nawo omwe amasankha maukonde abizinesi ngati zoyendera - telefoni, chitetezo, makina aukadaulo, ndi zina zambiri.
- chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa mautumiki owonjezera - ndi kukula kwa ogwira ntchito, madipatimenti atsopano amawonekera omwe amafunikira mapulogalamu ena
- data center computing mphamvu ikuchulukira kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira komanso zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito
- Zofunikira zachitetezo pamaneti ndi chidziwitso zikukula - CIA triad (nthabwala) yotchuka kwambiri, koma mozama, CIA - Chinsinsi, Kukhulupirika ndi Kupezeka:
  - Pachifukwa ichi, zofunikira zowonjezera zololera zolakwika ndi redundancy zimawonekera pamagulu ovuta a intaneti - kugawa ndi malo opangira deta.
  - kachiwiri, pali kuwonjezeka kwa magalimoto chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa machitidwe atsopano otetezera - mwachitsanzo, RKVI, etc.
Posakhalitsa, kukula kwa magalimoto, mautumiki ndi chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito kudzachititsa kuti pakhale kufunikira koyambitsa chingwe chowonjezera cha intaneti - pachimake, chomwe chidzapangitse kusintha kwakukulu / kuwongolera mapaketi pogwiritsa ntchito maulalo olankhulirana othamanga kwambiri.
Pakadali pano, bizinesiyo imatha kupita kumitundu itatu yama network:

Monga mukuwonera pachithunzi pamwambapa, mu network yotere muli gawo loyambira, lomwe limaphatikiza maulalo othamanga kwambiri kuchokera ku masiwichi ogawa. Chifukwa chake, ma switch a kernel amakumananso ndi zofunikira:
- mawonekedwe a bandwidth - 1GE, 2.5GE, 10GE, 40GE, 100GE
- kusintha ntchito (kusintha mphamvu ndi kutumiza ntchito)
- mitundu ya mawonekedwe - 1000BASE-T, SFP, SFP+, QSFP, QSFP+
- nambala ndi seti ya zolumikizira
- kuthekera kwapang'onopang'ono (kusanjikizana, kusanjikizana, kubwezeretsedwa kwa ma board owongolera (oyenera ma switch modular), kuchulukitsa mphamvu, ndi zina zambiri.
- magwiridwe antchito
Pamlingo uwu wa netiweki, kusinthidwa kwaukadaulo ndikofunikira:
- redundancy ya kernel node ndi maulalo (kwambiri, kwambiri, zofunika kwambiri)
- redundancy ya magawo ogawa magawo ndi maulalo (malingana ndi zovuta)
- redundancy ya maulalo olumikizirana pakati pa masiwichi olowera ndi gawo logawa (ngati kuli kofunikira)
- kuyambitsa ma protocol a dynamic routing
- kusinthasintha kwa magalimoto onse pachimake komanso pagawo logawa ndi kupeza (ngati kuli kofunikira)
- kukhazikitsa ntchito zowonjezera - zonse zoyendera ndi chitetezo (ngati kuli kofunikira)
ndi malamulo, kufotokozera ndondomeko ya chitetezo cha intaneti ya bizinesiyo, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya chitetezo chonse motsatira:
- zofunikira pakukhazikitsa ndikusintha ntchito zina zachitetezo pakusintha kofikira ndi kugawa
- Zofunikira pakupeza, kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira zida za netiweki (ma protocol akutali, magawo a netiweki omwe amaloledwa kuyang'anira, makonda odula mitengo, etc.)
- zofunika kusungitsa
- zofunikira pakupanga zida zosachepera zofunika zosinthira
Mu gawo ili, ndafotokoza mwachidule za kusintha kwa maukonde ndi bizinesi kuchokera ku masinthidwe ochepa ndi antchito angapo mpaka khumi ndi awiri (ndipo mwina mazana osinthira) ndi mazana angapo (kapena masauzande) a antchito okhawo omwe amagwira ntchito mwachindunji. mu mabizinesi network (ndipo pambuyo pa zonse Palinso madipatimenti opanga ndi maukonde engineering).
N'zoonekeratu kuti kwenikweni "zozizwitsa" ndi mofulumira chitukuko cha bizinesi sizichitika.
Nthawi zambiri zimatenga zaka kuti bizinesi ndi netiweki zikule kuchokera pagawo loyamba kupita pagawo lachitatu lomwe ndikufotokoza.
N'chifukwa chiyani ndikulemba truisms zonsezi? Ndiye, ine ndikufuna kutchula apa mawu monga ROI - kubwerera-pa-ndalama (kubwerera / kubwerera pa ndalama) ndipo ganizirani mbali imeneyo yomwe imakhudza mwachindunji kusankha kwa zipangizo zamakono.
Posankha zida, akatswiri opanga maukonde ndi oyang'anira awo nthawi zambiri amasankha zida zochokera pazifukwa za 2 - mtengo wapano wa zida ndi magwiridwe antchito aukadaulo omwe pakali pano akufunika kuthana ndi ntchito inayake kapena ntchito zina (ndilankhula za kugula zida za redundancy pambuyo pake. ).
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mwayi wowonjezera "kukula" kwa zipangizo sizimaganiziridwa kawirikawiri. Ngati zinthu zikachitika pamene zidazo zatha pogwira ntchito kapena ntchito, ndiye kuti zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zogwira ntchito zimagulidwa m'tsogolomu, ndipo zakale zimaperekedwa ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu kapena kwinakwake pa intaneti pa mfundo ya "ku. stand” (izi, mwa njira, zimabweretsanso mawonekedwe a zoo yayikulu ya zida ndikugula mulu wa machitidwe azidziwitso omwe amagwira nawo ntchito).
Choncho, m'malo mogula gawo la zilolezo zowonjezera. magwiridwe antchito ndi magwiridwe antchito, omwe ndi otsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa zida zatsopano, zogwira ntchito kwambiri, muyenera kugula zida zatsopano ndikulipira mopitilira pazifukwa izi:
- maukonde nthawi zambiri amakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo kukula kwa magwiridwe antchito kapena magwiridwe antchito a netiweki yanu kumatha kukhala kokwanira kwa nthawi yayitali.
- Si chinsinsi kuti zida zochokera kwa ogulitsa akunja zimamangiriridwa ku ndalama zakunja (dola kapena euro). Kunena zowona, kukula kwa dola kapena yuro (kapena kutsika kwa ruble nthawi ndi nthawi, kutengera momwe mukuwonera) kumabweretsa kuti dola zaka 10 zapitazo ndi dola tsopano ndi zinthu zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zikuwonetsa. mawonekedwe a ruble
Pofotokoza mwachidule zonsezi, ndikufuna kudziwa kuti kugula zida zapaintaneti zokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri tsopano zitha kubweretsa ndalama mtsogolo.
Apa ndikuwona mtengo wogulira zida pakuyika ndalama pamaneti wanga ndi zomangamanga.
Choncho, ogulitsa ambiri (osati Extreme okha) amatsatira mfundo yolipira-you-kukula, kunyamula ntchito zambiri mu zipangizo ndi mwayi wowonjezera mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe, omwe pambuyo pake amatsegulidwa pogula zilolezo zosiyana. Amaperekanso ma switch modular okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi makadi a purosesa, komanso kuthekera kochulukirachulukira kuchuluka kwawo komanso magwiridwe antchito.
Redundancy wa mfundo zofunika
Mu gawo ili la nkhaniyi, Ndikufuna kufotokoza mwachidule mfundo zofunika za redundancy zofunika maukonde nodes monga pachimake, malo deta kapena masiwichi yogawa. Ndipo ndikufuna kuyamba ndikuyang'ana mitundu yodziwika bwino yosungitsa - stacking ndi clustering.
Njira iliyonse ili ndi ubwino ndi kuipa kwake, zomwe ndikufuna kunena.
Pansipa pali chidule chachidule chofanizira njira za 2:
- kasamalidwe - monga momwe tawonera patebulo, pankhaniyi, stacking ili ndi ubwino, popeza kuchokera ku kasamalidwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino kanjinibukhuninininitsaninsombo8yilojiraniXNUMXmenimenimenimenikga wa bonajobenibhekebhekeajiwewebeni, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zili patsamba lino. M'malo mowongolera, nenani, masiwichi XNUMX osiyanasiyana okhala ndi masango, mutha kungoyang'anira imodzi ndi stacking.
- mtunda - pakadali pano, kunena mosapita m'mbali, mwayi wophatikizira siwodziwikiratu, popeza matekinoloje osinthira masinthidwe kudzera pamadoko osungira kapena madoko acholinga chapawiri awonekera (mwachitsanzo, SummitStack-V ya Extreme, VSS ya Cisco, ndi zina). zomwe zimadaliranso mitundu ya ma transceivers. Apa, mwayi umaperekedwa kwa masango potengera mfundo yakuti pamene stacking, pali njira zimene muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito madoko wokhazikika stacking, amene nthawi zambiri ogwirizana ndi zingwe zapadera za kutalika kochepa - 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3 kapena 5 mamita.
- Kusintha kwa Mapulogalamu - apa tikuwona kuti kuphatikiza kuli ndi mwayi wopitilira stacking ndipo mfundo yake ndi iyi - mukakonzanso pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya zida panthawi ya stacking, mumasintha pulogalamuyo pa master switch, yomwe pambuyo pake imatenga gawo loyika pulogalamu yatsopano pa masiwichi a standby a stack. Kumbali imodzi, izi zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yanu ikhale yosavuta, koma kukonzanso pulogalamuyo nthawi zambiri kumafuna kuyambiranso kwa zida za hardware, zomwe zimatsogolera kuyambiranso kwa stack yonseyo ndipo motero kusokoneza ntchito yake ndi ntchito zonse zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa nazo kwa nthawi. nthawi = nthawi yoyambiranso. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri pakatikati ndi data center. Ndi clustering, muli ndi zida ziwiri zodziyimira pawokha, pomwe mutha kusintha pulogalamuyo motsatizana. Pankhaniyi, kusokoneza mautumiki kungapewedwe.
- makonda kasinthidwe - apa, ndithudi, stacking ili ndi ubwino, chifukwa pankhani ya kasamalidwe, mumangofunika kusintha makonda a chipangizo chimodzi ndi fayilo yake yokonzekera. Ndi masango, chiwerengero cha mafayilo osinthika chidzakhala chofanana ndi chiwerengero cha ma cluster node.
- kulekerera zolakwika - apa matekinoloje onse awiri ali pafupifupi ofanana, koma kusanja kumakhalabe ndi mwayi pang'ono. Chifukwa apa chagona motere - ngati tilingalira kuchulukana komwe kumayendera njira ndi ma protocol, tiwona izi:
  - pali master-switch pomwe njira zonse zazikulu ndi ma protocol akuyenda (mwachitsanzo, dynamic routing protocol - OSPF)
  - pali masiwichi ena osinthira akapolo omwe amayendetsa njira zazikulu zofunika kuti agwire ntchito ndikutumiza magalimoto odutsamo
  - Kusintha kwa master kukakanika, kusintha kotsatira kwa kapolo kumazindikira kulephera kwakukulu
  - imayamba yokha ngati mbuye ndipo imayamba njira zonse zomwe zimayendera mbuye (kuphatikiza protocol ya OSPF yomwe tidawona)
  - Patapita nthawi kuti njira kuyamba (kawirikawiri ndithu lalifupi), ndi OSPF protocol palokha akuyamba ntchito
  - Choncho, ngati mmodzi wa mfundo akulephera, OSPF ntchito mofulumira pang'ono pa masango kuposa pamene stacking (kwa nthawi chofunika kukhazikitsa ndi initialize ndondomeko ndi ndondomeko pa lophimba akapolo wa okwana). Ngakhale ndiyenera kuzindikira kuti ma protocol amakono a stacking ndi masiwichi amagwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri, nthawi zambiri nthawi ya kusokonezeka kwa magalimoto mukamasinthira stack imatenga mphindi imodzi, komabe kuphatikizika kumapambana mu parameter iyi.
- zovuta - monga momwe tawonera patebulo, stacking imapambana mwazovuta. Izi ndi zotsatira zachindunji za zinthu za "control" ndi "configuration configuration". Node imodzi imatenga nthawi yocheperako kukonza ndikuwongolera. Komanso, mukamaphatikizana, nthawi zambiri mumayenera kukonza ma protocol owonjezera kapena ma protocol osungira pachipata - VRRP, HSRP ndi ena.
- m'malo mwa mayunitsi - stacking ili ndi ubwino womveka apa. Nthawi zambiri, kuti musinthe chosinthira mu stack, ndikofunikira kuchita zoikamo zosafunikira za hardware, mwachitsanzo:
  - sinthani pulogalamu ya switch yatsopano ku mtundu wa pulogalamu ya stack (ndipo izi zitha kuchitika nthawi yomweyo masiwichi akafika pagulu la zida zosinthira)
  - sinthani malamulo angapo ofunikira kuti musungidwe (ndipo pamitundu ina ya masinthidwe ngakhale izi sizingakhale zofunikira)
  - chotsani chosinthira chosiyidwa cholephera ndikulumikiza china chatsopano
  - kulumikiza magetsi ndi zingwe zigamba
- kukhazikika - Ndimadziwerengera ndekha chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu. Kawirikawiri, elasticity ndi khalidwe lovuta, lomwe limatanthawuza katundu wa chinthu chomwe chingasinthe pansi pa chikoka cha katundu ndikubwerera ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira pambuyo pa kuzimiririka. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, kuphatikizika kudzakhala kokwezeka ngakhale poganizira za 4:3 motengera mawonekedwe omwe amathandizira kuyika. Zonse zimadalira chikhalidwe chaumunthu. Inde, inde, musadabwe - kulimba kwa magawo owunjikira monga kuwongolera kogwirizana, kasinthidwe ka makonda ndi zovuta zopepuka zimakhalanso mu kufooka kwa stacking pamene chinthu chaumunthu chimalowa.
Mu ntchito yanga mu IT, ndakumana ndi zochitika zambiri (ndipo, zoona zake, ndapanganso cholakwika chomwecho, makamaka koyambirira) pomwe, pokonza stack, mainjiniya angalakwitse kulemba lamulo kapena kuyatsa/kuletsa mawonekedwe pa chipangizocho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti stack yonse igwe ndikufunika kuyambiranso pamanja. Ndikoyenera kutchula mafani a pulogalamu ya Putty ya Windows (o, kukopera uku ndi kudina kumanja).
M'malo mwake, matekinoloje onsewa ndi abwino kwambiri (makamaka poyerekeza ndi kuperewera kwapang'onopang'ono) ndipo aliyense ali ndi mphamvu zake ndi zofooka zake, koma pamlingo wapakati komanso malo osungiramo data, ndikadakondabe kugwiritsa ntchito masango.
Ngakhale ili ndi lingaliro langa chabe. Mainjiniya ambiri omwe akhala akuchita nawo chithandizo chapaintaneti kwazaka zambiri pamlingo waukadaulo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wonsewo - zonse zimatengera zomwe wakumana nazo komanso ziyeneretso.
Kuphatikiza pa matekinoloje opangira ma netiweki ndikusunga ma node apaintaneti, palinso mfundo zambiri zosungira magawo a netiweki yokha ndi kulumikizana pakati pa node:
Posungitsa malo mkati mwa node ya netiweki ndikutanthauza:
- kusowa kwa magetsi - kukhazikitsa magetsi awiri omwe amafanana (ndipo makamaka olumikizidwa ndi gulu loyamba lamagetsi) kungapangitse moyo wanu kukhala wosavuta.
- redundancy ya matabwa olamulira - pamlingo wokulirapo imagwira ntchito pa ma switch modular, omwe amapereka kulumikizana kwa matabwa angapo owongolera omwe amafanana.
- redundancy ya makhadi owonetsera - imagwiranso ntchito makamaka pa ma switch modular.
Kusungitsa maulalo/malumikizidwe kwenikweni kumatanthauza kukhalapo kwa mayendedwe a chingwe (kapena maulalo a wayilesi ngati pali malo otseguka) ndi:
- kugawa pazitsulo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi njira mkati mwa nyumbayo
- kugawa kwagawo pagawo la 2 kapena kupitilira nyumba, mzinda, dera kapena dziko (omwe amatchedwa mphete za volumetric)
Nthawi yomweyo, popanga maulalo olumikizirana osunga zobwezeretsera, ndikofunikira kutsatira malingaliro angapo pazida:
- pakakhala kubwereza kwa makhadi a mawonekedwe a switch modular, kapena pamaso pa stack, ndikofunikira kugawa maulalo pakati pa mayunitsi - makadi olumikizirana ndi ma switch modular ndi masiwichi pakakhala stack.
- Ndikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolumikizirana (LACP, MLT, PAgP, etc.) kuphatikiza maulalo m'magulu ndikuwongolera katundu pakati pawo.
- gwiritsani ntchito ma routers omwe amathandizira ma protocol a ECMP (Equal-Cost-Multi-Path) - pamene, mapaketi angapo akaperekedwa panjira imodzi, mapaketiwa samadutsa njira imodzi yabwino (ndi mawonekedwe) koma amagawidwa m'njira zingapo zabwino kwambiri (ndi. angapo interfaces), omwe amatsimikiziridwa ndi kufanana kwa mayendedwe a protocol metrics, omwe nawonso amakhala ndi udindo wodzaza tebulo lomaliza.
Ndipo tsopano, monga momwe ndinalonjezera, ndikufotokozera nkhani yeniyeni kuchokera muzochita zanga ndi mfundo yopulumutsira posungira ma node ovuta, zomwe zinachitika zaka zingapo zapitazo:
- Kampani imodzi, ndiitcha X, inali ndi mtundu wamtundu wa 3-tier network:
  - ndi ma cores ambiri
  - angapo khumi ndi awiri aggregations
  - masauzande angapo mwayi masiwichi
  - zikwi makumi angapo ogwiritsa ntchito
- network idamangidwa movutikira:
  - yokhala ndi ma protocol ndi ma protocol ambiri - OSPF, MP-BGP, MPLS, PIM, IGMP, IPv6, ndi zina.
  - ntchito zambiri - intaneti, L2 ndi L3 VPN, VoIP, IPTV, mizere yobwereketsa, ndi zina zambiri.
- koma panali vuto limodzi pamanetiweki - rauta yamalire yomwe idaphatikiza ntchito za BGP malire ndikuyimitsa ntchito zina
- inde, idakwera mtengo ngati phiko la ndege (ma ruble mamiliyoni angapo)
- inde, panthawiyo inali imodzi mwa zipangizo zapamwamba pamzere wa ogulitsa maukonde otchuka kwambiri
- inde, idayenera kukhala yodalirika kwambiri - yokhala ndi mavoti abwino kwambiri a MTBF
- inde, inali ndi magetsi 4, osonkhanitsidwa molingana ndi dongosolo la 2x2 ndikulumikizidwa kuchokera ku UEPS ndi zolowetsa zosiyanasiyana.
Koma zonsezi sizinasinthe kuti inali mfundo imodzi yokha yolephera pa intaneti.
Ndipo tsiku lina, osati zodabwitsa kwa ine ndi anzanga, rauta iyi idamwalira kwa nthawi yayitali (kenako tidapeza kuti panali kulephera kwamtundu wina pa chingwe chamagetsi kudzera mu UEPS, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti magetsi awiri atuluke nthawi yomweyo ndi pamene Pachifukwa ichi, imodzi mwa midadada inawotcha gawo la RP rauta ndi mawonekedwe a khadi, omwe adalumikizidwa ndi basi wamba ya data ya chipangizocho).
Tinalibe matabwa osunga zobwezeretsera - RP ndi khadi yolumikizira, koma panali mgwirizano wosinthira zida kapena zida zake ndi m'modzi mwa othandizana nawo pansi pa chiwembu cha NBD.
Tsoka ilo, panthawiyo ogwira nawo ntchito anali ndi khadi lowonetserako, koma palibe bolodi la RP linafika patangopita masiku angapo (pambuyo pa masiku a 3).
Zotsatira zake, kukhalapo kwa vuto limodzi pamanetiweki (ngakhale ndi mgwirizano wothandizira ndikusintha zida) kudapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zotsatirazi:
- gawo la ntchito zamakampani zomwe zimakhudzidwa kapena zokhudzana ndi malire awa zinali pafupifupi 60-70%
- monga momwe adawerengera pambuyo pake, phindu la tsiku ndi tsiku linali pafupifupi ma ruble 900 (pafupifupi) panthawiyo.
- Chifukwa chake, m'masiku atatu anthawi yopumira, mongoyerekeza, phindu lidatayika mu kuchuluka kwa ma ruble 3 miliyoni 1 mpaka 620 miliyoni 1 ma ruble.
Zachidziwikire, zotayika zaukonde zinali zazing'ono, popeza chipukuta misozi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri sichinabwezedwe ngati ndalama, koma ngati mautumiki, koma akadalipo:
- gawo lamalipiro kwa ogwiritsa ntchito makampani
- kuchuluka kwa ndalama kwa ogwira ntchito akampani omwe adagwira ntchito masiku onse a 3-4 mwamphamvu - nthawi yowonjezera, kusinthana kwausiku, kusintha kochulukira, ndi zina zambiri.
- kutayika kwa mbiri, komwe kulinso kofunikira
- ndipo chofunika kwambiri - mitsempha ya onse oyang'anira ndi ogwira ntchito, ndi makasitomala
Zotsatira zake, ndondomeko ya kampaniyo idasinthidwa:
- anakana mgwirizano wolowa m'malo mwa mawu a NBD
- adasiya mgwirizano wanthawi zonse wautumiki
- adagula rauta yosunga zobwezeretsera yomwe imawononga pafupifupi 1 - 1.3 miliyoni rubles kusunga 90% ya magwiridwe antchito a main
Pambuyo pake, kugulidwa kwa zida zowonjezera komanso kusungitsa kwakukulu kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuwongolera katundu pamalumikizidwe akunja, magalimoto ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pakati pawo, ndipo adapereka malire achitetezo kwa kampaniyo pangozi zina.
Enterprise Network Design Chitsanzo
Mu gawo ili la nkhaniyi ndiyesera kufotokoza mfundo zazikulu powerengera ma network a backbone network. Sindidzakulemetsani ndi njira yonse ya PPDIOO (Konzekerani-Kukonzekera-Kupanga-Implement-Operate-Optimize), koma ndingofotokoza mfundo zake zazikulu:
- Kukonzekera/Kukonzekera - muyenera kusankha ndi oyang'anira anu zolinga zakusintha kwapaintaneti zomwe mukufuna kukwaniritsa - onjezerani kulolerana ndi zolakwika, yambitsani ntchito zatsopano kapena matekinoloje. Ndilumpha tanthauzo la zoletsa - zaukadaulo ndi zabungwe - apa, popeza ndikuganiza kuti ndinu wogwira ntchito m'bungwe ndipo muli ndi nthawi yambiri yoti muwagonjetse. Ndibwereranso ku mutu wa bajeti pansipa.
- Kukonzekera - apa muyenera kupanga kufotokozera kwathunthu kwa netiweki yanu yamakono (ngati simukuzidziwa), i.e. fotokozani netiweki momwe ilili pano:
  - kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa zida
  - nambala ndi mitundu ya madoko
  - njira zomwe zilipo kale ndi njira zosinthira mkati ndi pakati pa nyumba
  - magetsi oyendera magetsi
  - L2 ndi L3 kulankhula
  - pangani mamapu amanetiweki a Wi-Fi owonetsa malo olowera ndi zowongolera
  - fotokozani famu yanu ya seva
  - Ndikoyenera kufotokoza mautumiki anu onse ndi kugwirizana pakati pawo
  - ngati mwakhazikitsa kale ndondomeko yachitetezo cha netiweki ndi mfundo zowongolera ma netiweki mwanjira ina, onetsetsani kuti mukuziganizira popanga
  - Ndidzazindikira mwamsanga kuti sitepe yachiwiri ndiyo kufufuza kwathunthu kwa intaneti, kuyambira pazitsulo zamagetsi ndi maulendo opangira magetsi, ndikutha ndi mautumiki (mapulogalamu ndi madoko awo). Njira imeneyi ndi yowononga nthawi komanso yotopetsa nthawi zina. Ngati inu kapena omwe adakuyambitsani simunasunge zolemba kapena njira yowunikira, ndiye nthawi yoti muganizire. Netiweki imakonda kusintha pakapita nthawi pamitengo yosiyanirana, ndipo kungosunga zolemba zamakono kapena njira yowunikira kungakuthandizeni kudziwa momwe zilili komanso kuwongolera kayendetsedwe kake. Koma izi zikugwiranso ntchito pa sitepe yogwira ntchito.
- Kupanga - Pokhala ndi chidziwitso chonse cha netiweki yanu yomwe mudapeza m'mbuyomu, mumangokhala pansi ndikuganiza momwe mungasinthire maukonde anu. Pansipa ndiyesera kusonyeza chitsanzo chaching'ono cha kuwerengera kwa maukonde.
Kwa ine ndekha, ndalemba mndandanda waung'ono wokhala ndi deta yoyambirira yomwe idzanditsogolere powerengera ndi kupanga ma network oyambira.
Tiyeni tilingalire gawo la Konzani ngati mndandanda wazomwe tili nazo komanso zomwe tikukonzekera kuchita:
- pali bizinesi yayikulu yomwe ili ndi pafupifupi ntchito, pafupifupi 700-800 (apa ndikutanthauza antchito omwe amafunikira mwayi wolumikizana ndi mabizinesi)
- Pali nyumba zingapo zosiyana m'gawo la bizinesi:
- Nyumba zazikulu:
  - chiwerengero cha nyumba - 2 ma PC.
  - chiwerengero cha pansi m'nyumba - 7 ma PC.
  - chiwerengero cha makabati a telecommunication pansi pa nyumba imodzi - zidutswa 3 (zokwana 21).
  - chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito mnyumbayi =~ 250 anthu
- Zowonjezera:
  - chiwerengero cha nyumba - 10 ma PC.
  - chiwerengero cha pansi mu nyumba / msonkhano - 2 ma PC.
  - chiwerengero cha makabati telecommunication m'nyumba - 3 ma PC.
  - chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito mnyumbayi =~ 20 anthu
- Mulingo wapakati wapaintaneti wapano (mwa njira, chiwembu chofala kwambiri chomwe ndakumana nacho kangapo mumtundu umodzi kapena wina komanso kapangidwe ka madoko) chimaperekedwa:
  - 2 L2 kusintha:
    - 1Gb RJ-45 madoko - 24 ma PC.
    - 1Gb SFP madoko - 4 ma PC.
  - 1st L2 kusintha:
    - 1Gb SFP madoko - 24 ma PC.
  - core topology - mphete
  - maulalo a anzawo ndi anzawo pakati pa masiwichi amayatsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa kuwala
  - masiwichi ali muzipinda zazing'ono za seva ndi makabati
- Mulingo wogawa wapano:
  - kuphatikizidwa ndi mulingo wapakati pa netiweki potengera kuphatikizika kwa maulalo kuchokera kuma switch
  - Kulankhula kwa L3 kumayikidwa pa rauta yamalire ndi/kapena chowotcha moto
- Mulingo wofikira pano:
  - L2 imasinthidwa ndi 16 x 100 Mb RJ-45 madoko olowera ndi 2 Gigabit uplink combo ports RJ-45/SFP
  - masiwichi ali mu makabati pansi
  - access switch topology:
    - nyenyezi (hub-ndi-spoke - hub ndi spokes) yokhala ndi core / distribution switch pakati
    - mtengo / analankhula ndi nthambi ya masiwichi ndi pansi - 3 zidutswa mu unyolo
  - pali masiwichi osayendetsedwa
  - masiwichi mumilandu 9 owonjezera amalumikizidwa kudzera pa media converters (mawotchi osinthira magetsi)
- Zomangamanga zamakono zamakono:
  - Chingwe dongosolo pakati pa nyumba:
    - pali chingwe chowunikira pakati pa nyumba zazikulu ziwiri zokhala ndi ulusi wa 2
    - pali chingwe cha 1 chowala pakati pa imodzi mwa nyumba zowonjezera (pomwe chosinthira pachimake chimayikidwa) ndi nyumba iliyonse yayikulu yokhala ndi ulusi wa 8 iliyonse.
    - Pali chingwe chimodzi chowala pakati pa kuwonjezera. milandu ndi milandu yokhala ndi masiwichi oyikapo okhala ndi ulusi wa 1 (kugawa kwawo kukuwonetsedwa pachithunzi pansipa)
    - mtundu wa fiber mu zingwe zonse - single mode/SMF
    - 2-fiber single-mode SFP transceivers amagwiritsidwa ntchito
    - Zingwe zina zimathetsedwa pa optical cross-connections (ODF) m'zipinda zosiyana (maholo odutsa / zipinda za seva), ndipo zingwe zina zimathetsedwa mu ma SHTO apansi.
  - Cable System mkati mwa nyumba:
    - pali chingwe chosakanikirana pakati pa zipinda za seva ndi makabati oyamba pansi:
    - Cat5e zingwe zamkuwa - 10 ma PC (kapena 100 zingwe ziwiri)
    - CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe multimode/MMF chingwe kwa 4 kapena 8 ulusi - 1 pc.
    - CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe multimode/MMF chingwe kwa 4 ulusi pakati makabati pansi
    - zingwe zamkuwa za Cat5e pakati pa makabati apansi ndi zitsulo zolowera
  - panopa data center:
    - pali ma seva angapo, mwachitsanzo 6 zidutswa
    - adaphatikizanso madoko a 1Gb mukusintha koyambira munyumba yayikulu yoyamba
    - mapulogalamu onse amabizinesi amakhala pa ma seva
  - L2, L3 maadiresi ndi njira:
    - maukonde ali VLAN angapo - 2,3 pa nyumba
    - ma seva amagawidwa ku / 24 network
    - Pazofuna zamkati, maukonde a imvi a B amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ophatikizidwa mumitundu - 172.16.0.0/16
    - Maadiresi a L3 amathetsedwa pa router ya malire ndi/kapena firewall
    - static routing imagwiritsidwa ntchito
  - Zina Zowonjezera:
    - telefoni:
      - M'nyumba ndi nyumba zina, mafoni achikhalidwe amatumizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma PBX akale a digito (osati IP-PBX)
      - ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa matelefoni m'nyumba zatsopano, popanda mtengo woyika zingwe zamtengo wapatali zamkuwa zamtundu wina ndikumanga SCS yobwereza ya telephony mkati mwa nyumba.
      - M'kupita kwa nthawi, akukonzekera kuyambitsa IP telephony mubizinesi yonse, kuphatikiza ndi machitidwe a CRM ndikusamutsa antchito onse kwa iwo.
    - doko kuchuluka:
      - m'pofunika kusanthula kuchuluka kwa madoko a thunthu ndi madoko olowera, ndikusunga osachepera 25-30% pazosowa zamtsogolo.
      - santhulani kukwanira kwa njira zomwe zilipo panopa za madoko olowera ndi ma trunk links
      - perekani madoko ofikira a PoE/PoE + pazida zochokera kumakina ogwirizana - kuyang'anira makanema ndi mafoni
    - CCTV:
      - akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde abizinesi ngati mayendedwe owonera makanema
      - ndikofunikira kupereka madoko a PoE pamakamera a CCTV
    - makina opanda zingwe:
      - M'tsogolomu, akukonzekera kuyambitsa zipangizo zopanda zingwe zoyendetsera ntchito
      - m'pofunika kupereka madoko a PoE kuti apeze malo
    - bajeti, nthawi ndi zida zofunika:
      - gwiritsani ntchito bwino zida zomwe zilipo
      - popanga maukonde, ganizirani kuthekera kokulitsa kuchuluka kwa maukonde zaka N pasadakhale
      - popanga maukonde, ganizirani zothandizira mitundu yonse yachitetezo - apa pali mndandanda wa magwiridwe antchito, kuyambira pachitetezo cha doko ndikutha ndi kutsimikizika ndi chilolezo cha ogwiritsa ntchito 802.1x.
      - sungani momwe mungathere ma netiweki ofunikira omwe ali ofunika kwambiri - pachimake ndi data center, ndikupereka mwayi wosungira ma node ofunika kwambiri - magawo ogawa
      - bajeti ya polojekiti iyenera kupereka ndalama zokhazikika mu magawo angapo
      - kuchuluka kwa bajeti - apa bizinesi iliyonse imadzipangira yokha, motsogozedwa ndi zizindikiro zake zachuma
      - masiku omalizira - nthawi yabwino kwambiri, sipadzakhala nthawi yodziwika bwino, chifukwa iyi ndi polojekiti yamkati yamakampani yomwe ikuyendetsedwa ndi antchito ake, kapena adzakhala omasuka - mwachitsanzo, chaka chimodzi (kapena kupitirirapo). Muzovuta kwambiri, zitha kukhala kuyambira miyezi 1 mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
    - thetsani zovuta zapaintaneti:
      - kutayika kwa paketi
      - mavuto omwe ali ndi DHCP pa masiwichi anzeru kapena ocheperako okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma protocol a STP kuti athane ndi malupu pamadoko olowera.
      - chotsani kukhalapo kwa mawonekedwe a seva ya DHCP mu VLAN iliyonse ya antchito
      - kuchitika kwa masinthidwe osinthika okhudzana ndi kuyatsa kosaloledwa kwa masinthidwe oyendetsedwa / osayendetsedwa m'maofesi ndi kulumikizana kwa zida zosiyanasiyana kwa iwo.
      - list ikupitilirabe...
    Kukonzekera kwa Khwerero - mawonekedwe a chikhalidwe cha intaneti yanu yamakono, monga momwe ndinalembera kale, zimadalira kukhalapo kwa dongosolo lapamwamba loyang'anira ndi kuchuluka kwa zolemba zake. Mu sitepe iyi muyenera:
    - osachepera, jambulani maukonde omwe alipo kuti muwunikenso
    - sonkhanitsani deta kuchokera kuzipangizo:
      - magalimoto pamadoko akuluakulu
      - zolakwika pamadoko
      - Kulemera kwa CPU ndi kukumbukira kukumbukira pa ma switch ndi ma router
      - fotokozani madongosolo a L2-L3 ndi ma VLAN ndi ma adilesi a IP
    - kwezani zithunzi za njira ya chingwe:
      - ma circulation a fiber ndi zojambula zama waya zolumikizira zolumikizirana
      - zithunzi za kugawa chingwe chamkuwa pakati pa zipinda za seva ndi pansi
      - zithunzi za kugawa chingwe chamkuwa pakati pa pansi ndi zipinda
      - yang'anani kukhalapo kwa ma optical cross-connects ndi ma patch panels mu zipinda za seva ndi makabati
    - fufuzani mabwalo operekera mphamvu mu seva ndi makabati apansi
    - yang'anani kukhalapo kwa UPS ndi batri m'malo ovuta
    - santhula deta yonse
    Kutengera zomwe zachitika pokonzekera, ndidapeza chithunzi chofananira:
    
    Chotsatira, kutsatira njira yokhazikika, ndikofunikira kuwunikira milingo ndi ma module abizinesi:
    
    Sindikhudza Mphepete mwa nkhaniyi, koma ndikumbukira mwachidule mfundo zoyambira pagawo lililonse la Campus:
    - Kufikira - pamlingo uwu kuyenera kupereka:
      - nambala yofunikira ya madoko kuti ogwiritsa ntchito athe kulumikizana ndi netiweki
      - kutsata ndondomeko zachitetezo - kusefa magalimoto ndi ma protocol
      - kuwulutsa kuphatikizika kwa domain ndi magawo a netiweki pogwiritsa ntchito ma VLAN
      - kukhazikitsa ma VLAN osiyana pamayendedwe amawu
      - Thandizo la QoS
      - kuthandizira kwa madoko olowera ku PoE
      - IP multicast thandizo
      - kulolerana kolakwika kwa maulalo olumikizirana m'mwamba pamodzi ndi gawo logawa (lofunika)
    - Kugawa - pamlingo uwu zotsatirazi ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa:
      - nambala yofunikira ya madoko kuti mulumikizane ndi masiwichi olowera
      - kuphatikizika ndi kufutukuka kwa maulalo osinthira mwayi
      - Njira ya IP
      - kusefa paketi
      - Thandizo la QoS
      - kulekerera zolakwika pamlingo wa maulalo, zida ndi magetsi (zofunika kwambiri)
    - Ntchitoyi iyenera kupereka:
      - kusintha kwachangu komanso kuwongolera mapaketi
      - nambala yofunikira ya madoko kuti mulumikizane ndi masiwichi ogawa
      - kuthandizira kwa IP routing ndi ma protocol amphamvu amayendedwe olumikizana mwachangu
      - Thandizo la QoS
      - chitetezo ntchito kuteteza kupeza zida ndi kulamulira ndege
      - kulekerera zolakwika pa hardware ndi mphamvu zamagetsi (zofunika)
    - Malo opangira data - gawo la netiweki la gawoli liyenera kupereka:
      - maulalo olumikizirana othamanga kwambiri
      - nambala yofunikira ya madoko kuti mulumikizane ma seva
      - kusowa kwa kulumikizana kumalumikizana pakati pa ma seva ndi ma switch a data center, komanso pakati pa masiwichi a data center ndi network core (yofunikira)
      - kusowa kwa zida ndi magetsi (zofunikira)
      - Thandizo la QoS
    Kenako, tiyenera kuwerengera madoko athu ndi maulalo olumikizirana ndikuzindikira zofunikira.
    Mulingo wofikira - tebulo lowerengera madoko
    Chifukwa chake, tapeza zambiri pakugawa kwa madoko olowera mnyumba zonse. Tsopano muyenera kusanthula zofunikira za mulingo wofikira ndi ndemanga ndikusankha njira zothetsera.
    Mulingo wofikira - zofunikira ndi njira zothetsera
    Kenako, tiwerengera madoko ndi maulalo olankhulirana pamagawo otsatirawa:
    Mulingo wogawa
    Mulingo wa kernel
    Data center mlingo
    Powerengera, timapeza zotsatirazi:
    - mwayi wofikira - Masinthidwe olowera madoko a 24- ndi 48 amafunikira, makamaka ndi madoko olowera a 1Gb ndi madoko owoneka bwino a SFP okhala ndi chithandizo cha PoE ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri:
      - palimodzi iwo adzapereka 504 madoko kupeza, amene, kwenikweni, adzaphimba zofunika madoko opuma ngati chigamulo cha ntchito 2 madoko pa ntchito - ndi IP foni ndi doko deta.
      - Ndikotheka kugwiritsa ntchito switch imodzi ya 48-port yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito a PoE pansanjika iliyonse, kupereka madoko pazofunikira:
        
        posungira - pafupifupi 102 madoko (22%) panyumba zazikulu. Kwa nyumba zowonjezera pang'ono - 25%.
        
        kuyang'anira makanema
        
        maukonde opanda zingwe
    - gawo logawa - masinthidwe amafunikira ndi madoko a SFP kuchokera ku madoko 12 mpaka 48 okhala ndi madoko 2 a SFP + osachepera, okhala ndi luso lotukuka komanso magwiridwe antchito ochulukirapo, komanso kukhalapo kwa magetsi osafunikira.
    - kernel level - masinthidwe othamanga kwambiri kuchokera pa 12 mpaka 24 madoko a SFP/SFP+ okhala ndi chithandizo cha stacking ndi kuphatikiza ndi thandizo la MC-LAG amafunikira. Ndiyenera kudziwa kuti ndizothekanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowongolera kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa magalimoto. Mibadwo yaposachedwa ya masiwichi ndi ma routers a L3 imathandizira ECMP ndi kusanja kwa magalimoto kudutsa misewu 4 kapena kupitilira apo ndi metric yemweyo.
    - mlingo wa data center - masiwichi okhala ndi madoko 8 mpaka 24 a SFP/SFP+ okhala ndi chithandizo cha kutukuka komanso kusanjana ndi thandizo la MC-LAG amafunikira.
    Chiwonetsero cha netiweki chandamale chinatha kukhala yotero
    Kusankha ma switch a Extreme kuti akwaniritse projekiti
    Chabwino, tsopano tabwera ku chinthu chachikulu - mphindi yosankha masiwichi kuti tikwaniritse ntchito yathu. Zosintha Zazikulu zotsatirazi ndizoyenera kuzungulira chandamale:
    mlingo
    lachitsanzo
    Doko
    mafotokozedwe
    pachimake
    x620-16x-Base *
    x670-G2-48x-4q-Base*
    16 x 10GE SFP+
    
    48x10GE SFP+ ndi 4x40GE QSFP+
    Pazofunikira za kernel:
    - maulendo othamanga kwambiri
    - mayendedwe apamwamba ndi chitetezo magwiridwe antchito
    - zowonjezera mphamvu zosunga zobwezeretsera magetsi
    - stacking ndi masango thandizo
    Ndi zofunikira zochepa, kusintha kwa mndandanda wa x620 kudzachita.
    Ngati mwakulitsa zofunikira pa kuchuluka kwa madoko ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri, muyenera kuganizira masiwichi a x670-G2.
    Malo opangira deta
    x620-16x-Base*
    x590-24x-1q-2c*
    x670-G2-48x-4q-Base*
    16 x 10GE SFP+
    
    24x10GE SFP, 1xQSFP+, 2xQSFP28
    
    48x10GE SFP+ ndi 4x40GE QSFP+
    Pazofunikira za data center:
    - maulendo othamanga kwambiri
    - zowonjezera mphamvu zosunga zobwezeretsera magetsi
    - stacking ndi masango thandizo
    Ndi zofunikira zochepa, kusintha kwa mndandanda wa x620 kudzachita.
    Pakakhala zofunikira zowonjezera kuchuluka kwa madoko ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri, ndikofunikira kulingalira zosintha za x670-G2 ndi x590-24x-1q-2c.
    kugawa
    X460-G2-24x-10GE4-Base*
    X460-G2-48x-10GE4-Base*
    24x1GE SFP, 8x1000 RJ-45, 4x10GE SFP+
    
    48x1GE SFP, 4x10GE SFP+
    Pazofunikira zogawa:
    - nambala yofunika ya madoko kuwala
    - zowonjezera mphamvu zosunga zobwezeretsera magetsi
    - stacking ndi masango thandizo
    - zofunikira L3 magwiridwe antchito
    Zosintha za x460-G2 ndizabwino. Kukhalapo kwa magetsi ochulukirapo omwe amatha kukulitsa ndikuwonjezera 10G, CX (ya stacking) ndi madoko a QSFP + amawapangitsa kukhala masinthidwe abwino a gawo logawa ndi madoko mpaka 1 Gb.
    kufikira
    X440-G2-24p-10GE4*
    X440-G2-24t-10GE4*
    X440-G2-48t-10GE4*
    X440-G2-48p-10GE4*
    24x1000BASE-T(4 x SFP combo), 4x10GE SFP+ (PoE bajeti 380 W)
    
    24x1000BASE-T(4 x SFP combo), 4x10GE SFP+
    
    24x1000BASE-T(4 x SFP combo), 4x10GE SFP+ combo ports
    
    48x1000BASE-T(4 x SFP combo), 4x10GE SFP+ combo ports (PoE budget 740 W)
    Zofuna kupeza:
    - nambala yofunikira ya madoko olowera
    - Thandizo la PoE/PoE +
    - magwiridwe antchito komanso kuthekera kokulitsa madoko
    - bonasi yowonjezerapo ngati chithandizo choyika madoko a 10Gb m'bokosilo
    Ndikupangira kulabadira mzerewu chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake potengera madoko, magwiridwe antchito ndi magwiridwe antchito.
    * Zosintha za masinthidwe osankhidwa zitha kupezeka m'nkhani yoyamba ya mndandanda - kuwunika kwa Extreme switches
    Nditha kumaliza nkhaniyi pano, koma ndikufuna kuwunikira zina za 2 zomwe injiniya aliyense angakumane nazo popanga kapena kukonza maukonde ake:
    - gwiritsani ntchito njira za chingwe - ulusi ndi mizere yamkuwa
    - Adilesi ya IP
    Kugwira ntchito ndi fiber
    Pamwambapa ndapereka chiwembu chomwe chikufunika kukwaniritsidwa. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, nambala yotsatirayi yolumikizira zida imafunika:
    kuchuluka kwa maulalo olumikizirana
    Monga momwe tawonera patebulo, chiwerengero chochepa cha ulusi wofunikira kuti muwonetsetse kulekerera kwapaintaneti (module yapakati, malo opangira data ndi kugawa m'nyumba za 2) ndi zidutswa za 10.
    Pa gawo la mawonekedwe a netiweki, tidapeza kuti pali ulusi 8 okha mu chingwe pakati pa nyumba. Zotani zikatero?
    Ndipereka mayankho angapo:
    - Chinthu choyamba chodziwikiratu ndicho kugwiritsa ntchito ulusi waulere mu chingwe pakati pa Kumanga 1 - Kumanga 1 ndi Kumanga 1 - Kumanga 2 (monga mukuwonera patebulo - 2 zokha za 8 za chingwe chilichonse zimagwiritsidwa ntchito). Kuti muchite izi, ndikokwanira kukhazikitsa zolumikizira zolumikizirana pakati pa zolumikizira ngati 1 ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, gwiritsani ntchito ma module a SFP okhala ndi bajeti yowonera.
    - sitepe yachiwiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya CWDM - multiplexing of carrier wavelengths mkati mwa ulusi umodzi. Tekinoloje iyi ndiyotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa DWD ndipo ndiyosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Kwenikweni, zofunika ndi khalidwe la ulusi kuwala ndi SFP/SFP + transceivers kutalika ndi bajeti. Monga ndidanenera m'nkhani yapitayi, kuthekera kwa masinthidwe kuzindikira ma transceivers a chipani chachitatu kungapangitse moyo wathu kukhala wosavuta ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopangira zingwe zowonjezera zowunikira.
    - Gawo lachitatu ndikulingalira za kuthekera kowonjezera ulusiwo mwa kuyala zingwe zowonjezera zowunikira.
    Kenako timayang'ana kuchuluka kwa ulusi pakati pa nyumba zokhala ndi masiwichi oyika ogawa ndi zina zowonjezera. nyumba 2-10. Apanso, si zonse zomveka bwino:
    - Choyamba, palibe ulusi wokwanira kuti tigwiritse ntchito zomwe tikufuna - ma fiber 2 pa switch (monga tikukumbukira, tili ndi zingwe zokhala ndi ma 4 OB pamlandu uliwonse)
    - chachiwiri, ngakhale pali ulusi wokwanira pakati pa nyumba, ulusi wa MMF umagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa nyumbazo, zomwe sizingatilole kuti tizingolumikiza ulusi wa SMF ndi MMF (ndikulankhula za mtunda pakati pa nyumba zopitilira 300-400 metres)
    Zikatero, njira zotsatirazi zitha kuganiziridwa:
    - Kupereka kwa switch iliyonse ya SMF yokhala ndi ulusi:
      - ngati mtunda ulola, mutha kutambasula zingwe zazitali zazitali pakati pa masiwichi. Nthawi ina tinkagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zazigamba zazitali za 30-50 mamita.
      - ikani chingwe chotsika mtengo chotsika mtengo cha SMF pakati pa makabati
      - ngati njira yomaliza, gwiritsani ntchito otembenuza osiyanasiyana a SMF-MMF
    - Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa fiber yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa nyumba, mutha:
      - gwiritsani ntchito ma stacking a x440-G2 ma switch - pomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito 1 SMF fiber pa switch iliyonse pansi, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa 6 ndi madoko mbali iliyonse m'malo mwa 3 ulusi ndi madoko.
      - gwiritsani ntchito ulusi wa 2 kulumikiza chosinthira choyamba munthambi ndi chomaliza. Gwirizanitsani maulalo pakusintha kolowera m'mphepete ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma protocol a STP mu mphete yotuluka.
    Adilesi ya IP
    Apa ndipereka chiŵerengero cha maadiresi cha dera lathu.
    Pakali pano tili ndi maukonde angapo B kalasi - 172.16.0.0/16. Powerengera malo adilesi ya IP, ndimayang'aniridwa ndi izi:
    - 4 zidutswa za octet yachiwiri zidzasonyeza nyumba - 172.16.0.0/12.
    - Octet 3 iwonetsa nambala yapansi panyumbayo.
    - Octet 3 = 255 idzaperekedwa kwa maulalo a zida za point-to-point ndi network control.
    - kasamalidwe kamodzi VLAN pansi kuti muyang'anire masiwichi.
    - wosuta m'modzi VLAN pa switch (pafupifupi madoko 24).
    - Voice VLAN imodzi pa switch (pafupifupi madoko 24).
    - mmodzi VLAN kwa kanema anaziika dongosolo pansi.
    - vlan imodzi yazida za Wi-Fi pansi.
    Ndinamaliza ndi ma table ngati awa:
    maukonde 172.16.0.0/14
    maukonde 172.20.0.0/14
    Patebulo pamwambapa, ndidapereka pafupifupi kugawa kwamanetiweki kudutsa nyumba ndi pansi mbali imodzi, ndi ma network (ogwiritsa ntchito, kasamalidwe ndi ntchito) kwina.
    M'malo mwake, kusankha netiweki imvi 172.16.0.0/12 sikuli koyenera kwambiri, chifukwa kumatilepheretsa kuchuluka kwa maukonde (kuyambira 16 mpaka 31) panyumba, komanso pali maofesi akutali omwe amafunikanso kudula midadada. , mwina imodzi yabwino kwambiri padzakhala njira yogwiritsira ntchito maukonde 10.0.0.0/8, kapena kugawana maukonde 172.16.0.0/12 (mwachitsanzo, pazosowa zautumiki ndi maseva) ndi 10.0.0.0/8 (pamanetiweki ogwiritsa ntchito).
    Nthawi zambiri, njira yogawa ma network a IP imakhalanso yokhazikika ndipo ndikofunikira kutsatira malamulo owerengera ma subnets mumaneti amodzi achidule pamagawo ogawa, komanso pamalire olowera m'nthambi zakutali. Izi zimachitika pazifukwa zingapo:
    - kuchepetsa ma routing tables pa ma routers
    - kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito zama protocol (mauthenga amitundu yonse, pomwe ma subnets osapezeka)
    - kuti muchepetse kasamalidwe komanso kuwerenga bwino kwa maukonde a L3
    Ngakhale, ponena za mfundo za 2 zoyamba, ndizofunika kudziwa kuti mphamvu zama router zamakono ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa zaka 15-20 zapitazo ndipo zimawalola kukhala ndi matebulo akuluakulu mu RAM yawo, ndi chiwerengero cha mtengo ndi njira yolumikizirana. yatsika poyerekeza ndi mitengo kuyambira nthawi yofala kwambiri ya E1/T1 mitsinje (G.703).
    Pomaliza
    Anzanga, m'nkhaniyi ndidayesera kulankhula mwachidule momwe ndingathere za mfundo zoyambira zopangira ma network amsukulu. Inde, panali zinthu zambiri, ndipo izi ngakhale kuti sindinakhudze mitu monga:
    - kulinganiza kwa malire abizinesi (ndipo iyi ndi nkhani yosiyana ndi ma switch ake, malire, firewall, IPS/IDS system, DMZ, VPN ndi zinthu zina)
    - kupanga ma netiweki a Wi-Fi
    - kupanga ma network a VoIP
    - bungwe la data center
    - chitetezo (ndipo ilinso dziko lake losiyana, lomwe malinga ndi kuchuluka kwake ndi zofunikira sizotsika poyerekeza ndi mapangidwe a network network, ndipo nthawi zina amaposa izo)
    - umisiri wamphamvu
    - mndandanda umapitirirabe
    M'malo mwake, kupanga ndi kumanga maukonde abizinesi ndi ntchito yowawa kwambiri yomwe imafuna nthawi yambiri ndi zida.
    Koma ndikukhulupirira kuti nkhani yanga ikuthandizani kuwunika ndikumvetsetsa pamlingo woyamba momwe mungachitire ntchitoyi.
    Iyi si nkhani yomaliza Ma Network Oopsa, choncho khalani maso (uthengawo, Facebook, VK, TS Solution Blog)!