Kodi n’zosadabwitsa kuti m’dziko lodzala ndi udani wosayenerera umene umasokoneza chitukuko chenicheni, amuna ndi akazi, achikulire ndi achichepere, mwa njira kapena kotheratu amadzilekanitsa ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku waukali kuti adzipereke ku kulima kukongola, kufalitsa chidziwitso, machiritso a matenda, kuchepetsa kuvutika, ngati kuti nthawi yomweyo panalibe otentheka kuchulukitsa zowawa, zoipa ndi mazunzo? Dziko lapansi lakhala lachisoni komanso losokoneza, komabe olemba ndakatulo, ojambula ndi asayansi anyalanyaza zinthu zomwe, ngati zitayankhidwa, zikanawapumitsa. Kuchokera pamalingaliro othandiza, moyo waluntha ndi wauzimu, poyang'ana koyamba, ndi ntchito zopanda pake, ndipo anthu amachita nawo chifukwa amapeza kukhutitsidwa kwakukulu mwanjira iyi kusiyana ndi zina. Mu ntchito iyi, ndili ndi chidwi ndi funso kuti ndi liti pamene kufunafuna zosangalatsa zopanda phindu izi mwadzidzidzi kumasanduka gwero la mtundu wina wa cholinga chomwe sichinaloledwe konse.
Timauzidwa mobwerezabwereza kuti zaka zathu ndi zaka zakuthupi. Ndipo chinthu chachikulu m'menemo ndi kufalikira kwa maunyolo ogawa zinthu zakuthupi ndi mwayi wapadziko lapansi. Mkwiyo wa iwo omwe alibe mlandu wolandidwa mwayiwu komanso kugawa zinthu moyenera ndikuthamangitsa ophunzira ambiri kutali ndi sayansi yomwe makolo awo adaphunzira, kupita ku maphunziro ofunikira komanso osafunikira kwenikweni, nkhani zachuma ndi boma. Ndilibe chotsutsana ndi izi. Dziko lomwe tikukhalamo ndi dziko lokhalo lopatsidwa kwa ife mu zomverera. Ngati simuchikonza ndikuchipanga kukhala chachilungamo, mamiliyoni a anthu adzapitirizabe kufa mwakachetechete, mwachisoni, ndi kuwawidwa mtima. Inenso ndakhala ndikuchonderera kwa zaka zambiri kuti masukulu athu azikhala ndi chithunzi chowoneka bwino cha dziko lomwe ophunzira ndi ophunzira akuyenera kukhala moyo wawo wonse. Nthaŵi zina ndimadzifunsa ngati makono amakono akhala amphamvu kwambiri, ndipo ngati pakanakhala mpata wokwanira kukhala ndi moyo wokhutiritsa ngati dziko likanachotsa zinthu zopanda pake zimene zimapatsa uzimu kufunika kwake. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi lingaliro lathu lothandizira likhala locheperako kwambiri kuti ligwirizane ndi kusintha komanso kosayembekezereka kwa mzimu waumunthu.
Nkhaniyi ingathe kuganiziridwa kuchokera kumbali ziwiri: sayansi ndi umunthu, kapena zauzimu. Tiyeni tione kaye mwasayansi. Ndinakumbutsidwa za makambitsirano amene ndinali nawo ndi George Eastman zaka zingapo zapitazo pa mutu wa phindu. Bambo Eastman, munthu wanzeru, waulemu, komanso woona patali, wodziwa kuimba ndi luso laluso, anandiuza kuti akufuna kuwononga chuma chawo chochuluka polimbikitsa kuphunzitsa zinthu zothandiza. Ndinalimba mtima kumufunsa amene ankamuona kuti ndi wofunika kwambiri pa zasayansi padziko lonse. Nthawi yomweyo anayankha kuti: “Marconi.” Ndipo ndinati: "Ziribe kanthu momwe timasangalalira ndi wailesi komanso mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa matekinoloje opanda zingwe omwe amalemeretsa moyo wa munthu, zomwe Marconi amathandizira ndizochepa."
Sindidzaiwala nkhope yake yodabwa. Anandifunsa kuti ndifotokoze. Ndinamuyankha motere: “Bambo Eastman, maonekedwe a Marconi anali osapeŵeka. Mphotho yeniyeni ya zonse zomwe zachitika paukadaulo wopanda zingwe, ngati mphotho zazikuluzikulu zitha kuperekedwa kwa aliyense, zimapita kwa Pulofesa Clerk Maxwell, yemwe mu 1865 adachita zowerengeka zosadziwika bwino komanso zovuta kumvetsetsa m'munda wa maginito ndi maginito. magetsi. Maxwell anapereka njira zake zosamveka m’buku lake la sayansi lofalitsidwa mu 1873. Pamsonkhano wotsatira wa British Association, Pulofesa G.D.S. Smith wa ku Oxford ananena kuti “palibe katswiri wa masamu, atawerenga mabukuwa, amene angalephere kuzindikira kuti bukuli lili ndi chiphunzitso chimene chimayenderana kwambiri ndi njira ndi njira za masamu enieni.” M’zaka 15 zotsatira, zinthu zina zimene asayansi anatulukira zinagwirizana ndi maganizo a Maxwell. Ndipo potsiriza, mu 1887 ndi 1888, vuto la sayansi akadali lofunika pa nthawi imeneyo, okhudzana ndi chizindikiritso ndi umboni mafunde electromagnetic kuti onyamula zizindikiro opanda zingwe, inathetsedwa ndi Heinrich Hertz, wantchito wa Helmholtz Laboratory ku Berlin. Maxwell kapena Hertz sanaganizire za phindu la ntchito yawo. Maganizo oterowo sanawachitikire. Sanadziikire zolinga zothandiza. Woyambitsa mwalamulo, ndi Marconi. Koma kodi iye anatulukira chiyani? Tsatanetsatane womaliza waukadaulo, womwe lero ndi chipangizo chachikale cholandila chotchedwa coherer, chomwe chasiyidwa kale pafupifupi kulikonse. ”
Hertz ndi Maxwell mwina sanapangepo kalikonse, koma inali ntchito yawo yongopeka yopanda pake, yomwe injiniya wanzeru adapunthwa nayo, yomwe idapanga njira zatsopano zolankhulirana ndi zosangalatsa zomwe zidalola anthu omwe mayendedwe awo anali ochepa kuti apeze kutchuka ndikupeza mamiliyoni. Ndi iti mwa izo yomwe inali yothandiza? Osati Marconi, koma Mlembi Maxwell ndi Heinrich Hertz. Iwo anali anzeru ndipo sankaganizira za ubwino, ndipo Marconi anali woyambitsa wanzeru, koma ankangoganizira za ubwino.
Dzina lakuti Hertz linakumbutsa Bambo Eastman za mafunde a wailesi, ndipo ndinamuuza kuti afunse akatswiri a sayansi ya sayansi ya pa yunivesite ya Rochester zomwe Hertz ndi Maxwell anachita. Koma angakhale wotsimikiza za chinthu chimodzi: iwo anagwira ntchito yawo popanda kulingalira za mmene angagwiritsire ntchito. Ndipo m'mbiri yonse ya sayansi, zambiri mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe adazipeza, zomwe pamapeto pake zidakhala zopindulitsa kwambiri kwa anthu, zidapangidwa ndi anthu omwe sanatengeke chifukwa chofuna kukhala othandiza, koma ndi chikhumbo chofuna kukwaniritsa chidwi chawo.
Chidwi? anafunsa bambo Eastman.
Inde, ndinayankha, chidwi, chomwe chingatsogolere kapena sichingatsogolere ku chirichonse chothandiza, ndipo mwinamwake ndi khalidwe lapadera la kulingalira kwamakono. Ndipo izi sizinawonekere dzulo, koma zidawuka mmbuyo mu nthawi za Galileo, Bacon ndi Sir Isaac Newton, ndipo ayenera kukhalabe mfulu mwamtheradi. Mabungwe ophunzirira ayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri kukulitsa chidwi. Ndipo pang'onopang'ono amasokonezedwa ndi malingaliro ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi yomweyo, amatha kuthandizira osati kokha ku ubwino wa anthu, komanso, komanso, komanso zofunikira, kuti akwaniritse chidwi chaluntha, chomwe, wina anganene, wakhala kale mphamvu yoyendetsa moyo waluntha m'dziko lamakono.
II
Zonse zomwe zanenedwa za Heinrich Hertz, momwe adagwirira ntchito mwakachetechete komanso mosazindikira pakona ya labotale ya Helmholtz kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, zonsezi ndi zoona kwa asayansi ndi masamu padziko lonse lapansi omwe amakhala zaka mazana angapo zapitazo. Dziko lathu lapansi silingathe kuchita popanda magetsi. Ngati tilankhula za kupezeka ndi ntchito yothandiza kwambiri komanso yodalirika, ndiye kuti timavomereza kuti ndi magetsi. Koma ndani adapeza zofunikira zomwe zidatsogolera kuzinthu zonse zochokera kumagetsi pazaka zana zikubwerazi.
Yankho lidzakhala losangalatsa. Bambo ake a Michael Faraday anali osula zitsulo, ndipo Michael iyeyo anali wophunzira ntchito yomanga mabuku. Mu 1812, ali ndi zaka 21, mmodzi wa anzake anamutengera ku Royal Institution, kumene anamvetsera nkhani 4 za chemistry kuchokera kwa Humphry Davy. Anasunga zolembazo ndikutumiza makope ake kwa Davy. Chaka chotsatira anakhala wothandizira mu labotale ya Davy, kuthetsa mavuto a mankhwala. Patapita zaka ziwiri anatsagana ndi Davy pa ulendo wopita kumtunda. Mu 1825, ali ndi zaka 24, anakhala mtsogoleri wa labotale ya Royal Institution, kumene anakhala zaka 54 za moyo wake.
Zokonda za Faraday posakhalitsa zidasinthira kumagetsi ndi maginito, zomwe adazipereka moyo wake wonse. Ntchito yoyambirira m’derali inachitidwa ndi Oersted, Ampere ndi Wollaston, yomwe inali yofunika koma yovuta kumvetsa. Faraday anathana ndi mavuto amene anasiya osathetsedwa, ndipo pofika 1841 anali ataphunzira bwino za kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya magetsi. Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, nthawi yachiwiri komanso yopambana kwambiri ya ntchito yake inayamba, pamene adapeza mphamvu ya maginito pa kuwala kozungulira. Zomwe adapeza koyambirira zidapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito zambiri zothandiza pomwe magetsi adachepetsa zolemetsa ndikuwonjezera mwayi wopezeka m'moyo wamunthu wamakono. Motero, zimene anatulukira pambuyo pake zinapangitsa kuti pasakhale zotulukapo zothandiza kwambiri. Kodi pali china chake chasintha Faraday? Ayi ndithu. Sanali ndi chidwi ndi zofunikira pamlingo uliwonse wa ntchito yake yosapambana. Iye anali wotanganidwa kwambiri ndi kuvumbula zinsinsi za chilengedwe chonse: choyamba kuchokera ku dziko la chemistry ndiyeno kuchokera ku dziko la physics. Sanakaikire konse za phindu. Malingaliro aliwonse okhudza iye angachepetse chidwi chake chosakhazikika. Chotsatira chake, zotsatira za ntchito yake zinapeza ntchito yothandiza, koma ichi sichinali chizindikiro cha kuyesa kwake kosalekeza.
Mwina poganizira mmene zinthu zilili padzikoli masiku ano, ndi nthawi yoti tisonyeze mfundo yakuti ntchito imene sayansi imachita pochititsa kuti nkhondo ikhale yowononga kwambiri ndiponso yochititsa mantha kwambiri, yasanduka chinthu chosadziŵika bwino ndiponso chosayembekezereka chongochitika mwasayansi. Lord Rayleigh, Purezidenti wa Bungwe la British Association for the Advancement of Science, m’mawu ake aposachedwapa anasonyeza kuti n’chitsiru cha anthu, osati zolinga za asayansi, n’zimene zili ndi udindo wogwiritsa ntchito mowononga amuna olembedwa ntchito kuti agwire nawo ntchito. nkhondo zamakono. Kafukufuku wosalakwa wa chemistry ya carbon compounds, yomwe yapeza ntchito zambiri, inasonyeza kuti zochita za nitric acid pa zinthu monga benzene, glycerin, cellulose, etc., sizinangoyambitsa kupanga utoto wa aniline, komanso kupanga nitroglycerin, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito zabwino ndi zoipa. Patapita nthawi, Alfred Nobel, pokhudzana ndi nkhani yomweyi, adawonetsa kuti posakaniza nitroglycerin ndi zinthu zina, n'zotheka kupanga mabomba otetezeka otetezeka, makamaka dynamite. Ndizolimbikitsa kuti tili ndi ngongole yathu pantchito yamigodi, pomanga ngalande zanjanji zomwe zimadutsa m'mapiri a Alps ndi mapiri ena. Koma, ndithudi, andale ndi asilikali ankagwiritsa ntchito damu molakwa. Ndipo kuimba mlandu asayansi pa zimenezi n’chimodzimodzi ndi kuwaimba mlandu chifukwa cha zivomezi ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi mpweya wapoizoni. Pliny anamwalira atapuma mpweya wa sulfure dioxide paphiri la Vesuvius pafupifupi zaka 2000 zapitazo. Ndipo asayansi sanalekanitse chlorine pazifukwa zankhondo. Zonsezi ndi zoona kwa mpiru wa mpiru. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zimenezi kungakhale ndi zolinga zabwino zokha, koma pamene ndegeyo inalinganizidwa kukhala yangwiro, anthu amene mitima yawo inali ndi poizoni ndi ubongo woipitsidwa anazindikira kuti ndegeyo, kupangidwa kosalakwa, chotulukapo cha kuyesayesa kwanthaŵi yaitali, kopanda tsankho ndi kwasayansi, kungatembenuzidwe kukhala. chida chowonongera chachikulu chotere, chomwe palibe amene adachilota, kapena kukhazikitsa cholinga chotere.
Kuchokera m'munda wa masamu apamwamba munthu akhoza kutchula pafupifupi chiwerengero chosawerengeka cha milandu yofanana. Mwachitsanzo, masamu osadziwika bwino kwambiri azaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi XNUMX amatchedwa "Non-Euclidean Geometry." Mlengi wake, Gauss, ngakhale kuti ankadziwika ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake monga katswiri wa masamu, sanayerekeze kufalitsa ntchito zake pa "Non-Euclidean Geometry" kwa kotala la zana. Ndipotu, chiphunzitso cha relativity palokha, ndi zotsatira zake zopanda malire, zikanakhala zosatheka popanda ntchito yomwe Gauss anagwira panthawi yomwe anali ku Göttingen.
Apanso, zomwe masiku ano zimadziwika kuti "lingaliro lamagulu" inali nthanthi ya masamu yosamveka komanso yosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Idapangidwa ndi anthu achidwi omwe chidwi chawo komanso kusewera kwawo kudawatsogolera m'njira yachilendo. Koma lero, "lingaliro lamagulu" ndilo maziko a chiphunzitso cha quantum of spectroscopy, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku ndi anthu omwe sadziwa momwe zinayambira.
Malingaliro onse a kuthekera kwawo adapezedwa ndi akatswiri a masamu omwe chidwi chawo chenicheni chinali kutsimikizira kutchova njuga. Sizinagwire ntchito mwanzeru, koma chiphunzitsochi chinatsegula njira ya mitundu yonse ya inshuwaransi, ndipo chinakhala maziko a madera ambiri afizikiki m'zaka za zana la XNUMX.
Ndigwira mawu aposachedwa a magazini ya Science:
“Kufunika kwa luso la pulofesa Albert Einstein kunafika pachimake pamene kunadziwika kuti wasayansi ndi masamu zaka 15 zapitazo anapanga chipangizo cha masamu chimene tsopano chikuthandiza kuvumbula zinsinsi za luso lodabwitsa la helium losalimba pa kutentha kwapafupi ndi kotheratu. ziro. Ngakhale asanayambe Symposium ya American Chemical Society pa Intermolecular Interaction, Pulofesa F. London wa yunivesite ya Paris, yemwe tsopano ndi pulofesa woyendera pa yunivesite ya Duke, adapereka ngongole kwa Pulofesa Einstein popanga lingaliro la mpweya "wabwino", womwe unawonekera m'mapepala. lofalitsidwa mu 1924 ndi 1925.
Malipoti a Einstein mu 1925 sanali okhudza chiphunzitso cha relativity, koma za mavuto omwe ankawoneka kuti alibe tanthauzo lenileni panthawiyo. Iwo adalongosola kuwonongeka kwa mpweya "wabwino" pa malire apansi a kutentha kwa kutentha. Chifukwa Zinali kudziwika kuti mpweya wonse umasanduka madzi amadzimadzi pa kutentha kumaganiziridwa, asayansi ayenera kuti ananyalanyaza ntchito ya Einstein zaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazo.
Komabe, zomwe zapezedwa posachedwapa mu mphamvu ya helium yamadzimadzi zapatsa phindu latsopano ku lingaliro la Einstein, lomwe lidalibe pambali nthawi yonseyi. Zikazizira, zakumwa zambiri zimachulukitsa kukhuthala, kutsika kwamadzimadzi, ndikukhala zomata. M'malo osakhala akatswiri, kukhuthala kumafotokozedwa ndi mawu akuti "ozizira kuposa molasses mu Januwale," zomwe ndi zoona.
Pakalipano, helium yamadzimadzi ndiyomwe imasokoneza. Pa kutentha komwe kumadziwika kuti "delta point," yomwe ndi madigiri 2,19 okha pamwamba pa ziro, helium yamadzimadzi imayenda bwino kuposa kutentha kwambiri ndipo, kwenikweni, imakhala ngati mitambo ngati mpweya. Chinsinsi china mu khalidwe lake lachilendo ndi mkulu matenthedwe conductivity. Pamalo otsetsereka ndi nthawi 500 kuposa mkuwa pa kutentha kwa chipinda. Ndi zovuta zake zonse, helium yamadzimadzi imakhala chinsinsi chachikulu kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi akatswiri a zamankhwala.
Pulofesa London adanena kuti njira yabwino yotanthauzira mphamvu ya helium yamadzimadzi ndikulingalira ngati mpweya wabwino wa Bose-Einstein, pogwiritsa ntchito masamu opangidwa mu 1924-25, komanso poganizira mfundo yamagetsi azitsulo. Kupyolera mu ma analogi osavuta, kutsekemera kodabwitsa kwa helium yamadzimadzi kungathe kufotokozedwa pang'ono ngati madziwa akuwonetsedwa ngati chinthu chofanana ndi kuyendayenda kwa ma elekitironi muzitsulo pofotokozera momwe magetsi amayendera.
Tiyeni tione mmene zinthu zilili mbali inayo. Pankhani ya zamankhwala ndi zaumoyo, bacteriology yakhala ikutsogolera kwa theka la zaka. Nkhani yake ndi yotani? Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Franco-Prussia mu 1870, boma la Germany linayambitsa yunivesite yaikulu ya Strasbourg. Pulofesa wake woyamba wa anatomy anali Wilhelm von Waldeyer, ndipo pambuyo pake pulofesa wa anatomy ku Berlin. M'makumbukiro ake, adawona kuti pakati pa ophunzira omwe adapita naye ku Strasbourg pa semesita yake yoyamba, panali mnyamata wina wosawoneka bwino, wodziyimira pawokha, wamfupi wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri dzina lake Paul Ehrlich. Njira yodziwika bwino ya anatomy inkakhala ya dissection ndi kuyang'ana pang'ono kwa minofu. Ehrlich sanalabadire kugawanika, koma, monga Waldeyer adanenera m'mabuku ake:
"Ndidazindikira nthawi yomweyo kuti Ehrlich amatha kugwira ntchito pa desiki yake kwa nthawi yayitali, wokhazikika pakufufuza kosawoneka bwino. Komanso, tebulo lake limakutidwa ndi mawanga amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Tsiku lina nditamuona ali kuntchito, ndinapita kwa iye n’kumufunsa zimene ankachita ndi maluwa okongolawa. Pamenepo wophunzira wachichepere wa semesita yoyambayo, mwachiwonekere akumaŵerenga kosi yokhazikika ya kaumbidwe ka thupi, anandiyang’ana nayankha mwaulemu kuti: “Ich probiere.” Mawuwa akhoza kumasuliridwa kuti "ndikuyesera", kapena "ndikungopusitsa". Ndinamuuza kuti, “Chabwino, pitirizani kupusitsa.” Posakhalitsa ndinawona kuti, popanda malangizo aliwonse kumbali yanga, ndapeza ku Ehrlich wophunzira wabwino kwambiri. "
Waldeyer anali wanzeru kumusiya yekha. Ehrlich anagwira ntchito yake kudzera mu pulogalamu yachipatala mosiyanasiyana ndipo pamapeto pake anamaliza maphunziro ake, makamaka chifukwa zinali zoonekeratu kwa aphunzitsi ake kuti analibe cholinga chochita udokotala. Kenako anapita ku Wroclaw, komwe ankagwira ntchito kwa Pulofesa Konheim, mphunzitsi wa Dr. Welch wathu, woyambitsa ndi mlengi wa sukulu yachipatala ya Johns Hopkins. Sindikuganiza kuti lingaliro lothandizira lidachitikapo kwa Ehrlich. Iye anali ndi chidwi. Iye anali ndi chidwi; ndipo anapitirizabe kupusitsa. Zoonadi, tomfoolery wake uyu ankalamulidwa ndi chibadwa chakuya, koma izo zinali kokha sayansi, osati utilitarian, zolimbikitsa. Kodi izi zidatsogolera ku chiyani? Koch ndi othandizira ake adayambitsa sayansi yatsopano - bacteriology. Tsopano kuyesa kwa Ehrlich kunachitika ndi wophunzira mnzake Weigert. Anadetsa mabakiteriya, zomwe zinawathandiza kuwasiyanitsa. Ehrlich mwiniwakeyo adapanga njira yopaka utoto wamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu yambiri yamagazi ndi utoto pomwe chidziwitso chathu chamakono cha morphology ya maselo ofiira ndi oyera amagazi adakhazikitsidwa. Ndipo tsiku lililonse, zipatala masauzande ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya Ehrlich poyeza magazi. Motero, chipatala chopanda cholinga m'chipinda cha Waldeyer ku Strasbourg chinakula n'kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri pachipatala cha tsiku ndi tsiku.
Ndipereka chitsanzo chimodzi kuchokera kumakampani, chotengedwa mwachisawawa, chifukwa ... pali ambiri a iwo. Pulofesa Berle wa Carnegie Institute of Technology (Pittsburgh) akulemba izi:
Woyambitsa kupanga nsalu zamakono zamakono ndi French Count de Chardonnay. Amadziwika kuti adagwiritsa ntchito yankho
III
Sindikunena kuti chilichonse chomwe chimachitika m'malo opangira ma laboratories pamapeto pake chidzapeza ntchito zosayembekezereka, kapena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni ndiko chifukwa chenicheni cha zochitika zonse. Ndikulimbikitsa kuthetsa mawu oti "ntchito" ndikumasula mzimu wamunthu. Zowona, mwanjira iyi tidzamasulanso ma eccentrics opanda vuto. Inde, tidzawononga ndalama motere. Koma chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti tidzamasula malingaliro aumunthu ku maunyolo ake, ndikumasula ku zochitika zomwe, kumbali imodzi, zidatenga Hale, Rutherford, Einstein ndi anzawo mamiliyoni ndi mamiliyoni a makilomita mpaka kutali kwambiri. m’makona a mlengalenga, ndipo kumbali ina, iwo anatulutsa mphamvu zopanda malire zotsekeredwa mkati mwa atomu. Zimene Rutherford, Bohr, Millikan ndi asayansi ena anachita mwachidwi kwambiri poyesa kumvetsa mmene ma atomu anatulutsa mphamvu zimene zingasinthe moyo wa munthu. Koma muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti chotsatira chomaliza komanso chosadziwikiratu sichiri chifukwa cha zochita zawo za Rutherford, Einstein, Millikan, Bohr kapena anzawo aliwonse. Koma tiyeni tiwasiye. Mwina palibe mtsogoleri wamaphunziro amene angathe kukhazikitsa njira zomwe anthu ena ayenera kugwirira ntchito. Zotayika, ndipo ndikuvomerezanso, zikuwoneka ngati zazikulu, koma zenizeni sizili choncho. Ndalama zonse pakupanga bakiteriya sizili kanthu poyerekeza ndi zomwe apeza kuchokera ku Pasteur, Koch, Ehrlich, Theobald Smith ndi ena. Izi sizikadachitika ngati lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito likanakhala lowalamulira. Akuluakulu awa, omwe ndi asayansi ndi akatswiri a tizilombo, adapanga mlengalenga umene unalipo m'ma laboratories omwe amangotsatira chidwi chawo chachilengedwe. Sindikudzudzula mabungwe monga masukulu ophunzitsa mainjiniya kapena masukulu azamalamulo, komwe zofunikira ndizosapeweka. Nthawi zambiri zinthu zimasintha, ndipo zovuta zomwe zimachitika m'mafakitale kapena ma laboratories zimalimbikitsa kuwonekera kwa kafukufuku wamalingaliro omwe atha kapena sangathetse vuto lomwe lilipo, koma zomwe zingafotokozere njira zatsopano zowonera vutoli. Malingaliro awa angakhale opanda ntchito panthawiyo, koma ndi chiyambi cha zomwe zidzachitike m'tsogolomu, m'njira yothandiza komanso yongopeka.
Ndi kudzikundikira mofulumira kwa "zopanda pake" kapena chidziwitso chanthanthi, panabuka mkhalidwe umene unakhala zotheka kuyamba kuthetsa mavuto othandiza ndi njira ya sayansi. Osati opanga okha, komanso asayansi "oona" amachita izi. Ndinatchula Marconi, woyambitsa amene, pamene anali wothandiza mtundu wa anthu, kwenikweni “anagwiritsa ntchito ubongo wa ena.” Edison ali m'gulu lomwelo. Koma Pasteur anali wosiyana. Iye anali wasayansi wamkulu, koma sanachite manyazi kuthetsa mavuto othandiza, monga mphesa za ku France kapena mavuto opangira moŵa. Pasteur sanangolimbana ndi zovuta zachangu, komanso adachotsa ku zovuta zenizeni zotsimikizira zamalingaliro, "zopanda ntchito" panthawiyo, koma mwina "zothandiza" mwanjira ina yosayembekezereka m'tsogolomu. Ehrlich, makamaka woganiza, mwamphamvu anatenga vuto la chindoko ndi ntchito pa izo ndi amauma osowa mpaka anapeza njira yothetsera ntchito yomweyo zothandiza (mankhwala "Salvarsan"). Kupeza kwa Banting kwa insulin yolimbana ndi matenda a shuga, komanso kupezeka kwa chiwindi cha Minot ndi Whipple kuchiza matenda oopsa a magazi m'thupi, ndi m'gulu lomwelo: zonse zidapangidwa ndi asayansi omwe adazindikira kuchuluka kwa "zopanda ntchito" zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa ndi anthu , osasamala zothandiza, ndipo ino ndi nthawi yoyenera kufunsa mafunso okhudzana ndi chilankhulo cha sayansi.
Motero, n’zoonekeratu kuti munthu ayenera kusamala ngati zimene asayansi atulukira zimachokera kwa munthu mmodzi. Pafupifupi zonse zomwe zapezedwa zimatsogozedwa ndi nkhani yayitali komanso yovuta. Wina anapeza chinachake apa, ndipo wina anapeza chinachake kumeneko. Pa sitepe yachitatu, kupambana kunachitika, ndi zina zotero, mpaka katswiri wina ataika zonse pamodzi ndikupereka chithandizo chake. Sayansi, monga Mtsinje wa Mississippi, imachokera ku mitsinje yaing'ono m'nkhalango yakutali. Pang'onopang'ono, mitsinje ina imawonjezera mphamvu yake. Chotero, kuchokera ku magwero osaŵerengeka, mtsinje waphokoso umapangidwa, woboola m’madamuwo.
Sindingathe kulongosola bwino nkhaniyi, koma nditha kunena mwachidule izi: m'zaka zana kapena mazana awiri, zopereka za masukulu a ntchito zamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa ntchito sizingakhale zambiri pophunzitsa anthu omwe, mwina mawa. , adzakhala mainjiniya, maloya, kapena madokotala, kotero kuti ngakhale pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga zenizeni, ntchito yochuluka imene mwachiwonekere ilibe ntchito idzachitidwa. Kuchokera muzochita zopanda pakezi mumabwera zopezedwa zomwe zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri m'malingaliro ndi mzimu wamunthu kuposa kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe masukulu adapangidwira.
Mfundo zomwe ndatchulazi zikutsindika, ngati kutsindika kuli kofunika, kufunikira kwakukulu kwa ufulu wauzimu ndi wanzeru. Ndinatchula za sayansi yoyesera ndi masamu, koma mawu anga amagwiranso ntchito ku nyimbo, luso, ndi mawu ena a mzimu waumunthu waulere. Mfundo yakuti zimabweretsa kukhutitsidwa kwa moyo womwe ukuyesetsa kuyeretsedwa ndi kukwezedwa ndicho chifukwa chofunikira. Podzilungamitsa motere, popanda kutchula zachindunji kapena zosamveka bwino, timazindikira zifukwa za kukhalapo kwa makoleji, mayunivesite, ndi mabungwe ofufuza. Mabungwe omwe amamasula mibadwo yotsatira ya miyoyo ya anthu ali ndi ufulu wonse wokhalapo, mosasamala kanthu kuti uyu kapena wophunzirayo akupanga zomwe zimatchedwa zothandiza ku chidziwitso chaumunthu kapena ayi. Ndakatulo, symphony, chojambula, chowonadi cha masamu, chowonadi chatsopano cha sayansi - zonsezi zili kale ndi zifukwa zomveka zomwe mayunivesite, makoleji ndi mabungwe ofufuza amafunikira.
Nkhani yomwe ikukambidwa pakadali pano ndiyovuta kwambiri. M'madera ena (makamaka ku Germany ndi Italy) tsopano akuyesera kuchepetsa ufulu wa mzimu waumunthu. Mayunivesite asinthidwa kukhala zida m'manja mwa omwe ali ndi zikhulupiriro zina zandale, zachuma kapena tsankho. Nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, munthu wina wosasamala m’gulu limodzi la maulamuliro oŵerengeka otsala a demokalase m’dziko lino angakayikire ngakhale kufunika kwaufulu wamaphunziro kotheratu. Mdani weniweni wa anthu sagona mwa woganiza wopanda mantha ndi wopanda udindo, wolondola kapena wolakwika. Mdani weniweni ndi munthu amene amayesa kusindikiza mzimu wa munthu kuti usayese kufalitsa mapiko ake, monga momwe zinachitikira ku Italy ndi Germany, komanso ku Great Britain ndi USA.
Ndipo lingaliro ili si lachilendo. Ndi iye amene analimbikitsa von Humboldt kupeza yunivesite ya Berlin pamene Napoleon anagonjetsa Germany. Ndi iye amene adauzira Purezidenti Gilman kuti atsegule Yunivesite ya Johns Hopkins, pambuyo pake mayunivesite aliwonse mdziko muno, mokulira kapena pang'ono, adafuna kudzimanganso. Ndi lingaliro ili kuti munthu aliyense amene amayamikira moyo wake wosafa adzakhala wokhulupirika zivute zitani. Komabe, zifukwa za ufulu wauzimu zimapita patsogolo kwambiri kuposa zowona, kaya ndi sayansi kapena umunthu, chifukwa ... kumatanthauza kulolerana ku mitundu yonse ya kusiyana kwa anthu. Ndi chiyani chomwe chingakhale chopusa kapena choseketsa kuposa zokonda ndi zosakonda zochokera kumitundu kapena chipembedzo m'mbiri yonse ya anthu? Kodi anthu akufuna ma symphonies, zojambula ndi zowona zakuya zasayansi, kapena akufuna nyimbo zachikhristu, zojambula ndi sayansi, kapena zachiyuda, kapena Asilamu? Kapena mwina Aigupto, Japan, Chinese, American, German, Russian, Communist kapena conservative mawonetseredwe a chuma chosatha cha moyo wa munthu?
IV
Ndimakhulupirira kuti chimodzi mwazotsatira zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za kusalolera zinthu zonse zakunja ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha Institute for Advanced Study, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1930 ndi Louis Bamberger ndi mlongo wake Felix Fuld ku Princeton, New Jersey. Zinali mu Princeton mbali chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwa oyambitsa ku boma, koma, momwe ine ndingakhoze kuweruza, komanso chifukwa panali dipatimenti yaing'ono koma yabwino omaliza maphunziro mu mzinda umene mgwirizano wapafupi anali zotheka. Institute ili ndi ngongole ku Yunivesite ya Princeton yomwe sidzayamikiridwa mokwanira. Institute, pamene mbali yaikulu ya antchito ake anali atalembedwa kale, inayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1933. Asayansi otchuka a ku America adagwira ntchito pamagulu ake: akatswiri a masamu Veblen, Alexander ndi Morse; anthu Merit, Levy ndi Abiti Goldman; atolankhani ndi akatswiri azachuma Stewart, Riefler, Warren, Earle ndi Mitrany. Apa tiyeneranso kuwonjezera asayansi ofunikira omwe adapanga kale ku yunivesite, laibulale, ndi ma laboratories a mzinda wa Princeton. Koma Institute for Advanced Study ili ndi ngongole kwa Hitler kwa akatswiri a masamu Einstein, Weyl ndi von Neumann; kwa oimira anthu Herzfeld ndi Panofsky, ndi kwa achinyamata angapo omwe, m'zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi, adakhudzidwa ndi gulu lodziwika bwino ili, ndipo akulimbikitsa kale maphunziro a ku America m'madera onse a dziko.
Institute, kuchokera kumalingaliro a bungwe, ndi bungwe losavuta komanso losakhazikika lomwe munthu angalingalire. Lili ndi magulu atatu: masamu, anthu, zachuma ndi sayansi yandale. Aliyense wa iwo anaphatikizapo gulu lokhazikika la aphunzitsi ndi gulu losintha pachaka la antchito. Gulu lililonse limachita zinthu zake momwe likufunira. M’gulu, munthu aliyense amasankha yekha mmene angagwiritsire ntchito nthawi yake komanso kugawira mphamvu zake. Ogwira ntchitowo, ochokera m’mayiko 22 ndi m’mayunivesite 39, analandiridwa ku United States m’magulu angapo ngati anayesedwa oyenerera. Anapatsidwa ufulu wofanana ndi wa maprofesa. Akhoza kugwira ntchito ndi pulofesa mmodzi kapena wina mwa mgwirizano; analoledwa kugwira ntchito okha, kufunsira kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ndi munthu amene angakhale wothandiza.
Palibe chizolowezi, palibe magawano pakati pa aphunzitsi, mamembala a bungwe kapena alendo. Ophunzira ndi mapulofesa a pa yunivesite ya Princeton ndi mamembala ndi maprofesa ku Institute for Advanced Study anasakanikirana mosavuta kotero kuti anali osadziwika bwino. Kuphunzira pakokha kunakulitsidwa. Zotsatira za munthu payekha komanso gulu sizinali m'gulu la chidwi. Palibe misonkhano, palibe makomiti. Motero, anthu okhala ndi malingaliro ankasangalala ndi malo amene amalimbikitsa kusinkhasinkha ndi kusinthanitsa. Katswiri wa masamu amatha kuchita masamu popanda zododometsa zilizonse. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi woimira anthu, katswiri wa zachuma, ndi wasayansi wandale. Kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa kufunikira kwa dipatimenti yoyang'anira zidachepetsedwa kukhala zochepa. Anthu opanda malingaliro, opanda luso loyang'ana pa iwo, sangamve bwino pasukuluyi.
Mwina nditha kufotokoza mwachidule ndi mawu otsatirawa. Kuti akope pulofesa wa ku Harvard kuti adzagwire ntchito ku Princeton, anapatsidwa malipiro, ndipo analemba kuti: “Kodi ntchito yanga ndi yotani?” Ndinayankha kuti, “Palibe udindo, koma mwayi basi.”
Katswiri wina wa masamu wowala bwino, atakhala chaka ku yunivesite ya Princeton, anabwera kudzanditsanzika. Pamene ankati achoke, iye anati:
"Mungakonde kudziwa zomwe chaka chino chanditanthawuza."
“Inde,” ndinayankha.
“Masamu,” anapitiriza. - imakula mwachangu; pali mabuku ambiri. Papita zaka 10 kuchokera pamene ndinapatsidwa udokotala wanga. Kwa nthawi ndithu ndinapitirizabe ndi phunziro langa la kafukufuku, koma posachedwapa zakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti ndichite izi, ndipo maganizo okayikakayika awonekera. Tsopano, patapita chaka chatha pano, maso anga atsegulidwa. Kuwala kunayamba kutuluka ndipo kunali kosavuta kupuma. Ndikuganiza za nkhani ziwiri zomwe ndikufuna kufalitsa posachedwa.
- Izi zitenga nthawi yayitali bwanji? - Ndidafunsa.
- Zaka zisanu, mwina khumi.
- Ndiye chiyani?
- Ndibwerera kuno.
Ndipo chitsanzo chachitatu ndi chaposachedwapa. Pulofesa wochokera ku yunivesite yayikulu yaku Western adabwera ku Princeton kumapeto kwa Disembala chaka chatha. Anakonzekera kuyambiranso ntchito ndi Pulofesa Moray (wa ku yunivesite ya Princeton). Koma adamuuza kuti alankhule ndi Panofsky ndi Svazhensky (kuchokera ku Institute for Advanced Study). Ndipo tsopano akugwira ntchito ndi onse atatu.
“Ndiyenera kukhala,” anawonjezera motero. - Mpaka Okutobala wamawa.
“Mudzatentha kuno m’chilimwe,” ndinatero.
"Ndikhala wotanganidwa kwambiri komanso wokondwa kwambiri kusamalidwa."
Choncho, ufulu suchititsa kuti ukhale woyimirira, koma umakhala ndi ngozi yogwira ntchito mopambanitsa. Posachedwapa mkazi wa chiŵalo cha Chingelezi cha Institute anafunsa kuti: “Kodi aliyense amagwiradi ntchito kufikira XNUMX koloko m’maŵa?”
Mpaka pano, Institute inalibe nyumba zake. Akatswiri a masamu pakali pano akuyendera Fine Hall mu Dipatimenti ya Masamu ya Princeton; oimira ena a anthu - mu McCormick Hall; ena amagwira ntchito m’madera osiyanasiyana a mzindawo. Akatswiri azachuma tsopano ali ndi chipinda mu Princeton Hotel. Ofesi yanga ili m’nyumba ya maofesi mumsewu wa Nassau, pakati pa eni sitolo, madokotala a mano, maloya, oimira chiropractic, ndi ofufuza a yunivesite ya Princeton omwe akuchita kafukufuku wa boma ndi anthu ammudzi. Njerwa ndi mizati sizipanga kusiyana, monga momwe Purezidenti Gilman adatsimikizira ku Baltimore zaka 60 zapitazo. Komabe, timaphonya kulankhulana wina ndi mnzake. Koma chophophonya chimenechi chidzawongoleredwa pamene nyumba ina ina yotchedwa Fuld Hall itamangidwa kwa ife, n’zimene oyambitsa bungweli achita kale. Koma apa ndipamene ziyeneretsozo ziyenera kutha. Institute iyenera kukhalabe bungwe laling'ono, ndipo lidzakhala lingaliro kuti ogwira ntchito ku Institute akufuna kukhala ndi nthawi yaulere, amve otetezedwa komanso omasuka kuzinthu zamagulu ndi machitidwe, ndipo, potsiriza, payenera kukhala zinthu zoyankhulana mwachisawawa ndi asayansi ochokera ku Princeton. Yunivesite ndi anthu ena, omwe nthawi ndi nthawi amakopeka kupita ku Princeton kuchokera kumadera akutali. Ena mwa amuna amenewa anali Niels Bohr wa ku Copenhagen, von Laue wa ku Berlin, Levi-Civita wa ku Rome, André Weil wa ku Strasbourg, Dirac ndi H. H. Hardy a ku Cambridge, Pauli wa ku Zurich, Lemaitre wa ku Leuven, Wade-Gery wa ku Oxford, komanso anthu a ku America ochokera ku Oxford. mayunivesite a Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Chicago, California, Johns Hopkins University ndi malo ena owunikira ndi kuunika.
Sitipanga malonjezo kwa ife tokha, koma timakhala ndi chiyembekezo chakuti kufunafuna kopanda ntchito popanda cholepheretsa kudzakhudza zonse zamtsogolo ndi zam'mbuyo. Komabe, sitigwiritsa ntchito mfundo imeneyi poteteza bungweli. Lakhala paradaiso kwa asayansi amene, mofanana ndi olemba ndakatulo ndi oimba, apeza kuyenera kwa kuchita chirichonse mmene akufunira, ndi amene amapindula zambiri ngati aloledwa kutero.
Kumasulira: Shchekotova Yana
Source: www.habr.com