Mu 2012, moto unabuka kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa mzinda wa Moscow. Nyumba yakale yokhala ndi denga lamatabwa idayaka moto, motowo unafalikira ku nyumba zoyandikana. Ozimitsa moto sanathe kuyandikira malowo - malo onse oimikapo magalimoto ozungulira anali odzaza ndi magalimoto. Motowo unaphimba chikwi chimodzi ndi theka lalikulu mita. Zinalinso zosatheka kuyandikira pafupi ndi hydrant, kotero opulumutsawo adagwiritsa ntchito sitima yamoto komanso ma helikopita awiri. Wantchito m'modzi wa unduna woona za ngozi zadzidzidzi wamwalira ndi moto.
Monga momwe zinakhalira pambuyo pake, moto unayambika m'nyumba ya nyumba yosindikizira ya Mir.
N’zokayikitsa kuti dzinali likunena chinachake kwa anthu ambiri. Nyumba yosindikizira ndi nyumba yosindikizira, mzimu wina wochokera ku Soviet Union, umene sunatulutse chilichonse kwa zaka makumi atatu, koma pazifukwa zina anapitirizabe kukhalapo. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, inali pafupi ndi bankirapuse, koma mwanjira ina adabweza ngongole zake, kwa ndani ndi chilichonse chomwe adabweza. Mbiri yake yonse yamakono ndi mizere ingapo pa Wikipedia yokhudzana ndi kudumphadumpha pakati pa mitundu yonse ya MGUP SHMUP FMUP, yomwe imasonkhanitsa fumbi m'mafoda a Rostec (malinga ndi Wikipedia, kachiwiri).
Koma kuseri kwa maulamuliro palibe mawu okhudza cholowa chachikulu chomwe Mir adasiya ku India komanso momwe chidakhudzira miyoyo ya mibadwo ingapo.
Masiku angapo apitawo adatumiza ulalo ku , kumene mabuku asayansi aku Soviet amaikidwa pakompyuta. Ndinkaganiza kuti wina akusintha malingaliro awo kukhala chifukwa chabwino. Zinakhala zoona, koma zambiri zinapangitsa kuti blog ikhale yachilendo - mabukuwo anali mu Chingerezi, ndipo amwenye adakambirana nawo mu ndemanga. Aliyense analemba za momwe mabukuwa analiri ofunika kwa iwo muubwana wawo, adagawana nkhani ndi kukumbukira, adanena kuti zikanakhala zabwino bwanji kuti awapeze m'mapepala tsopano.
Ndidayenda pa google, ndipo ulalo uliwonse watsopano unandidabwitsa kwambiri - mizati, zolemba, ngakhale zolemba za kufunikira kwa mabuku achi Russia kwa anthu aku India. Kwa ine, ichi chinali chotulukira, chomwe tsopano ndi chochititsa manyazi kuyankhula - sindingakhulupirire kuti gawo lalikulu chotero linadutsa.
Zikuoneka kuti mabuku asayansi aku Soviet akhala mtundu wachipembedzo ku India. Mabuku a nyumba yosindikizira omwe adasowa moyipa kwa ife akadali ofunikira kulemera kwawo ndi golidi kumbali ina ya dziko lapansi.
"Anali otchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha khalidwe lawo komanso mtengo wawo. Mabuku amenewa analipo ndipo ankafunidwa ngakhale m’midzi yaing’ono – osati m’mizinda ikuluikulu yokha. Ambiri adamasuliridwa m'zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana za ku India - Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Marathi, Gujarati ndi ena. Izi zinakulitsa kwambiri omvera. Ngakhale kuti sindine katswiri, ndikuganiza kuti chimodzi mwa zifukwa zochepetsera mtengo chinali kuyesa kubwezeretsa mabuku a Kumadzulo, omwe anali okwera mtengo kwambiri panthawiyo (komanso)," Damitr, wolemba blog, anandiuza. [Damitr ndi chidule cha dzina lenileni la wolemba, lomwe adapempha kuti lisazidziwitse.]
Iye ndi katswiri wa physics pophunzitsidwa ndipo amadziona kuti ndi bibliophile. Tsopano iye ndi wofufuza komanso mphunzitsi wa masamu. Damitra anayamba kusonkhanitsa mabuku chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 90. Kenako sanasindikizidwenso ku India. Tsopano ali ndi mabuku pafupifupi 600 a Soviet - ena adagula m'manja mwake kapena kwa ogulitsa mabuku omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kale, ena adapatsidwa kwa iye. “Mabuku amenewa anandithandiza kuti ndisamavutike kwambiri kuphunzira, ndipo ndikufuna kuti anthu ambiri aziwerenganso. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndinayambitsa blog yanga. "
Momwe mabuku a Soviet adafikira ku India
Patapita zaka ziwiri nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse itatha, dziko la India linasiya kukhala dziko la Britain. Nthawi za kusintha kwakukulu nthawi zonse zimakhala zovuta komanso zotentha kwambiri. India yodziyimira payokha idakhala yodzaza ndi anthu amalingaliro osiyanasiyana, omwe tsopano ali ndi mwayi wosuntha maziko komwe amadziona kuti ndi oyenera. Dziko lonse linali losamvetsetseka. Soviet Union ndi America anayesa kufikira, zikuoneka, kumakona onse kuti akope iwo mumsasa wawo.
Asilamu adadzipatula ndikukhazikitsa Pakistan. Madera akumalire, monga nthawi zonse, adakangana, ndipo nkhondo idayambika pamenepo. America idathandizira Pakistan, Soviet Union - India. Mu 1955, Prime Minister waku India adapita ku Moscow, Khrushchev adachita ulendo wobwereza chaka chomwecho. Motero unayamba ubale wautali ndi wapamtima kwambiri pakati pa mayiko. Ngakhale pamene India anali mkangano ndi China mu 60s, USSR mwalamulo anakhalabe ndale, koma thandizo la ndalama kwa India anali apamwamba, amene penapake kuwononga ubale ndi China.
Chifukwa cha ubwenzi ndi Union, panali gulu lamphamvu la chikomyunizimu ku India. Ndiyeno zombo zokhala ndi matani a mabuku zinapita ku India, ndipo makilomita a mafilimu owonetsera mafilimu okhala ndi mafilimu a ku India anabwera kwa ife.
“Mabuku onse anadza kwa ife kudzera m’Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku India, ndipo ndalama zimene anagulitsazo zinawonjezedwa ku ndalama zawo. Kumene, mwa mabuku ena, panali nyanja ndi nyanja mabuku Lenin, Marx ndi Engels, ndi mabuku ambiri a nzeru, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi mbiri anali kukondera ndithu. Koma mu masamu, mu sayansi, pali kukondera kocheperako. Ngakhale, m'modzi mwa mabuku a physics, wolembayo adalongosola zakuthupi za dialectical potengera kusintha kwa thupi. Sindinganene ngati anthu anali kukayikira mabuku a Soviet panthawiyo, koma tsopano osonkhanitsa mabuku ambiri a Soviet Union ali ndi tsankho lamanzere kapena osiyidwa poyera.
Damitra adandiwonetsa zolemba zina zochokera ku The Frontline, "buku lotsamira kumanzere" la ku India loperekedwa kuzaka zana za Revolution ya Okutobala. Mmodzi wa iwo, mtolankhani Vijay Prashad chidwi chimenecho ku Russia chinawonekera ngakhale kale, m'ma 20, pamene Amwenye adalimbikitsidwa ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa ulamuliro wa tsarist m'dziko lathu. Kenako ma manifesto achikomyunizimu ndi zolemba zina zandale zinamasuliridwa mobisa m’Chiindiya. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, mabuku "Soviet Russia" lolemba Jawaharal Nehru ndi "Letters from Russia" lolembedwa ndi Rabindranath Tagore anali otchuka pakati pa okonda dziko la India.
Nzosadabwitsa kuti ankakonda kwambiri lingaliro la Revolution. M'malo a koloni ya Britain, mawu akuti "capitalism" ndi "imperialism" mwachisawawa anali ndi vuto lomwelo lomwe boma la Soviet lidayikamo. Koma zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pake, osati mabuku andale okha omwe adakhala otchuka ku India.
N’chifukwa chiyani mabuku a Soviet ankakonda kwambiri ku India?
Ku India, adamasulira zonse zomwe adawerenga m'dziko lathu. Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Chekhov, Gorky. Nyanja ya mabuku a ana, mwachitsanzo, "nkhani za Deniska" kapena "Chuk ndi Gek". Kuchokera kunja zikuwoneka kwa ife kuti India, ndi mbiri yake yakale yolemera, imakokera ku nthano zosamvetsetseka ndi nkhani zamatsenga, koma zinali zenizeni, chizolowezi ndi kuphweka kwa mabuku a Soviet omwe adapereka ziphuphu kwa ana aku India.
Chaka chatha, filimu ya "Red Stars Lost in the Fog" yonena za mabuku a Soviet inajambulidwa ku India. Otsogolera ankamvetsera kwambiri mabuku a ana, omwe otchulidwa mufilimuyi anakulira. Mwachitsanzo, Rugvedita Parah, katswiri wa zachipatala wa ku India, anafotokoza maganizo ake motere: “Ndimakonda mabuku a Chirasha chifukwa sayesa kuphunzitsa. Iwo samasonyeza makhalidwe a nthano, monga mu Aesop kapena Panchatantra. Sindikumvetsa chifukwa chake ngakhale mabuku abwino monga bukhu lathu lophunzirira lakuti “Amayi Shyama” ayenera kukhala odzaza ndi mawu achidule.”
Anali wosiyana ndi mfundo yakuti sankayesa kupeputsa umunthu wa mwanayo. Sakhumudwitsa nzeru zawo, "anatero katswiri wa zamaganizo Sulbha Subramaniam.
Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 60, Nyumba Yosindikizira Yofalitsa Zakunja yakhala ikugwira ntchito yotulutsa mabuku. Pambuyo pake linagawidwa kukhala angapo osiyana. "Kupita patsogolo" ndi "Rainbow" adasindikiza za ana ndi zopeka, zopanda pake zandale (monga momwe zingatchulidwe tsopano). Leningrad "Aurora" lofalitsidwa mabuku za luso. Nyumba yosindikizira ya Pravda inasindikiza magazini ya ana a Misha, yomwe ili ndi, mwachitsanzo, nthano, ma puzzles ophunzirira chinenero cha Chirasha, komanso maadiresi olembera ana ochokera ku Soviet Union.
Pomaliza, nyumba yosindikiza ya Mir idatulutsa mabuku asayansi ndiukadaulo.
“N’zoona kuti mabuku a sayansi anali otchuka, koma makamaka pakati pa anthu amene ankakonda kwambiri sayansi, ndipo anthu oterowo amakhala ochepa. Mwinanso kutchuka kwa Russian classics m'chinenero cha Indian (Tolstoy, Dostoevsky) kunawathandizanso. Mabuku anali otchipa komanso ofala kwambiri moti anali otsala pang’ono kutha. Mwachitsanzo, kusukulu, zithunzi zinkadulidwa m’mabuku amenewa,” akutero Damitr.
Deepa Bhashti akulemba m'mabuku ake ya The Calvert Journal kuti powerenga mabuku asayansi, anthu sankadziwa chilichonse ndipo sakanatha kudziwa za olemba awo. Mosiyana ndi akale, iwo nthawi zambiri anali antchito wamba m'mabungwe ofufuza:
“Tsopano Intaneti yandiuza [komwe mabukuwa anachokera], popanda ngakhale mfundo imodzi ya olemba ake, nkhani zawo zaumwini. Intaneti sinandiuzebe mayina a Babkov, Smirnov, Glushkov, Maron, ndi asayansi ena ndi mainjiniya ochokera ku mabungwe aboma omwe adalemba mabuku okhudzana ndi zinthu monga kapangidwe ka ndege, kutumiza kutentha ndi kusamutsa anthu ambiri, kuyeza mawayilesi, ndi zina zambiri.
Chikhumbo changa chokhala katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo (mpaka physics itathamangitsidwa kusukulu ya sekondale) inachokera ku bukhu la buluu laling'ono lotchedwa Space Adventures at Home lolemba F. Rabitza. Ndinayesera kuti ndidziwe amene Rabitsa ndi, koma palibe kanthu za iye pa fansite aliyense mabuku Soviet. Mwachiwonekere, zoyamba pambuyo pa dzina lachibale ziyenera kukhala zokwanira kwa ine. Zolemba za olembawo mwina sizinali zokondweretsa dziko lakwawo.
Damitr anati: “Ndinkakonda kwambiri mabuku a Lev Tarasov. Buku loyamba limene ndinawerenga, analemba ndi mkazi wake Albina Tarasova. Iwo ankatchedwa "Mafunso ndi Mayankho mu sukulu physics." Kumeneko, m’njira yokambitsirana, malingaliro olakwika ambiri ochokera m’maphunziro a sukulu akufotokozedwa. Bukuli linandifotokozera zambiri. Buku lachiwiri lomwe ndidawerenga kwa iye ndi Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics. Mmenemo, makina a quantum amaganiziridwa ndi masamu onse okhwima. Kumeneko, palinso kukambirana pakati pa akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo, wolemba ndi wowerenga. Ndinawerenganso ake "Izi zodabwitsa symmetrical dziko", "Zokambirana pa refraction wa kuwala", "Dziko lomangidwa pa Mwina." Buku lililonse ndi lamtengo wapatali ndipo ndili ndi mwayi wopereka kwa ena. "
Momwe mabuku adasungidwira pambuyo pa kugwa kwa USSR
Pofika m’ma 80, ku India kunali mabuku ambiri a Soviet Union. Popeza anamasuliridwa m’zinenero zambiri za kumaloko, ana a ku India anaphunziradi kuŵerenga mawu a m’mabuku a Chirasha. Koma ndi kugwa kwa Union, zonse zinasiya mwadzidzidzi. Panthawiyo, India anali kale pavuto lalikulu lazachuma, ndipo Unduna wa Zakunja waku Russia udati sunali ndi chidwi ndi ubale wapadera ndi New Delhi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kupereka ndalama zothandizira kumasulira ndi kufalitsa mabuku ku India kunasiya. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 2000, mabuku a Soviet anali atazimiririka m'mashelufu.
Zaka zochepa zokha zinali zokwanira kuti mabuku a Soviet aiwale, koma ndi kufalikira kwakukulu kwa intaneti, kutchuka kwake kwatsopano kunayamba. Okonda anasonkhana m'madera a Facebook, amalemberana m'mabuku osiyana, kufufuza mabuku onse omwe angapeze, ndikuyamba kuwayika pa digito.
Mufilimuyi "Red Stars Lost in the Fog", mwa zina, adanena momwe ofalitsa amakono adatengera lingaliro la osati kungosonkhanitsa ndi kupanga digito, koma kusindikizanso mabuku akale. Poyamba iwo anayesa kupeza amene anali ndi copyright, koma sanathe, choncho anangoyamba kutolera makope otsalawo, kumasuliranso zomwe zinatayika, ndi kuzisindikiza.
Chithunzi chojambulidwa kuchokera ku filimu yotchedwa Red Stars Lost in the Mist.
Koma ngati zopeka zingayiwale popanda kuthandizidwa, zolembedwa zasayansi zidakhalabe zofunikira monga kale. Malinga ndi Damitra, idakalipobe m'magulu amaphunziro:
“Mapulofesa ndi aphunzitsi ambiri a m’mayunivesite, akatswiri odziwika bwino a sayansi ya zakuthambo, anandilimbikitsa mabuku a Soviet Union. Ambiri mwa mainjiniya omwe akugwirabe ntchito masiku ano adaphunzira kuchokera kwa iwo.
Kutchuka kwamasiku ano ndi chifukwa cha mayeso ovuta kwambiri a IIT-JEE a engineering majors. Ophunzira ambiri ndi aphunzitsi amangopemphera ku mabuku a Irodov, Zubov, Shalnov ndi Volkenstein. Sindikudziwa ngati mabuku a Soviet ndi mabuku a ana ndi otchuka kwambiri ndi mibadwo yamakono, koma Irodov's Solving the Basic Problems of Physics imadziwikabe ngati muyezo wa golide.
Kuntchito kwa Damitra komwe amasindikiza mabuku pa digito.
Komabe, kusunga ndi kutchuka - ngakhale mabuku asayansi - akadali ntchito ya okonda ochepa: "Monga momwe ndikudziwira, ndi anthu ochepa okha kupatula ine omwe amasonkhanitsa mabuku a Soviet, iyi si ntchito wamba. Chaka chilichonse mabuku akuchikuto cholimba akucheperachepera koma omalizira anasindikizidwa zaka zoposa XNUMX zapitazo. Pali malo ocheperako omwe mabuku a Soviet angapezeke. Nthaŵi zambiri ndinkaona ngati buku limene ndinapeza linali lomaliza.
Kupatula apo, kusonkhanitsa mabuku ndikosavuta. Ndikudziwa anthu ochepa (ngakhale kuti ndimakhala ku maphunziro) omwe ali ndi mabuku oposa khumi ndi awiri kunyumba.
Mabuku a Lev Tarasov amasindikizidwanso ndi nyumba zosiyanasiyana zosindikizira ku Russia. Iye anapitiriza kulemba pambuyo kugwa kwa Union, pamene iwo sanatengedwenso ku India. Koma sindikukumbukira kuti dzina lake linali lotchuka kwambiri kwa ife. Ngakhale injini zosakira patsamba loyamba zimapereka Lviv Tarasovs zosiyana. Ndikudabwa kuti Damitra angaganize bwanji izi?
Kapena ofalitsa angaganize chiyani ngati atadziwa kuti Mir, Progress ndi Raduga, omwe mabuku awo akufuna kufalitsa, akadalipo, koma akuwoneka m'mabuku a mabungwe ovomerezeka okha. Ndipo pamene nyumba yosindikizira ya Mir inayaka moto, cholowa chawo cha mabuku chinali nkhani yomaliza yomwe inakambidwa pambuyo pake.
Tsopano m'njira zonse zimagwirizana ndi USSR. Inenso ndili ndi zotsutsana zambiri za iye. Koma pazifukwa zina, kulemba ndi kuvomereza kwa Damitra kuti sindimadziwa kalikonse za izi zinali mwanjira yamanyazi komanso yachisoni.
Source: www.habr.com