Mwa ntchito khumi zomwe zili pamsika wamakampani aku Russia lero, ziwiri zokha ndizomanga zatsopano, ndipo zina zonse zimagwirizana ndi kukonzanso kapena kukonzanso zinthu zomwe zilipo kale.
Kuti agwire ntchito iliyonse yopangira, kasitomala amasankha kontrakitala pakati pamakampani, omwe ndi ovuta kufanizitsa motsatana chifukwa chobisika koma kusiyana kwakukulu pamapangidwe ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zamkati. Mphamvu ziwiri zazikulu zomwe zimapikisana pamsika waku Russia ndi mabungwe opanga miyambo ndi makampani opanga uinjiniya omwe amapanga ntchito yodziyimira pawokha kapena ngati gawo la ntchito zovuta, zomwe zimaphatikizaponso ntchito yomanga, kukhazikitsa ndi kutumiza. Tiyeni tiwone momwe mitundu yonse iwiri yamakampani imapangidwira.
Otenga nawo gawo pamsika
Kumanga kwatsopano kwa mafakitale nthawi zonse kumakhala ndalama zambiri komanso nthawi yayitali yobwezera. Choncho, mwiniwake aliyense amakhala ndi chidwi chofuna kuonetsetsa kuti moyo wautumiki wa malo ake ndi wautali kwambiri.
Komabe, panthawiyi, kuwonongeka kwazinthu zomanga, kusintha kwa miyezo yomwe ilipo, ndipo, mwachiwonekere, kufunikira kowonjezera mphamvu zopanga ndikukulitsa luso laukadaulo la bizinesi ndizosapeΕ΅eka.
Kumanganso, kukonzanso zipangizo zamakono ndi zamakono zimatha kuwonjezera moyo wa kupanga ndikuonetsetsa kuti zikutsatira malingaliro amakono okhudza kuchita bwino. Mapangidwe a ntchito zotere tsopano akufunika kwambiri. Zifukwa ndizoti zimafuna ndalama zochepa kwambiri kuposa zomangamanga zatsopano, ndipo pali mafakitale ambiri m'dziko lathu omwe ali ndi zaka zoposa 20-30 (ambiri a iwo anamangidwa mu nthawi ya Soviet).
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ma projekiti akuluakulu, mapangidwe a omwe akutenga nawo gawo pamsika wantchito zamapangidwe asintha.
Sizingatheke mwachuma kuti mabungwe opanga mapulani azichita nawo ma projekiti okhala ndi magawo ang'onoang'ono ndipo, chifukwa chake, mtengo wotsika wa ntchito. Choncho, chiwerengero cha ntchito "zimphona" wagwa: otsalawo ndi makamaka mabungwe dipatimenti makampani akuluakulu (AK Transneft, Rosneft, Gazpromneft, RusHydro, etc.). Chiwerengero cha mabungwe ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati apangidwe omwe ali ndi antchito opanga kuyambira 5 mpaka 30 akatswiri chawonjezeka.
Makampani opanga mainjiniya ndi otenga nawo gawo atsopano pamsika. Kawirikawiri iwo amachita:
- kufufuza kuthekera kwa polojekiti;
- kukonza kayendetsedwe ka ndalama, kuonetsetsa kuti ndalama;
- kasamalidwe kokwanira ka polojekiti kapena magawo ake;
- kupanga, kupanga, kupanga;
- kugwira ntchito ndi ogulitsa ndi makontrakitala;
- kukhazikitsidwa kwa magwiridwe antchito;
- kupereka mayendedwe;
- audit, layisensi, etc.
Zikuwoneka kuti kusankha pakati pa "kampani ya orchestra" ndi bungwe lomwe lili ndi luso locheperako ndilodziwikiratu. Komabe, si zonse zosavuta.
Timawunika ntchitoyo - sankhani wochita
Mavuto omwe amathetsedwa pakumanganso ndi kukonzanso zida zaukadaulo, monga lamulo, safuna gulu lalikulu la opanga, koma amafunikira kwambiri kwa woimbayo, yemwe luso lake liyenera kukhala "pamwambapa".
Katswiri aliyense wamagulu mu polojekiti yotere ayenera kudziwa njirayo ndikukhala ndi luso lakapangidwe, kumvetsetsa umisiri ndi umisiri womanga, kukhala ndi malingaliro ozama pazida: kudziwa opanga pamsika ndikumvetsetsa zomwe zida zawo zimagwirira ntchito komanso kukwanira kogwira ntchito kwa malo enaake, kulimba, kusakhazikika komanso, chofunikira kwambiri, mtengo.
Ngati zisankho zomwe zapangidwa kuti zikwaniritse zizindikiro zaukadaulo ndi chitetezo zimafuna kukopa ndalama zopitilira bajeti kapena zoletsa zamakasitomala, ndiye kuti ntchitoyo siyingachitike. Choncho, pali mwayi waukulu kuti ntchito yokonza yolipidwa ndi kasitomala idzaponyedwa mu zinyalala, ndipo ntchito yomwe wapatsidwayo siidzathetsedwa.
Apa ndipamene otchedwa "turnkey project" amabwera kudzapulumutsa, pamene kontrakitala mmodzi akugwira ntchito yonse, kuchokera ku kafukufuku wotheka mpaka kutumizidwa kwa malo onse. Pachifukwa ichi, mtengo waukulu wa ntchito umakambitsirana musanayambe kupanga ndi zolemba zogwirira ntchito, popeza kuti zipangizo zamakono zopangira zipangizo zamakono ndi zomangamanga, ndi njira yoyenera, n'zotheka kuwerengera mtengo wa zomangamanga ndi ntchito popanda kupanga zolemba zogwirira ntchito. .
The classical methodology kwa mapangidwe / kukhazikitsa kwa malo, pamene pali makontrakitala angapo - kupanga, kupereka zipangizo, kukhazikitsa, mu msika wosinthika wa zida, zipangizo ndi njira zomangira, salola kuyerekezera molondola ndalama zomanga popanda kupanga ntchito. zolemba.
Zikafika pakukonzanso ndi kukonzanso ma projekiti amakono, njira yopangira zinthu zakale imalakwika: ma projekiti amachitika "mwamalingaliro" popanda mwatsatanetsatane mwatsatanetsatane, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama za CAPEX zichuluke komanso ndandanda yomanga.
Ma projekiti a EPC amafunikira gulu laopanga omwe, kuphatikiza pa luso loyambira, amatha kupanga kafukufuku wamakina omwe alipo kale, amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi makasitomala pagawo la kusonkhanitsa deta, kuvomereza zolemba zogwirira ntchito, kuyang'anira kapangidwe kake), komanso ndi ogulitsa zida zoyambira ndi zothandizira, madipatimenti oyendetsera zinthu, madipatimenti opanga ndiukadaulo am'madipatimenti oyika.
Ine ndi anzanga akukampani""Tidayesa kufananiza njira zamabungwe opanga mapangidwe ndi makampani opanga mainjiniya. Zotsatira zili m'munsimu.
| Bungwe la polojekiti | Kampani ya Engineering |
|---|---|
| Kupanga mtengo wa chitukuko cha mapangidwe ndi zolemba zogwirira ntchito | |
| - Basis-index njira pogwiritsa ntchito zosonkhanitsa zamtengo wapatali (BCP). - Njira zothandizira. Kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito njira yowerengera maziko ndikochepa kuthetsa mavuto omwe alibe ma analogi omwe adamalizidwa kale. |
- Njira zothandizira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kampani ya engineering mu ntchito za EPC ili ndi mwayi wodziwa mtengo wa siteji yopangira pamtengo wogwiritsa ntchito njira yophatikizira. |
| Kusankhidwa kwa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchitoyi | |
| - Kuchitidwa pamaziko a zizindikiro zapangidwe zomwe zimalengezedwa ndi opanga. - Wopangidwa ndi akatswiri omwe amadziwa bwino za zida, koma alibe chidziwitso pakuyika kwake kapena kugwira ntchito. |
- Kuchitidwa pamaziko a zizindikiro zapangidwe zomwe zimalengezedwa ndi opanga. Kuwonjezera pa izi: - kusankhidwa kwa zida kumapangidwa potengera kuwunika kwa wopanga; panthawi imodzimodziyo, kampani ya uinjiniya imayang'ana luso la kupanga ndi chidziwitso cha wogulitsa, ndipo ili ndi mgwirizano wa mgwirizano ndi opanga angapo omwe amapereka "zabwino" zowonjezera; - Mamembala a gulu la polojekiti ali ndi chidziwitso chothandiza pakuyika / kugwiritsa ntchito zida, zomwe zimawalola kupereka katswiri wowunika zida; - kusankha zida kumachitika poganizira mfundo zenizeni ndi zikhalidwe zoperekera; - Zofunikira ndi zoletsa zokhudzana ndi ntchito yoyika zimaganiziridwa. |
| Kupanga ndondomeko yomanga | |
| Kutengera: - njira zamakono ntchito; - Kuchulukira kokhazikika kwamitundu yantchito yotsimikizika malinga ndi Kutolere Mitengo Yoyambira (SBC). |
- Kutengera njira zamakono zantchito. - Nthawi ya magawo imatsimikiziridwa potengera chitukuko cha ntchito ndi dipatimenti yopanga ndi luso. - Imaganizira nthawi ya "kutseka" kotheka / kokonzedwa pakukhazikitsa kapena kupanga. - Imaganizira nthawi yoperekera zinthu zofunikira kumalo omanga. |
| Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe zitha kuthetsedwa pakukhazikitsa chinthucho | |
| - Kupanga zolemba ndi zolemba zogwirira ntchito. - Thandizo panthawi yowunikira mapangidwe ndi zolemba zogwirira ntchito. - Kuyang'anira kwa Wolemba panthawi yomanga. |
- Kafukufuku wotheka wa polojekitiyi. -Kuchita kafukufuku waukadaulo wamakina omwe alipo kale. - Kupanga zolemba ndi zolemba zogwirira ntchito. - Kupeza zofunikira zaukadaulo kuchokera kumabungwe akunja akunja. - Gwirani ntchito ndi ogulitsa zida. - Thandizo panthawi yowunikira mapangidwe ndi zolemba zogwirira ntchito. - Kuyang'anira kwa Wolemba panthawi yomanga. - Kukonzekera ntchito. - Kupereka mayendedwe. Makampani osiyanasiyana opanga uinjiniya amalola kasitomala kuchepetsa ndalama zoyendetsera gulu la polojekiti ya m'nyumba yomwe imagwirizanitsa ndi kuyang'anira makontrakitala apadera pamagulu osiyanasiyana a ntchito. |
Ndikuitana owerenga mabulogu kuti agawane nawo ndemanga zomwe adakumana nazo pogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe opanga mapangidwe ndi makampani opanga uinjiniya m'mafakitale ndikutenga kafukufuku wamfupi.
Ogwiritsa ntchito olembetsedwa okha ndi omwe angatenge nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. chonde.
1. Linganizani gawo la ntchito zaukadaulo zokonzanso zida ndi zomanganso zomwe mudatengapo gawo, kutengera kuchuluka kwazaka 5 zapitazi:
-
mpaka 30%
-
kuchokera 30 mpaka 60%
-
kupitirira 60%
Ogwiritsa 3 adavota. Wogwiritsa m'modzi adasala.
2. Kuchokera muzochita zanu, ndi nthawi yanji yomwe yaperekedwa popanga zolemba zogwirira ntchito m'malo opangira zida zaukadaulo?
-
pasanathe miyezi 3
-
kuyambira 3 mpaka 6 miyezi
-
kuposa miyezi 6
Ogwiritsa 3 adavota. Wogwiritsa m'modzi adasala.
3. Kodi ntchito yokonzanso zida zaukadaulo idapangidwa pati pomwe chiganizo chomaliza chokhazikitsa:
-
pomaliza gawo la chitukuko cha kuthekera kwa maphunziro
-
pa nthawi yosayina mfundo zoyendetsera ntchito ya Working Documentation
-
pambuyo pa chitukuko cha zolemba zogwirira ntchito ndi kuyerekezera
-
mutatha kuzindikira ogulitsa zida zazikulu, kupanga RD ndikuyerekeza zolemba
Ogwiritsa 2 adavota. Wogwiritsa m'modzi adasala.
4. Kodi gawo la zida zopangiranso zida zaukadaulo zomwe zakhazikitsidwa pansi pa skimu ya makontrakiti ya EPC ndi chiyani, poyerekeza ndi chiwerengero chonse:
-
mpaka 30%
-
30-60%
-
kupitirira 60%
Ogwiritsa 2 adavota. Wogwiritsa m'modzi adasala.
5. Kodi panthaΕ΅i yogula zipangizo, zomanga, zoikamo, ndi kulamula padafunika kontrakitala wa zikalata zogwirira ntchito kuti asinthe, kuvomereza zopatuka ndi kuyang'anira wokonza?
-
inde, pogula zida
-
inde, pa ntchito yomanga ndi kutumiza
-
inde, pogula zida, pomanga, kukhazikitsa ndi kutumiza ntchito
-
ayi, osafunikira
Ogwiritsa 2 adavota. Ogwiritsa 2 adakana.
Source: www.habr.com