Kuyambira pomwe pakufunika kusunga (kulemba molondola) deta, anthu adagwidwa (kapena opulumutsidwa) pama media osiyanasiyana, ndi zida zamitundu yonse, zidziwitso zofunikira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito motsatira. Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, iye anajambula zithunzi pamiyala ndi kuzilemba pa chikopa, ncholinga choti adzagwiritse ntchito m’tsogolo (kugunda njati m’maso).
M’zaka XNUMX zapitazi, kujambula chidziŵitso m’chinenero cha zilembo—“kulemba”—kwafala kwambiri. Kulemba, ngakhale kuli ndi ubwino wosatsutsika (kuchuluka, kumasuka kwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba zambiri, ndi zina zotero), ponena za kayendetsedwe ka deta, sikulola kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira. Chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe munthu angabwere nacho popereka zolembedwa ndi library (archive). Koma laibulaleyo inayeneranso kuwonjezeredwa ndi kufufuza kwapadera (indexing) ndi chida choyang'anira deta - ndondomeko ya khadi. Mlozera makhadi kwenikweni ndi kaundula wa library. Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti mawu akuti library (archive) sayenera kumveka ngati malaibulale omwe tawagwiritsa ntchito, komanso zina zolembedwa zolembedwa bwino (mwachitsanzo, fayilo ya ofesi yolembetsa kapena Unduna wa Zam'kati, Service Tax Service. ).
Nkovuta kupeputsa kuchuluka kwa momwe machitidwe olembera makhadi adakhudzira pamakaundula aboma. Mwachitsanzo, malo olembetsa anthu omwe adilesi yakunyumba ndi malo enieni omwe amasungidwa za nzika. Chifukwa chake, zidziwitso zonse za nzika zomwe zimakhala m'misewu ndi madera ena zimasungidwa mu dipatimenti imodzi yolembetsa yosankhidwa ndi dera. Izi ndichifukwa choti njirayi imakupatsani mwayi wopeza mwachangu, kusintha, kuwerengera, ndikupanga zowerengera komanso zowunikira kuposa momwe chidziwitsocho chidasungidwa pamalo amodzi. Mwachitsanzo, ofesi ya mapasipoti kapena dipatimenti yamisonkho yomwe muli nayo imasunga zolembedwa ndi zochitika zanu (malipoti amisonkho kapena mbiri yakale). Munthu aliyense kapena bungwe la boma, kutengera adilesi yolembetsa, atha kudziwa mosavuta kuti ndi ofesi ya registry yomwe zikalatazo zimasungidwa ndi dipatimenti ya chigawo cha msonkho chomwe chilengezo cha ndalama chimaperekedwa.
Pa maziko awa a luso lowerengera makadi, dongosolo lonse lolembetsa deta linamangidwa: za nzika (ofesi yolembetsa, ofesi ya pasipoti), za ntchito zachuma (madipatimenti amisonkho m'chigawo), za malo (madipatimenti olembetsa malo), za magalimoto ( madipatimenti olembetsa ndi mayeso)), okhudza olembedwa (ma commissariat ankhondo), ndi zina.
Makhadi owerengera amakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiritso za boma zomwe zili ndi chigawo cha S227NA69-Tver), tchulani madipatimenti osiyanasiyana malinga ndi mawonekedwe amadera (Pervomaisky District Department of Internal Affairs), kukakamizidwa ndikukakamizidwa kusuntha deta, ndi zina zambiri.
Ndikuganiza kuti ndiganizire za kayendedwe ka data mu kachitidwe kakulemba makhadi kuchokera ku index imodzi kupita ku ina. Monga chitsanzo chodziwika bwino, tiyeni titenge njira yolemberanso galimoto mu dongosolo lolembetsa galimoto, pamene galimotoyo imagulitsidwa kwa munthu amene malo ake olembetsa (kulembetsa) ndi osiyana ndi malo olembetsa a mwiniwake wakale. Malinga ndi malamulowa, wogulitsa ndi wogula ayenera kubwera ku REO "A" (kumene wogulitsa ali) kuti alembetsenso galimotoyo. Pambuyo posayina mgwirizano wogula ndi kugulitsa ndikumaliza zikalata zoyenera, mwiniwake watsopano amalandira nambala yodutsa yomwe ili yoyenera kwa nthawi yochepa. Mwiniwake watsopano, panthawi yovomerezeka ya nambala yodutsa, akuyenera kufika ku REO "B" komwe ali mwa kulembetsa (kulembetsa). Atafika ku REO "B", nambala yake yaulendo ndi zolemba zina zolembera zimatengedwa ndipo galimotoyo imalembedwa kwa mwiniwake watsopano.
Kuti timvetse bwino kayendetsedwe ka chidziwitso cha chidziwitso, m'munsimu tidzajambula fanizo la kayendetsedwe ka deta ndi gawo lililonse la machitidwe olembetsa.
Ntchito 1
Wogulitsa ndi wogula amafika ku REO "A" kuti agule kapena kugulitsa galimoto ndikulumikizana ndi woyendetsa. Wogwira ntchitoyo amapeza khadi lolembetsa mu fayilo yolembera - ndiko kuti, amafufuza deta, zomwe zimatenga nthawi. Pambuyo popeza khadi, imayang'ana ngati pali kumangidwa kapena kumangidwa pagalimoto (deta imalembedwa mu khadi lolembera galimoto).
Ntchito 2
Wogwira ntchitoyo, atachita zofunikira zolembetsa, amatulutsa manambala amayendedwe ndi zikalata zolembetsera kwakanthawi kochepa. Chifukwa chakuti zambiri zokhudza mwiniwake watsopano ziyenera kusungidwa mu REO "B" (popeza malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi makadi komanso am'deralo), ndondomeko yotsatirayi yapangidwa kuti isamutse zambiri kuchokera ku REO "A" kupita ku REO "B". Zambiri za mwiniwake watsopano ndi galimoto yake zidzasuntha naye, zomwe adzapatsidwa manambala oyendayenda. Khadi lolembetsa lomwe lili ndi chizindikiro chapadera chokhudza kuchotsedwa kulembetsa lidzakhalabe mu REO "A" ngati gawo la chidziwitso m'mbiri yagalimoto. Kuchotsa kalembera pankhaniyi kumatanthauza kuti mu nkhokwe ya REO "A", chidziwitsochi sichidzagwira ntchito ndipo sichidzakhalanso pamndandanda wazosaka zakuthupi zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa (khadi lolembetsa lagalimoto yochotsedwa lingosunthidwa mosiyana ndi zina. zodzigudubuza zogwira ntchito). Zomwe zimatumizidwa zokha zidzawonetsedwa mu nambala yaulendo komanso m'makalata olembetsera.
Ntchito 3
Mwiniwake watsopano, yemwe adalandira nambala zamayendedwe chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwa galimoto kuchokera ku REO "A", amachoka ku REO "B". Dzina lenilenilo la mtundu wa nambala "transit" limasonyeza kuti nambala ikufunika kusuntha deta. Chidziwitso chimasamutsidwa kuchokera ku REO "A" kupita ku REO "B", momwe mwiniwake watsopano amakhala ngati chonyamulira deta. Kuonetsetsa kuti kutumizidwa kwa chidziwitso kumalizidwa, manambala amayendedwe amaperekedwa kwa nthawi yovomerezeka, pomwe mwiniwake watsopano akuyenera kulembetsa ndi REO "B". Kuyang'anira ndondomekoyi kumaperekedwa ku mabungwe oyenerera a boma. Izi ndizomwe zili pamwambazi kuti zikhalidwe zazikulu zamalamulo ndi zothandizira anthu zikukhudzidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka data.
Ntchito 4
Galimotoyo ikafika ku REO "B", imalembetsedwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kujambula deta ya galimoto mu kabati ya fayilo ya REO "B". Wogwira ntchitoyo amachotsa manambala aulendo ndikupereka manambala atsopano a boma, kwinaku akusindikiza khadi lolembetsa ndikulowa mu index index. Khadi lolembetsali likuwonetsa zonse zomwe zidasamutsidwa kuchokera ku REO "B".
Izi zimamaliza ntchito yosinthira deta ya "analogi" kuchokera ku REO "A" kupita ku REO "B". Mosakayikira, algorithm iyi yoyendetsera chidziwitso ndizovuta ndipo imafuna ndalama zambiri kuchokera kuzinthu za anthu komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Deta yagalimoto yonyamulidwa sidutsa ma kilobytes a 3 mu voliyumu, pomwe mtengo wamsika wosuntha zidziwitso pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje omwe alipo okhala ndi ma kilobytes a 1024 ndi 3 soms (malinga ndi mitengo yayikulu ya oyendetsa ma cellular).
Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito DBMS-Database Management Systems
Kugwiritsa ntchito kasamalidwe ka database kumatha kufewetsa kwambiri njira zosinthira deta m'njira zambiri zolembetsa. Sinthani ndikupereka zotsatira zotsimikizika pamafunso a data.
Kwa chitsanzo chomveka, tiyeni tijambule fanizo ndi ndondomeko yomwe ili pamwambayi yolemberanso galimoto ngati DBMS idagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ntchito 1
Wogulitsa ndi wogula amafika ku REO "A" kuti agule kapena kugulitsa galimoto ndikulumikizana ndi woyendetsa. Wogwira ntchitoyo amapeza khadi lolembetsa mu fayilo yolembera - ndiko kuti, amafufuza deta, zomwe zimatenga nthawi. Pambuyo popeza khadi, imayang'ana ngati pali kumangidwa kapena kumangidwa pagalimoto (deta imalembedwa mu khadi lolembera galimoto). Wogwira ntchitoyo amalowetsa deta ya galimoto mu DBMS ndipo amalandira yankho lachangu pa kukhalapo kwa kumangidwa kapena kumangidwa.
Ntchito 2
Wogwira ntchitoyo, atachita zofunikira zolembetsa, amatulutsa manambala amayendedwe ndi zikalata zolembetsera kwakanthawi kochepa. Chifukwa chakuti zambiri zokhudza mwiniwake watsopano ziyenera kusungidwa mu REO "B" (popeza malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi makadi komanso am'deralo), ndondomeko yotsatirayi yapangidwa kuti isamutse zambiri kuchokera ku REO "A" kupita ku REO "B". Wothandizira amalowetsa deta za mwiniwake watsopano mu DBMS.
Izi zimamaliza kulembetsanso. Ntchito zina zonse sizoyenera, chifukwa databaseyo ili pakati. Mwiniwake watsopano sayenera kupeza (kulipira) manambala amayendedwe. Imani pamzere wolembetsa galimoto (staging), lipirani fomu yomaliza, ndi zina. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kulemetsa kwa ogwira ntchito ku REO kudzachepetsedwa popeza ntchitoyi sidzafunikanso ndondomeko yovuta yolembetsanso.
Palibenso chifukwa cha zoletsa zingapo, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe achigawo m'mapepala a layisensi ya boma (matchulidwe a zigawo sizidzafunika, zomwe zidzalola kuti magalimoto alembetsedwe mu REO iliyonse), kulemba adilesi ya eni ake m'makalata olembetsa, kulembetsanso ngati kusintha kwa malo okhala, ndi zina zambiri pamndandanda waukulu.
Kuthekera konyenga zikalata zolembetsera kumathetsedwa, popeza zambiri zamagalimoto zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku database.
Njira zomwe zilipo zopezera deta m'mabungwe a boma zimachokera ku luso la kusungira makhadi ndi kusunga deta.
Kutengera zomwe zili pamwambapa, maubwino otsatirawa ogwiritsira ntchito makina azidziwitso (AIS) angadziwike:
- AIS idzafewetsa kwambiri ndikusintha kwambiri njira yolembera.
- Muzolembera zolembera ndizofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi malamulo a mapangidwe a DBMS.
- Kuti mugwiritse ntchito mokwanira mphamvu za AIS, njira yolembetsa yokhazikitsidwa iyenera kusinthidwa.
- Kuthekera kwakukulu kophatikizana mwachindunji ndi machitidwe ena (mwachitsanzo, mabanki).
- Kuchepetsa zolakwika zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
- Kuchepetsa nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti nzika zilandire chidziwitso.
Source: www.habr.com