Homer nenhetembo dzake anoita seari kure, echinyakare, akaoma kuverenga, uye asina ruzivo. Asi ichocho hachisi chokwadi. Isu tose takazadzwa neHomer, tsika yechiGiriki yekare yakabereka kuEurope yose: mutauro wedu uzere nemashoko uye zvinyorwa kubva mumabhuku echiGiriki ekare: tora, somuenzaniso, mazwi akadai se "Homeric laughter," "hondo yevamwari," "Chitsitsinho cheAchilles," "apuro rekupokana," uye isu pachedu: "Trojan horse." Zvose izvi, neimwe nzira kana imwe, zvinobva kuna Homer. Uye pesvedzero yetsika dzechiGiriki, mutauro wevaGiriki (vaGiriki vaisaziva izwi rekuti “Greece” uye vaisazvidaidza ivo vamene; iri zita redzinza rakauya kwatiri kubva kuvaRoma), rinoenda pasina kutaura. Chikoro, academy, gymnasium, philosophy, fizikisi (metaphysics) nemasvomhu, tekinoroji... kwaya, dariro, gitare, tora—haugoni kuanyora ose—aya ose mashoko echiGiriki akare. Manga musingazive here?
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Zvinonziwo maGiriki ndivo vakatanga kugadzira mari muchimiro chemari dzakagadzirwa... The alphabet sezvatinoiziva. Mari yekutanga yakagadzirwa kubva kune yakasikwa alloy yesirivha negoridhe, iyo yavakadana kuti electrum (hello, electronic money of the past). Arufabheti ine mavhawero, uye nokudaro kupfuudzwa kwese manzwi ezwi painonyorwa, pasina panikiro kugadzirwa kwechiGiriki, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vanotenda vaFenikiya vaipinda mutserendende (vanhu vechiSemite vaigara mune yava kunzi Siria neIsrael zvino), vakanga vasina mavhawero, kuva madzitateguru. Sezvineiwo, arufabheti yechiLatin inotorwa zvakananga kubva muchiGiriki, sezvakaita arufabheti yechiSlavic. Asi maarufabheti ekupedzisira enyika dzeWestern Europe anobva kuLatin. Mupfungwa iyi, arufabheti yedu yechiCyrillic inomira pamwe chete nearufabheti yechiLatin... Uye chiGiriki chinowanikwa sei musainzi nemabhuku? Iambic, trochee, muse, mbira, ndima, stanza, Pegasus uye Parnassus. Mashoko chaiwo okuti “detembi,” “nhetembo,” uye pakupedzisira—mavambo awo ava pachena. Handikwanise kuanyora ese! Asi musoro wechinyorwa changu unoratidza pathos (izwi rechiGiriki rekare) re“kuwanikwa” kwangu. Saka, ndichabata mabhiza angu ndoenderera mberi. Kunyanya, ndinotaura kuti yekutanga yakavhurika sosi (zvakanaka, ndinogona kuwedzera) uye Git yakabuda kare kare: muGreece yekare (kana kuti, muGreece yekare), uye mumiririri akakurumbira wechiitiko ichi ndiye anozivikanwa zvikuru Homer.
Zvakanaka, sumo yaitwa, zvino nezve zvese zvakarongeka. Disclaimer: Ndichapa zvirevo zvepakutanga zvemashoko echiGiriki ari pamusoro apa kune misoro iri kumagumo echinyorwa (hazvitarisirwi munzvimbo) - izvi ndezveavo vanoverenga chinyorwa ichi kusvika kumagumo. Saka handei!
Homer.
Nhetembo dzaHomer mukuru dzinowanzonyorwa mukupera kwe3th-kutanga kwezana ramakore resere BC, kunyangwe zvinyorwa izvi sezviri pachena zvakatanga kubuda mushure mezviitiko zvazvinotsanangura, ndiko kuti, kumwe muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX BC. Mune mamwe mazwi, vane makore angangoita XNUMX. Homer anonzi zvakananga neIliad neOdyssey, iyo Homeric Hymns, uye akati wandei mamwe mabasa, akadai senhetembo Margites uye Batrachomyomachia (satirical parody yeIliad, iyo inoshandura se "Hondo yeMbeva neMatatya" (machia - kurwa, kuvhuvhuta, zvangu - mbeva). zvakanzi kwaari (ini ndichatsanangura kuti nei pazasi); maererano nevamwe, iyo Iliad chete ndeyeHomer ... kazhinji, gakava rinoenderera mberi, asi chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi - Homer zvechokwadi aivepo uye zviitiko zvaanotsanangura pamadziro eTroy (zita rechipiri reguta iri Ilion, saka Iliad) yakaitika zvechokwadi.
Tinozviziva sei izvi? Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, Heinrich Schliemann, wokuGermany uyo akanga aita pfuma yakawanda muRussia, akaziva kurota kwake kwaakagara ari mudiki: akawana uye akachera Troy mune yava kunzi Turkey, chaizvoizvo achisimudza kunzwisisa kwose kwekare kwenguva uye zvinyorwa pamusoro penyaya yacho. Kare, zviitiko zveTrojan, kutanga nekutiza kweHelen akanaka neTrojan muchinda Paris (Alexander) kuenda kuTroy, zvaionekwa sengano, sezvo kunyange vaGiriki vekare vaiona zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa munhetembo dzavo senhoroondo yekare. Zvisinei, kwete chete masvingo eTroy akacherwa uye zvishongo zvekare zvegoridhe zvenguva iyoyo zvakawanikwa (zvichiratidzwa muTretyakov Gallery), asi mahwendefa evhu kubva kunyika yekare yevaHiti-yakavakidzana neTroy-akazowanikwa gare gare, achiratidza mazita akakurumbira: Agamemnon, Menelaus, Alexander ... Nokudaro, nhamba dzekunyora dzakava dzezvakaitika kare, sezvo mahwendefa aya uye airatidza mutero chaiwo wevaHitti. Sezvineiwo, kunyange Mugwagwa pachawo kana kuti Hellas (nomutoo unoshamisa, iri shoko rakanga risati riripo munguva idzodzo dziri kure) vakanga vane mutauro upi noupi wakanyorwa panguva iyoyo. Izvi, zvisingaite, ndizvo zvakakurudzira kuvandudzwa kwechinyorwa chedu.
Saka Homer. Homer akanga ari aed - ndiko kuti, muimbi anodzungaira wenziyo dzake (aed - muimbi). Kwaakaberekerwa uye kuti akafa sei hazvinyatsozivikanwi. Kusanganisira nokuti maguta asingasviki manomwe kumativi ose eGungwa reAegean akarwira kodzero yokunzi nyika yokumusha kwaHomer, uyewo nzvimbo yaakafira munguva dzekare: Smirna, Kios, Pylos, Samos, Atene nedzimwe. Homer harisi zita chairo, asi zita remadunhurirwa. Zvinoreva kubva panguva yekare chimwe chinhu chakadai se "nhapwa". Zvichida, zita raakapihwa pakuzvarwa raive Melesigen, zvinoreva kuti akazvarwa naMelesius, asi izvi hazvina chokwadi futi. Kare, Homer aiwanzonzi uyu: Mudetembi (Vadetembi). Yakanga ine vara guru, iro rairatidzirwa nechinyorwa chinowirirana nacho. Uye munhu wese aiziva zvavaitaura. Vadetembi - zvinoreva "musiki" - nderimwe izwi rekare rechiGiriki mubhangi redu renguruve.
Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti Homer (Omir muChiRussia Chekare) akanga ari bofu uye akwegura, asi hapana uchapupu hunotsigira izvi. Homer pachake haana kuzvirondedzera mune ipi neipi yenziyo dzake, uyewo vanhu vomunguva yake ( mudetembi Hesiod, somuenzaniso) havana kumurondedzera. Iyi pfungwa inonyanya kuenderana netsanangudzo yeAedoi muOdyssey yake: vakuru vekare, mapofu, vachena-vhudzi mumakore avo ekuderera, pamwe chete netsika yakapararira yemapofu panguva iyoyo kuti vave vaimbi vanodzungaira, sezvo bofu rakanga risingakwanisi kushanda, uye penjeni yakanga isati yagadzirwa.
Sezvatotaurwa, vaGiriki vakanga vasina mutauro wakanyorwa mumazuva iwayo, uye kana tikafunga kuti vazhinji veAed vaiva mapofu kana mapofu (magirazi akanga asati agadzirwa), saka havaizoda, naizvozvo, Aed akaimba. nziyo dzake kubva mundangariro chete .
Zvakafamba zvakadai. Mukuru anodzungaira, ari oga kana kuti nomudzidzi (mutungamiri), aizofamba kubva muguta rimwe kuenda kune rimwe, uko aizogamuchirwa noushamwari navanhu vomunzvimbomo: kazhinji kazhinji mambo (basileus) amene kana kuti mupfumi akapfuma mumisha yavo. Manheru, pakudya kwemanheru kwenguva dzose kana kuti pachiitiko chinokosha—hurukuro yokusiyirana (hurukuro yokusiyirana—mutambo, pati yokunwa, kana kuti pati), aed aizotanga kuimba nziyo dzake ndokupfuurira kutozosvikira pakati pousiku. Achiperekedzwa nefomingo ine tambo ina (tateguru wembira uye gare gare cithara), iye aizoimba nezvavamwari noupenyu hwavo, hwemagamba nezviito zvavo, zvamadzimambo ekare nezvinoitika zvine chokuita nomutoo wakananga kuvateereri, nokuti ivo vose nguva dzose vaizvirangarira vamene vazukuru vakananga vaavo vanodudzwa muidzi nziyo dzimene. Uye kwaiva nenziyo zhinji dzakadaro. The Iliad neOdyssey vakapona zvachose, asi zvinozivikanwa kuti epic cyclopean cycle (kutenderera mumutauro wedu; vaGiriki vakanga vasina tsamba "ts"; mazwi mazhinji echiGiriki akadai se "cyclope," "cyclop," uye "cynic" akauya kwatiri nenzira dzeLatinized: cycle, cyclops, cynic) inosanganisira nhetembo yakatsaurirwa pane 12 chete. Iwe unogona kushamisika, muverengi, asi Iliad haitsananguri "Trojan Horse"; nhetembo inopera zvishoma isati yadonha Ilium. Tinodzidza nezvebhiza kubva kuOdyssey nedzimwe nhetembo dzecyclopean cycle, kunyanya Arctinus's "Kuwa kweIlium." Izvi zvese zvinonakidza, asi hazvina basa uye zvinokanganisa, saka ini ndichazvibata chete muchidimbu.
Hongu tinoti Iliad inhetembo, asi rwaiva rwiyo (kusvika nanhasi zvitsauko zvaro zvichiri kunzi nziyo). Aed haana kuverenga, asi akaimba achirebesa kune ruzha rwetambo kubva mutsinga dzenzombe, achishandisa pfupa rakakwenenzverwa - plectrum semurevereri (imwe mhoro kubva kare), uye vateereri vakanaka, vachiziva maratidziro ezviitiko zvinotsanangurwa, vakafarira zvakadzama.
Iyo Iliad neOdyssey nhetembo huru kwazvo. Kupfuura 15 zviuru uye kupfuura mitsara zviuru gumi nezviviri, zvichiteerana. Uye saka vakaimba kwemanheru mazhinji. Yakanga yakafanana zvikuru neyemazuva ano TV series. Manheru, vateereri vakaungana zvakare vakatenderedza aed uye nemweya wekufema, uye munzvimbo dzine misodzi nekuseka vakateerera kuenderera kwenyaya dzakaimbwa nezuro. Iyo yakareba uye inonakidza nhevedzano, vanhu vakareba vanoramba vakanamatira kwairi. Saka vaAed vaigara vachidya nevateereri vavo vachiteerera nziyo dzavo refu.
»Muunganidzi wegore Zeus Kronid, ishe wezvose, akapisa zvidya zvake,
Ipapo vapfumi vakagara pasi pamutambo ... uye vakafarira.
Muimbi waMwari akaimba pasi pekuumbwa, - Demodok, inoremekedzwa nevanhu vose. "
Homer. "Odyssey"
Saka, inguva yekunanga kune iyo pfungwa. Isu tine hunyanzvi hweAeds, maAeds pachavo, nhetembo refu-nziyo uye kusavapo kwekunyora. Nhetembo idzi dzakadzika sei kwatiri kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC?
Asi kutanga, imwe pfungwa inokosha. Tinoti “nhetembo” nekuti rugwaro rwavo rwaive rwenhetembo, rwenhetembo (ndima nderimwe izwi rekare rechiGiriki rinoreva kuti “hurongwa”)
Maererano nemunyori wenhoroondo yekare, mudzidzi weRussia Academy yeScience Igor Evgenievich Surikov: nhetembo inoyeukwa zviri nani uye inopfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa. “Edza kubata nemusoro nganonyorwa, kunyanya chidimbu chihombe, nenhetembo – kuti ndikwanise kudzokorora nhetembo dzakati wandei dzandakadzidza kuchikoro,” akatiudza. Uye ichokwadi. Mumwe nomumwe wedu anoyeuka zvishoma mitsara yenhetembo (uye kunyange nhetembo) uye vanhu vashomanana vanoyeuka zvishoma ndima yakazara yakatorwa kubva muprose.
VaGiriki vekare havana kushandisa rhyme, kunyange zvazvo vaizviziva. Hwaro hwenhetembo hwaive mutinhimira, umo kumwe kuchinjika kwemazwi marefu uye marefu akaumba vhesi metres: iambic, trochee, dactyl, amphibrach, uye vamwe (iyi ingangoita rondedzero yakazara yemamita emazuva ano nhetembo). MaGiriki aive nemhando huru yemamita aya. Vaiziva nhetembo, asi vaisaishandisa. Asi rhythmic siyana zvakare yakapa akasiyana masitaera: trochee, spondee, sapphic vhesi, alcaic stanza, uye, chokwadi, yakakurumbira hexameter. Meta yangu yandinofarira iambic trimeter. (Joke.) Meta zvinoreva chiyero. Rimwe izwi rekuunganidza kwedu.
Hexameter yaiva mita yevhesi yenziyo ( hymnos-munamato kuna vamwari) uye nhetembo dzakanyanya kufanana nedzaHomer. Zvakawanda zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pazvo, asi ini ndichangotaura kuti vanyori vakawanda, kunyange gare gare, kusanganisira vaRoma, vakanyora muhexameter, zvakadai saVirgil muAeneid yake, nhetembo inotevedzera Odyssey, umo protagonist Aeneas anotiza kubva kumatongo eTroy kuenda kunyika yake itsva, Italy.
Anoyerera nzizi, uye zvikavava pamusoro pePeridhi: mwoyo une simba
Muminhenga yegamba, ine mvere pakati pezviviri, pfungwa dzakapishana:
Kana, pakarepo achivhomora bakatwa rakapinza kubva kumukadzi,
Kuparadzira vanosangana naye uye kuuraya ishe Atiridhi;
Kana kuninipisa hutsinye, kudzora mweya wakashungurudzika ... "
Homer. "Iliad" (yakashandurwa naGnedich)
Sezvo ini ndinotenda ini ndatotaura, ivo Aedoi pachavo vakatanga kuimba nezvezviitiko zveTrojan War nguva pfupi mushure mekupera kwayo. Nokudaro, muOdyssey, chimiro chezita, kure nemusha, mugore regumi rekudzungaira kwake, anonzwa Aedi achiimba pamusoro pake uye anotanga kuchema, achivanza misodzi yake kubva kune wese pasi penguvo yake.
Saka, zvinoitika kuti nziyo dzakaonekwa muzana remakore re XIII, Homer akaimba yake "Iliad" muzana remakore reVIII. Rugwaro rwayo rwechokwadi rwakanyorwa makore mazana maviri gare gare, muzana ramakore rechitanhatu BC muAtene pasi pemudzvinyiriri Peisistratus. Magwaro aya akauya sei uye akasvika sei kwatiri? Uye mhinduro ndeiyi: Imwe neimwe yaitevera aed yakagadziridza kodhi kodhi yevanyori vekare, uye kazhinji yakaforodha nziyo dzevamwe vanhu, uye yakazviita sechinhu chechokwadi, sezvo ichi chaionekwa sechinyakare. Copyright mumazuva iwayo kwete chete yakanga isipo, kazhinji uye zvikuru gare gare, nekuuya kwekunyora, "copyright in reverse" yakanga ichishanda: apo munyori anozivikanwa zvishoma akasaina mabasa ake nezita guru, nokuti haana pasina chikonzero. aidavira kuti izvi zvaizoita kuti basa rake ribudirire.
Git yakashandiswa nevadzidzi nevateereri veAeds, avo vakazova vaimbi, pamwe nemakwikwi eAed, aiitwa nguva nenguva uye kwavaigona kunzwa mumwe nemumwe. Saka, somuenzaniso, kwaiva nepfungwa yokuti kana Homer naHesiodhi vangosvika pakupedzisira kwevadetembi uye kuti, maererano nevatongi vakawanda, zvinoshamisa, Hesiod akahwina nzvimbo yokutanga. (sei ndiri kusiirira pano)
Kuitwa kwega kwega kwakaitwa neaed kwakange kusiri kuita kwekuita chete asiwo kwekugadzira: nguva yega yega, akagadzira rwiyo rwake sekunge rutsva kubva munhevedzano yezvivharo zvakagadzirirwa-zvakagadzirwa uye mitsara-mafomula, ane humwe huwandu hwekuvandudza uye kukwereta, kupukuta uye kushandura chunks ye "kodhi" panhunzi. Uyezve, sezvo zviitiko uye vanhu vainyatsozivikanwa kuvateereri, akaita izvi zvichibva pane imwe "musimboti" uye, zvinokosha, pamutauro unokosha wenhetembo-mutauro wepurogiramu, sezvatingataura nhasi. Chimbofungidzira kuti izvi zvakafanana sei nekodhi yemazuva ano: mabhii ekuisa, mabhuroko anemisiyano uye zvishwe, zviitiko, mafomula, uye zvese izvi mumutauro unokosha, wakasiyana nemutauro unotaurwa! Kuomerera kumutauro wacho kwakanga kwakaoma zvikuru, uye mazana amakore gare gare, mabasa enhetembo akasiyana akanyorwa mumitauro yawo amene (Ionian, Aeolian, Doric), pasinei zvapo nokwakabva munyori! Kungoomerera kune zvinodiwa zve "code"!
Saka, rugwaro rwechokwadi rwakabva mukukwereta kubva kune mumwe. Homer pachake akakwereta sezviri pachena, asi kusiyana nevakaurayiwa (lethe nderimwe renzizi dzepasi peHadhesi, kutyisidzira kukanganwa), akaita izvi zvine hunyanzvi, achigadzira nziyo dzakawanda mune imwe chete, achigadzira shanduro inowirirana, ine simba, inofungidzira isingaenzaniswi mune zvese zviri zviviri chimiro uye zviri mukati. Kana zvisina kudaro, zita rake ringadai rakaramba risingazivikanwi uye rakatsiviwa nevamwe vanyori. Ndirwo rwakanga rwuri hunyanzvi hwe“chinyorwa” chake, chakabatwa nomusoro nezvizvarwa zvevaimbi vakamutevera (pasina mubvunzo chakagadziridzwazve, asi pamwero muduku zvikuru), izvo zvakachengetedza nzvimbo yake munhau. Panyaya iyi, Homer akazova musimboti usinganzwisisike, mucherechedzo, kutaura nenzira yokufananidzira, "musimboti" we "musimboti" wezvisikwa zvese zvenziyo, zvekuti, maererano nenyanzvi, akasvika padanho rekunyorwa kwake tsvene mushanduro iri pedyo neyokutanga. Uye izvi zvinoita sechokwadi. Zvinoshamisa kuti mavara ake akanaka sei! Uye zvinoonekwa sei nemuverengi akagadzirira? Hazvishamisi kuti Pushkin naTolstoy vakayemura Homer; uye tisingatauri Tolstoy, Alexander Mukuru pachake haana kumboparadzana nekopi yeIliad kwezuva rimwe chete rehupenyu hwake-inongova chiitiko chakanyorwa munhoroondo.
Ndakataura pamusoro peTrojan Cycle, iyo yaive nenhevedzano yemabasa anoratidza zvikamu zvakasiyana zveTrojan War. Muchikamu, aya aive rudzi rwe "maforogo" eHomer's Iliad, yakanyorwa muhexameter uye ichizadza zvikamu zvisipo kubva kuIliad. Anenge ose haasati atomborarama kana kuti akararama muzvidimbu zvidimbu. Ikoko ndiko kutonga kwenhau—sezviri pachena, vakanga vari vakaderera zvikuru kuna Homer uye havana kupararira zvikuru pakati pavanhu.
Rega ndipfupise. Imwe mutauro wakasimba wenziyo, maforomu avakagadzirwa kubva, rusununguko rwekugovera uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, kuvhurika kwavo kune nguva dzose kugadziridzwa kwevamwe - iyi ndiyo yatinoti yakavhurika sosi - yakamuka mukutanga kwetsika yedu. Mumunda wemvumo uye panguva imwechete yekugadzira pamwe chete. Ichokwadi. Kazhinji, zvakawanda zvatinoona se-ultra-modern zvinogona kuwanikwa mumazana emakore. Uye zvatinoona sezvitsva zvingave zvakambovapo. Muna ikoku, tinorangarira mashoko anobva muBhaibheri, anobva muna Muparidzi (anonzi akanyorwa naMambo Soromoni):
“Pane chimwe chinhu chavanoti nezvacho: “Tarirai, ichi chitsva,” asi ichochi chakanga chatova mumazana amakore akatitangira. Okutanga haarangarirwi; uye pamusoro pezvichazovepo, hapazovi nekuyeukwa kweavo vanozotevera ... "
kupera chikamu 1
Chikoro (chikoro) - varaidzo, nguva yekusununguka.
Academy - grove pedyo neAtene, nzvimbo yechikoro chefilosofi chaPlato
Gymnasium (gymnos - yakashama) - gymnasiums yainzi gyms yekudzidzisa muviri. Mavari vakomana vaidzidzira vasina kupfeka. Nokudaro mazwi e-single-root: gymnastics, gymnast.
Philosophy (phil - kuda, sophia - huchenjeri) ndiye mambokadzi wesainzi.
Fizikisi (fizikisi - zvisikwa) - dzidziso yenyika yezvinhu, zvisikwa
Metaphysics - chaizvoizvo "kunze kwezvisikwa". Aristotle akanga asingazivi pokuisa huMwari uye akadana basa seizvi: "Kwete zvisikwa."
Masvomhu (math - lesson) - zvidzidzo
Technique (tehne - craft) muGreece - vanyori nevavezi, sevagadziri vezvirongo zvevhu, vaive hunyanzvi, mhizha. Saka "craft of the artist"
Chorus - pakutanga kutamba. (saka choreography). Gare gare, sezvo matambiro akaitwa nekuimba kwevakawanda, kwaya iyi yave kuimba ine mazwi akawanda.
Danho (skena) - tende rekupfekedza vanyori. Yakamira pakati peamphitheatre.
Gitare - kubva muchiGiriki chekare "cithara", chiridzwa chine tambo.
Source: www.habr.com
