Zvinoita sekuti Homer nenhetembo dzake chimwe chinhu chiri kure, chekare, chakaoma kuverenga uye chisina ruzivo. Asi ichocho hachisi chokwadi. Isu tose takazadzwa neHomer, tsika yechiGiriki yekare kubva kuEurope yose: mutauro wedu uzere nemashoko uye zvinyorwa kubva mumabhuku echiGiriki ekare: tora, somuenzaniso, mazwi akadai se "Homeric laughter", "hondo yevamwari" , "Chitsitsinho cheAchilles", "apuro rekupokana" uye chizvarwa chedu: "Trojan horse". Iyi yese inzira imwe kana imwe kubva kunaHomer. Uye hapana chikonzero chekutaura nezve pesvedzero yetsika dzechiGiriki, mutauro wevaGiriki (vaGiriki vaisaziva izwi rekuti βGreeceβ uye havana kuzvidaidza ivo vamene; iyi ethnonym yakauya kwatiri kubva kuvaRoma). Chikoro, academy, gymnasium, philosophy, fizikisi (metaphysics) uye masvomhu, tekinoroji... kwaya, dariro, gitare, murevereri - haugone kunyora zvese - ese aya mazwi ekare echiGiriki. Manga musingazive here?
...
Zvinonziwo maGiriki ndivo vakatanga kugadzira mari muchimiro chemari dzakagadzirwa... The alphabet sezvatinoiziva. Mari yekutanga yakagadzirwa kubva kune yakasikwa alloy yesirivha negoridhe, iyo yavakadana electr (hello kune mari yemagetsi kubva kare). Alphabet ine mavhawero, nezvimwe. kubudisa manzwi ose eshoko pakunyora pasina mubvunzo kugadzirwa kwechiGiriki, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda vachifunga nezvemadzitateguru evaFenikiya vaishingaira (vaSimite vaigara munharaunda yeSiriya neIsraeri yemazuva ano), vakanga vasina mavhawero. Sezvineiwo, arufabheti yechiLatin yakauya zvakananga kubva muchiGiriki, kungofanana nerechiSlavic. Asi maarufabheti ekupedzisira enyika dzekuMadokero kweEurope atove mabviro echiLatin. Mupfungwa iyi, yedu Cyrillic arufabheti iri munzvimbo imwechete neyechiLatin alphabet ... Uye ingani chiGiriki chiripo musainzi nemabhuku? Iambic, trochee, muse, mbira, nhetembo, stanza, Pegasus uye Parnassus. Iro iro izwi rekuti "detembo", "nhetembo", pakupedzisira - ese ava pachena kwavanobva. Iwe haugone kuanyora ese! Asi musoro wechinyorwa changu unopa pathos (izwi rechiGiriki rekare) reβkuwanwaβ kwangu. Uye saka, ini ndichabata mabhiza angu uye ndinoenda kune Izvozvi, ndinopokana kuti yekutanga opensource (ngazvive zvakadaro, ini ndichawedzera) negit yakaonekwa kare kare: muGreece yekare (kunyanya muGreece yekare) uye mumiriri ane mukurumbira Ichi chiitiko chikuru chinozivikanwa Homer.
Zvakanaka, sumo yaitwa, zvino nezve zvese zvakarongeka. Disclaimer: Ndichapa zvirevo zvepakutanga zvemashoko echiGiriki ari pamusoro apa kune misoro iri kumagumo echinyorwa (hazvitarisirwi munzvimbo) - izvi ndezveavo vanoverenga chinyorwa ichi kusvika kumagumo. Saka handei!
Homer.
Nhetembo dzeHomer mukuru dzinowanzonyorwa kusvika kumagumo e3 - kutanga kwezana ramakore rechisere BC, kunyangwe zvinyorwa izvi zviri pachena zvakatanga kubuda pakarepo mushure mezviitiko zvinotsanangurwa mazviri, ndiko kuti, pane imwe nzvimbo muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX BC. Mune mamwe mazwi, ivo vangangoita zviuru zvitatu zvemakore. Iyo "Iliad" uye "Odyssey", "Homeric Hymns" uye akati wandei mamwe mabasa akanyorwa zvakanangana naHomer, senge nhetembo "Margit" uye "Batrachomyomachy" (parody satirical ye "Iliad", inodudzirwa chaizvo. se "Hondo yembeva nematatya" (Machia - kurwa, kurova, mis - mouse). Maererano nemasayendisiti, mabasa maviri ekutanga chete ndeaHomer, mamwe ose, sevamwe vakawanda, anonzi kwaari ( nei ini ndichazviita taurira pasi), maererano nevamwe, Iliad chete ndeyeHomer... guta reIlion, saka "Iliad")
Tinozviziva sei izvi? Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, Heinrich Schliemann, muGermany akawana pfuma yakawanda muRussia, akazadzisa chiroto chake chekare: akawana uye akachera Troy munharaunda yeTurkey yemazuva ano, achinyatso simudza pfungwa dzose dzakapfuura pamusoro penguva idzodzo uye zvinyorwa pamusoro. nyaya iyi. Pakutanga, zvaitendwa kuti zviitiko zveTrojan, zvakatanga nekutiza kweHelen akanaka neTrojan prince Paris (Alexander) kuenda kuTroy, zvose zvaiva ngano, sezvo kunyange kune vaGiriki vekare, zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa munhetembo zvaifungidzirwa. kuve wekare zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, kwete chete madziro eTroy akacherwa uye zvishongo zvekare zvegoridhe zvenguva iyoyo zvakawanikwa (zviri munharaunda yeruzhinji muTretyakov Gallery), mahwendefa evhu akazotevera edunhu rekare revaHiti, yakavakidzana neTroy, akawanikwa, umo. mazita ane mukurumbira akawanikwa: Agamemnon, Menelaus, Alexander... Saka mavara akave enhoroondo sezvo mahwendefa aya airatidza chokwadi chezvematongerwo enyika uye zvemari chenyika yaimbova nesimba yevaHiti. Chinofadza ndechekuti muTroasi pachayo, kana muHerasi (zvinosetsa, asi izwi iri rakanga risipo munguva idzodzo dziri kure) pakanga pasina kunyora panguva iyoyo. Izvi ndizvo zvakapa kukurudzira mukuvandudzwa kwechinyorwa chedu, zvisingaite.
Saka Homer. Homer akanga ari aed - ndiko kuti, muimbi anodzungaira wenziyo dzake (aed - muimbi). Kwaakaberekerwa uye kuti akafa sei hazvinyatsozivikanwi. Kusanganisira nokuti maguta asingasviki manomwe kumativi ose eGungwa reAegean akarwira kodzero yokunzi nyika yokumusha kwaHomer, uyewo nzvimbo yaakafira munguva dzekare: Smirna, Kios, Pylos, Samos, Atene nedzimwe. Homer harisi zita chairo, asi zita remadunhurirwa. Zvinoreva kubva panguva yekare chimwe chinhu chakadai se "nhapwa". Zvichida, zita raakapihwa pakuzvarwa raive Melesigen, zvinoreva kuti akazvarwa naMelesius, asi izvi hazvina chokwadi futi. Kare, Homer aiwanzonzi uyu: Mudetembi (Vadetembi). Yakanga ine vara guru, iro rairatidzirwa nechinyorwa chinowirirana nacho. Uye munhu wese aiziva zvavaitaura. Vadetembi - zvinoreva "musiki" - nderimwe izwi rekare rechiGiriki mubhangi redu renguruve.
Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti Homer (Omir muOri yekare) akanga ari bofu uye akwegura, asi hapana uchapupu hweizvi. Homer amene haana kuzvirondedzera amene munzira ipi neipi munziyo dzake, uyewo haana kurondedzerwa nevaairarama panguva imwe chete navo (mudetembi Hesiod, somuenzaniso). Munzira dzakawanda, pfungwa iyi inobva pakutsanangurwa kweAeds mu "Odyssey" yake: vakuru, mapofu, vane vhudzi rakachena mumakore avo ekuderera, pamwe chete nekuenda kwakapararira kwemapofu epanguva iyoyo kuva vaimbi vanodzungaira. sezvo bofu haaigona kushanda, uye kurega basa rakanga richiri chinhu chekare.
Sezvatotaurwa, vaGiriki vakanga vasina mutauro wakanyorwa mumazuva iwayo, uye kana tikafunga kuti vazhinji veAed vaiva mapofu kana mapofu (magirazi akanga asati agadzirwa), saka havaizoda, naizvozvo, Aed akaimba. nziyo dzake kubva mundangariro chete .
Zvaiita sezvizvi. Mukuru anodzungaira, ari ega kana nemudzidzi (mutungamiri), akatama kubva kune rimwe guta kuenda kune rimwe, kwaakagamuchirwa noushamwari nevagari vemo: kazhinji mambo pachake (basileus) kana mupfumi aristocrat mudzimba dzavo. Manheru, pachisvusvuro chenguva dzose kana kuti pachiitiko chinokosha - hurukuro yokusiyirana (simposium - mabiko, kunwa, bati), aed akatanga kuimba nziyo dzake uye akaita izvi kusvikira pakati pousiku. Akaimba achiperekedzwa nefomingo ine tambo ina (tateguru wembira nomushakabvu cithara), akaimba pamusoro pavamwari noupenyu hwavo, pamusoro pemagamba nezviito, pamusoro pamadzimambo ekare uye zviitiko zvinotapura zvakananga vateereri, nokuti zvose zvamazvirokwazvo. vaizvirangarira vamene vazukuru vaavo vanodudzwa muidzi nziyo dzimene. Uye kwaiva nenziyo zhinji dzakadaro. Iyo yose "Iliad" uye "Odyssey" yasvika kwatiri, asi zvinozivikanwa kuti chete nezvezviitiko muTroy pakanga paine epic cyclus (kutenderera mumaonero edu, maGiriki akange asina tsamba "c", asi isu vane mazwi akawanda echiGiriki anoti cyclops, cyclops, Cynics akauya mumutauro wechiLatin: cycle, cyclops, cynic) kubva munhetembo dzinopfuura gumi nembiri. Iwe unogona kushamisika, muverengi, asi muIliad hapana tsananguro ye "Trojan bhiza"; nhetembo inopera zvishoma kusati kwadonha kweIlion. Tinodzidza nezvebhiza kubva ku "Odyssey" uye dzimwe nhetembo dze cyclical cycle, kunyanya kubva mudetembo "Rufu rweIlion" naArctin. Izvi zvese zvinonakidza kwazvo, asi hazvina chekuita nemusoro uye zvinobvisa kubva pachinyorwa, saka ndiri kungotaura nezvazvo mukufamba.
Hongu tinoti Iliad inhetembo, asi rwaiva rwiyo (kusvika nanhasi zvitsauko zvaro zvichiri kunzi nziyo). Aed haana kuverenga, asi akaimba achirebesa kune ruzha rwetambo kubva mutsinga dzenzombe, achishandisa pfupa rakakwenenzverwa - plectrum semurevereri (imwe mhoro kubva kare), uye vateereri vakanaka, vachiziva maratidziro ezviitiko zvinotsanangurwa, vakafarira zvakadzama.
Iyo Iliad neOdyssey nhetembo huru kwazvo. Kupfuura 15 zviuru uye kupfuura mitsara zviuru gumi nezviviri, zvichiteerana. Uye saka vakaimba kwemanheru mazhinji. Yakanga yakafanana zvikuru neyemazuva ano TV series. Manheru, vateereri vakaungana zvakare vakatenderedza aed uye nemweya wekufema, uye munzvimbo dzine misodzi nekuseka vakateerera kuenderera kwenyaya dzakaimbwa nezuro. Iyo yakareba uye inonakidza nhevedzano, vanhu vakareba vanoramba vakanamatira kwairi. Saka vaAed vaigara vachidya nevateereri vavo vachiteerera nziyo dzavo refu.
Β»Muunganidzi wegore Zeus Kronid, ishe wezvose, akapisa zvidya zvake,
Ipapo vapfumi vakagara pasi pamutambo ... uye vakafarira.
Muimbi waMwari akaimba pasi pekuumbwa, - Demodok, inoremekedzwa nevanhu vose. "
Homer. "Odyssey"
Saka, inguva yekunanga kune iyo pfungwa. Isu tine hunyanzvi hweAeds, maAeds pachavo, nhetembo refu-nziyo uye kusavapo kwekunyora. Nhetembo idzi dzakadzika sei kwatiri kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC?
Asi kutanga, imwe pfungwa inokosha. Tinoti βnhetemboβ nekuti rugwaro rwavo rwaive rwenhetembo, rwenhetembo (ndima nderimwe izwi rekare rechiGiriki rinoreva kuti βhurongwaβ)
Maererano nemunyori wenhoroondo yekare, mudzidzi weRussia Academy yeScience Igor Evgenievich Surikov: nhetembo inoyeukwa zviri nani uye inopfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa. βEdza kubata nemusoro nganonyorwa, kunyanya chidimbu chihombe, nenhetembo β kuti ndikwanise kudzokorora nhetembo dzakati wandei dzandakadzidza kuchikoro,β akatiudza. Uye ichokwadi. Mumwe nomumwe wedu anoyeuka zvishoma mitsara yenhetembo (uye kunyange nhetembo) uye vanhu vashomanana vanoyeuka zvishoma ndima yakazara yakatorwa kubva muprose.
VaGiriki vekare havana kushandisa rhyme, kunyange zvazvo vaizviziva. Hwaro hwenhetembo hwaive mutinhimira, umo kumwe kuchinjika kwemazwi marefu uye marefu akagadzira mamita enhetembo: iabm, trochee, dactyl, amphibrachium nevamwe (iyi ingangove rondedzero yakazara yemamita enhetembo yenhetembo yemazuva ano). MaGiriki aive nemhando huru yehukuru uhu. Vaiziva rhyme yacho asi vaisaishandisa. Asi iyo rhythmic yakasiyana-siyana yakapiwawo nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana: trochae, spondee, sapphic vhesi, Alcaean stanza uye, zvechokwadi, hexameter yakakurumbira. Meta yangu yandinofarira iambic trimeter. (joke) Meta zvinoreva chiyero. Rimwezve izwi kuunganidzwa wedu.
Hexameter yaive mita yenhetembo yenziyo (khimnos - munamato kuna vamwari) uye nhetembo dzemaepic dzakafanana nedzaHomer. Tinogona kutaura nezvazvo kwenguva yakareba, ndichataura chete kuti vazhinji, uye gare gare, kusanganisira vadetembi veRoma, vakanyora muhexameter, semuenzaniso Virgil mu "Aeneid" yake - nhetembo yekutevedzera ye "Odyssey", umo mutambi mukuru Aeneas anotiza kubva kuTroy yakaparadzwa kuenda kunyika yake itsva - Italy.
Anoyerera nzizi, uye zvikavava pamusoro pePeridhi: mwoyo une simba
Muminhenga yegamba, ine mvere pakati pezviviri, pfungwa dzakapishana:
Kana, pakarepo achivhomora bakatwa rakapinza kubva kumukadzi,
Kuparadzira vanosangana naye uye kuuraya ishe Atiridhi;
Kana kuninipisa hutsinye, kudzora mweya wakashungurudzika ... "
Homer. "Iliad" (yakashandurwa naGnedich)
Sezvandinofunga ini ndatotaura, maAeds pachavo akatanga kukudza zviitiko zveTrojan War inenge pakarepo mushure mekupedzwa kwayo. Saka mu "The Odyssey" chimiro chezita, ari kure nemusha, mugore regumi rekufamba kwake, anonzwa rwiyo rweAeda pamusoro pake uye anotanga kuchema, achivanza misodzi yake kubva kune wese pasi penguvo yake.
Saka, zvinoitika kuti nziyo dzakaonekwa muzana remakore re XIII, Homer akaimba yake "Iliad" muzana remakore reVIII. Rugwaro rwayo rwechokwadi rwakanyorwa makore mazana maviri gare gare, muzana ramakore rechitanhatu BC muAtene pasi pemudzvinyiriri Peisistratus. Magwaro aya akauya sei uye akasvika sei kwatiri? Uye mhinduro ndeiyi: Imwe neimwe yaitevera aed yakagadziridza kodhi kodhi yevanyori vekare, uye kazhinji yakaforodha nziyo dzevamwe vanhu, uye yakazviita sechinhu chechokwadi, sezvo ichi chaionekwa sechinyakare. Copyright mumazuva iwayo kwete chete yakanga isipo, kazhinji uye zvikuru gare gare, nekuuya kwekunyora, "copyright in reverse" yakanga ichishanda: apo munyori anozivikanwa zvishoma akasaina mabasa ake nezita guru, nokuti haana pasina chikonzero. aidavira kuti izvi zvaizoita kuti basa rake ribudirire.
Git yakashandiswa nevadzidzi nevateereri veAeds, avo vakazova vaimbi, pamwe nemakwikwi eAed, aiitwa nguva nenguva uye kwavaigona kunzwa mumwe nemumwe. Saka, somuenzaniso, kwaiva nepfungwa yokuti kana Homer naHesiodhi vangosvika pakupedzisira kwevadetembi uye kuti, maererano nevatongi vakawanda, zvinoshamisa, Hesiod akahwina nzvimbo yokutanga. (sei ndiri kusiirira pano)
Kuitwa kwega kwega naAed kwerwiyo rwake kwakange kusiri kuita kwekuita chete, asiwo kwekugadzira: pese paainyora rwiyo rwake sekunge rutsva kubva munhevedzano yezvivharo zvakagadzirirwa-akagadzirwa uye mitsara - mafomula, aine humwe huwandu hwekuvandudza uye. kukwereta, kupukuta uye kushandura zvidimbu zve "code" "" pane nhunzi." Panguva imwecheteyo, sezvo zviitiko uye vanhu vainyatsozivikanwa kune vateereri, akaita izvi zvichibva pane imwe "musimboti" uye, kwete zvisingakoshi, pamutauro unokosha wenhetembo - mutauro wepurogiramu, sezvatingataura zvino. Chimbofungidzira kuti izvi zvakafanana sei nekodhi yemazuva ano: mabhii ekuisa, mabhuroko anemisiyano uye zvishwe, zviitiko, mafomula, uye zvese izvi mumutauro unokosha wakasiyana nemutauro unotaurwa! Kutevera ndimi kwaive kwakaomarara uye mushure memazana emakore, mabasa enhetembo akasiyana akanyorwa nemitauro yawo chaiyo (Ionian, Aeolian, Dorian), zvisinei nekuti munyori aibva kupi! Kungotevera chete "kodhi" zvinodiwa!
Saka, rugwaro rwechokwadi rwakazvarwa kubva mukukwereta kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Sezviri pachena, Homer pachake akakwereta, asi kusiyana nevaya vakanyura mukukanganwa (letha imwe yenzizi dzepasi peHadhesi, iyo yaityisidzira nekukanganwa), akazviita nekuchenjera, achigadzira rwiyo rumwe kubva kune vakawanda, achiita yakasimba, yakajeka, inofungidzira uye isingaenzaniswi mufomu uye yemukati sarudzo. Zvikasadaro, zita rake rakaramba risingazivikanwi uye ringadai rakatsiviwa nevamwe vanyori. Hwakanga huri hungwaru hweβchinyorwaβ chake, chakadzikwa nomusoro nezvizvarwa zvevaimbi pashure pake (pasina mubvunzo chakagadziridzwa, asi pamwero muduku zvikuru), izvo zvakachengetedza nzvimbo yake munhau. Panyaya iyi, Homer yakava iyo isinganzwisisike yepamusoro-soro, chiyero, kutaura kwekufananidzira, monolithic "musimboti" weiyo yose ecosystem yenziyo, maererano nemasayendisiti, akasvika pakunyorwa kwake kwakanyorwa mushanduro iri pedyo neyokutanga. Uye izvi zvinoita sechokwadi. Zvinoshamisa kuti mavara ake akanaka sei! Uye kuti zvinoonekwa sei nemuverengi akagadzirira. Hazvisi pasina kuti Pushkin naTolstoy vaiyemura Homer, uye zvakadini naTolstoy, Alexander the Great pachake haana kumboparadzana nemupumburu weIliad kwezuva rose muupenyu hwake - chaingova chiitiko chakanyorwa kare.
Ndakataura pamusoro peTrojan cycle, iyo yaive nenhamba yemabasa anoratidza chimwe kana chimwe chikamu cheTrojan War. Muchikamu, aya aive akasarudzika "maforogo" aHomer's "Iliad", akanyorwa muhexameter uye achizadza zvikamu izvo zvisina kuratidzwa mu "Iliad". Vanenge vese havana kusvika kwatiri zvachose, kana kuti vakangosvika kwatiri vari zvidimbu. Uku ndiko kutonga kwenhoroondo - sezviri pachena, vaive vakaderera zvakanyanya kunaHomer uye havana kupararira zvakanyanya pakati pevanhu.
Rega ndipfupise. Imwe mutauro wakasimba wenziyo, maforomu avakagadzirwa kubva, rusununguko rwekugovera uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, kuvhurika kwavo kune nguva dzose kugadziridzwa kwevamwe - iyi ndiyo yatinoti yakavhurika sosi - yakamuka mukutanga kwetsika yedu. Mumunda wemvumo uye panguva imwechete yekugadzira pamwe chete. Ichokwadi. Kazhinji, zvakawanda zvatinoona se-ultra-modern zvinogona kuwanikwa mumazana emakore. Uye zvatinoona sezvitsva zvingave zvakambovapo. Muna ikoku, tinorangarira mashoko anobva muBhaibheri, anobva muna Muparidzi (anonzi akanyorwa naMambo Soromoni):
βPane chimwe chinhu chavanoti nezvacho: βTarirai, ichi chitsva,β asi ichochi chakanga chatova mumazana amakore akatitangira. Okutanga haarangarirwi; uye pamusoro pezvichazovepo, hapazovi nekuyeukwa kweavo vanozotevera ... "
kupera chikamu 1
Chikoro (chikoro) - varaidzo, nguva yekusununguka.
Academy - grove pedyo neAtene, nzvimbo yechikoro chefilosofi chaPlato
Gymnasium (gymnos - yakashama) - gymnasiums yainzi gyms yekudzidzisa muviri. Mavari vakomana vaidzidzira vasina kupfeka. Nokudaro mazwi e-single-root: gymnastics, gymnast.
Philosophy (phil - kuda, sophia - huchenjeri) ndiye mambokadzi wesainzi.
Fizikisi (fizikisi - zvisikwa) - dzidziso yenyika yezvinhu, zvisikwa
Metaphysics - chaizvoizvo "kunze kwezvisikwa". Aristotle akanga asingazivi pokuisa huMwari uye akadana basa seizvi: "Kwete zvisikwa."
Masvomhu (math - lesson) - zvidzidzo
Technique (tehne - craft) muGreece - vanyori nevavezi, sevagadziri vezvirongo zvevhu, vaive hunyanzvi, mhizha. Saka "craft of the artist"
Chorus - pakutanga kutamba. (saka choreography). Gare gare, sezvo matambiro akaitwa nekuimba kwevakawanda, kwaya iyi yave kuimba ine mazwi akawanda.
Danho (skena) - tende rekupfekedza vanyori. Yakamira pakati peamphitheatre.
Gitare - kubva muchiGiriki chekare "cithara", chiridzwa chine tambo.
Source: www.habr.com