Emva kweminyaka emibini, ndabuyela kwibhlog yesithuba esahlukileyo kwiintetho eziqhelekileyo ezikruqulayo malunga neHaskell kunye nemathematika. Ndisebenze kwi-fintech kwi-EU kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo kwaye kubonakala ngathi ixesha lifikile lokubhala malunga nesihloko esifumene ingqwalasela encinci kwi-tech media.
I-Facebook isanda kukhupha into ebizwa ngokuba "yiqonga elitsha leenkonzo zemali" ebizwa ngokuba yiLibra. Ibekwe njengenkqubo yokuhlaliswa kwedijithali esekelwe kwibhaskithi yeemali zamazwe ngamazwe ezilawulwa "kwi-blockchain" kwaye zigcinwe kwindawo yemali elawulwa yiSwitzerland. Iinjongo zeprojekthi ngamabhongo kwaye zibandakanya iziphumo ezinkulu zelizwe.
Π ΠΈ Amanqaku amaninzi anengqiqo malunga neengqikelelo zemali kunye nezoqoqosho ezingafanelekanga emva kwenkqubo yezemali ecetywayo. Kodwa azikho iingcaphephe ezaneleyo ezikwaziyo ukuhlalutya ngokwembono yezobugcisa. Ababaninzi abantu abasebenza kwiziseko ezingundoqo zezemali kwaye bathethe esidlangalaleni ngomsebenzi wabo, ngoko ke le projekthi ayifumani ngxelo ingako kumajelo eendaba zobuchwepheshe, nangona iindawo zayo zangaphakathi zivulekele kwihlabathi. Ndithetha umthombo ovulekileyo kwiindawo zokugcina ΠΈ .
Yintoni evulelekileyo kwihlabathi yi-architecturally schizophrenic artifact enamabango okuba iqonga elikhuselekileyo leziseko zokuhlawula zehlabathi.
Ukuba ungena kwisiseko sekhowudi, ukuphunyezwa kwangempela kwenkqubo kuyahlukana ngokupheleleyo kwinjongo echaziweyo, kwaye ngeendlela ezingaqhelekanga. Ndiqinisekile ukuba le projekthi inembali yeshishini enomdla. Ngoko kunengqiqo ukucinga ukuba yayiyilwe ngenkuthalo ethile, kodwa eneneni ndibona iseti engaqhelekanga yezigqibo zokwakha ezophula yonke inkqubo kwaye zibeke abasebenzisi emngciphekweni.
Andizukwenza ngathi ndinombono onenjongo malunga ne-Facebook njengenkampani. Bambalwa abantu abakwishishini le-IT abamjongayo ngovelwano. Kodwa ukuthelekiswa kweengxelo zayo kunye nekhowudi epapashiweyo ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba injongo echaziweyo iyinkohliso ngokusisiseko. Ngokufutshane, le projekthi ayixhobisi nabani na. Uya kuhlala ephantsi kolawulo lwenkampani eshishini layo lentengiso ligcwele amahlazo kunye nobuqhophololo kangangokuba ayinakukhetha ngaphandle kokuzama ukuguqula iintlawulo zayo kunye namanqaku etyala ukuze iphile. Injongo ecacileyo yexesha elide kukusebenza njengomthengisi wedatha kunye nomlamli ekufikeleleni kwabathengi kwikhredithi esekelwe kwidatha yabo yentlalo yoluntu. Eli libali eloyikeka ngokupheleleyo nelimnyama elingafumani ngqalelo liyifaneleyo.
Ekuphela kwenceba esindisayo yeli bali kukuba i-artifact abayidalileyo ayifanelanga umsebenzi okhoyo kangangokuba inokubonwa kuphela njengesenzo se-hubris. Kukho iimpazamo ezininzi zoyilo lwezakhiwo kule projekthi:
Ukusombulula iNgxaki yeeGenerals zaseByzantine kwiNethiwekhi yoLawulo lokuFikelela kuYilo olungahambelaniyo
Ingxaki yeenjengele zaseByzantine yindawo emxinwa kakhulu yophando lweenkqubo ezisasazwayo. Ichaza ukukwazi kwenkqubo yothungelwano ukumelana nokungaphumeleli kwecandelo elingenamkhethe ngelixa uthatha amanyathelo okulungisa abalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo. Inethiwekhi eyomelelayo kufuneka imelane neendidi ezininzi zohlaselo, kubandakanya ukuqalisa kwakhona, ukuphuma, imithwalo ekhohlakeleyo, kunye nokuvota okukhohlakeleyo kunyulo lobunkokeli. Esi sigqibo esiphambili soyilo lweLibra, kwaye alunantsingiselo ngokupheleleyo.
Ubunzima bexesha elingaphezulu kwesi sakhiwo esongezelelweyo sixhomekeke kwi-algorithm. Kukho uncwadi oluninzi kwiiyantlukwano zePaxos kunye neRaft protocol ezisombulula ingxaki yeenjengele zaseByzantine, kodwa zonke ezi zakhiwo zazisa ngaphezulu okungaphezulu kunxibelelwano ngaphezulu. 
ukugcina ikhoram. KwiLibra, bakhethe i-algorithm eneendleko eziphezulu zonxibelelwano kwimeko yokusilela kobunkokeli. Kwaye kukho i-overhead eyongezelelweyo evela ekunyulweni kwakhona kweenkokheli kwiindidi ezininzi zeziganeko zokusilela kwenethiwekhi.
Kwinkqubo esebenza ngaphakathi kwi-consortium yeenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezilawulwa kakhulu, apho bonke abasebenzisi banekhowudi esayinwe yi-Facebook kunye nokufikelela kwinethiwekhi kulawulwa yi-Facebook, akunangqiqo ukuqwalasela abathathi-nxaxheba abakhohlakeleyo kwinqanaba lokuvumelana. Akucaci ukuba kutheni le nkqubo ingasombulula ingxaki yeenjengele zaseByzantine, kunokuba igcine umkhondo wophicotho ongaguqukiyo ukujonga ukuthotyelwa. Ithuba le-node ye-Libra eqhutywa yi-Mastercard okanye i-Andressen Horrowitz ngokukhawuleza iqalisa ukusebenzisa ikhowudi ekhohlakeleyo yimeko engaqhelekanga yokucwangcisa kwaye ilungiswe ngcono ngokuqinisekisa ingqibelelo yeprotocol kunye ne-non-technical (okt esemthethweni) ithetha.
Ubungqina beCongress buhlawulisa imveliso njengekhuphisana kwiiprothokholi zentlawulo zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-WeChat, i-Alipay kunye ne-M-Pesa. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye kwezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukusebenza kumachibi okuqinisekisa ukusombulula ingxaki yeenjengele zaseByzantine. Ziyilwe nje kwibhasi yendabuko ephezulu ye-bandwidth eyenza i-wiring ngokwemigaqo emiselweyo yemithetho. Le yindlela yendalo yokuyila inkqubo yokuhlawula. Yenziwe kakuhle inkqubo yokuhlawula ngokulula ayiyi kuhlangabezana nengxaki yokuchitha kabini kunye neefolokhwe.
I-overhead ye-algorithm yokuvumelana ayisombululi nayiphi na ingxaki kwaye ikhawulela kuphela ukugqithiswa kwenkqubo ngaphandle kwesizathu ngaphandle kwe-cargo cult ye-blockchain yoluntu, engajoliswanga kule meko yokusetyenziswa.
ILibra ayinalo ubumfihlo bentengiselwano
Ngokwamaxwebhu, inkqubo iyilwe ngokuthathelwa ingqalelo igama elingumsitha, oko kukuthi, iidilesi ezisetyenziswe kwiprothokholi zifunyenwe kwizitshixo zikawonkewonke kwi-elliptic curves kwaye aziqulathanga metadata malunga neeakhawunti. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ndawo kwinkcazo yesakhiwo solawulo sombutho okanye kwiprotocol ngokwayo ibonisa indlela idatha yezoqoqosho echaphazelekayo kwiintengiselwano iya kufihlwa kubaqinisi. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukuphindaphinda ukuthengiselana ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kuluhlu lwamaqela angaphandle, phantsi kwemithetho ekhoyo ekhoyo yebhanki yaseYurophu kunye ne-US, akufanele ibe yimfihlo kwiinkcukacha zoqoqosho.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yedatha kuwo wonke amazwe kunzima ukuyinxibelelanisa, ngakumbi xa kunikwa imithetho nemimiselo eyahlukileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezineembono ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko kukhuseleko lwedatha kunye nobumfihlo. Iprothokholi ngokwayo ngokungagqibekanga ivuleleke ngokupheleleyo kumalungu e-consortium, nto leyo iyintsilelo ecacileyo yobugcisa engahambelani neemfuno ezilungiselelwe yona.
I-Libra HotStuff BFT ayikwazi ukufikelela kwi-throughput efunekayo kwinkqubo yokuhlawula
E-UK, iinkqubo zokucoca ezifana ne-BAC ziyakwazi ukuphatha malunga neentengiselwano ze-580 ngenyanga. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkqubo eziphuculwe kakhulu njengeVisa zinokuqhuba iintengiselwano ezingama-000 ngosuku. Ukusebenza kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bentengiselwano, umzila womnatha, umthwalo wenkqubo, kunye (iindlela zokulwa ukuthutyeleziswa kwemali, iinkqubo zokurhwaphiliza imali).
ILibra izama ukusombulula iingxaki ezingezizo iingxaki ngokwenene kudluliselo lwasekhaya, njengoko amazwe ezizwe ephucula iziseko zophuhliso kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Kubathengi abathengisa kwi-European Union, ukuhambisa imali akuyona ingxaki kwaphela. Kwiziseko ezingundoqo zemveli, oku kunokwenziwa nge-smartphone eqhelekileyo ngemizuzwana. Ukudluliselwa kweenkampani ezinkulu, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nemithetho ehambelana nokuhambisa imali eninzi.
Akukho sizathu sobugcisa sokuba kutheni iintlawulo ze-cross-border zingenakwenziwa kwakhona ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle kokungafani kwemithetho kunye neemfuno phakathi kweendawo ezifanelekileyo. Ukuba imilinganiselo yokuthintela eyimfuneko (ukunyameka komthengi, ukutshekishwa kwesohlwayo, njl.njl.) yenziwa ngamaxesha amaninzi kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zekhonkco lokuthengiselana, oku kunokubangela ukulibaziseka kwintengiselwano. Nangona kunjalo, oku kulibaziseka kungumsebenzi kuphela wolawulo lwemithetho kunye nokuthotyelwa, hayi ubuchwepheshe.
Kubathengi, akukho sizathu sokuba ukuthengiselana kwe-UK kungayi kucaca kwimiba yemizuzwana. Iintengiselwano zentengiso kwi-EU ngokwenene ziyacotha (Mazi uMthengi Wakho) kunye nezithintelo ze-AML ezibekwe ngoorhulumente nabalawuli, ezisebenza ngokulinganayo kwiintlawulo zeLibra. Nokuba i-Facebook ibinokoyisa imiqobo ekudluliseleni imida kunye nokudluliselwa kwedatha yabucala, imodeli ecetywayo ngamakhulu eminyaka yomntu kude nokuhanjiswa kwentengiselwano yehlabathi kwaye kuya kufuneka ukuba yenziwe ngokutsha ukusuka ekuqaleni.
ILibra UkuHambisa ulwimi aluchanekanga
Iphepha elimhlophe lenza amabango angqingqwa ngolwimi olutsha, olungavavanywanga olubizwa ngokuba yiHamba. Ezi nkcazo ziyathandabuzeka ngokwembono yethiyori yolwimi lwenkqubo (PLT).
Hambisa lulwimi olutsha lwenkqubo yokuphumeza ingqiqo yentengiselwano yesiko kunye nezivumelwano ezihlakaniphile kwi-blockchain ye-Libra. Kuba iLibra ijolise ekukhonzeni izigidi ngezigidi zabantu ngenye imini, iMove iyilwe ngokhuseleko njengento ephambili.
Olona phawu luphambili lweHambisa kukukwazi ukuchaza iintlobo zemithombo engenamkhethe ngesemantics ephefumlelwe yingqiqo yomgca.
Kwiibhloko zoluntu, iikhontrakthi ezihlakaniphile zijongana nengqiqo yothungelwano loluntu oluneeakhawunti ze-escrow, ukuthutyeleziswa kwemali, ukukhutshwa kwethokheni ye-OTC, kunye nokungcakaza. Konke oku kwenziwa ngolwimi oluyilwe kakubi ngokumangalisayo olubizwa ngokuba yiSolidity, ethi ngokwembono yezemfundo umbhali wePHP abonakale njengengqondi. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ulwimi olutsha oluvela kuFacebook lubonakala lungenanto yakwenza nobu buchwepheshe, kuba eneneni lulwimi lokubhala olujoliswe kwiinjongo zoshishino ezifihlakeleyo.
Kwiileja ezisasazwa ngasese, iikhontrakthi ze-smart zezinye zezo migaqo iphonswa ngeenxa zonke ngabacebisi ngaphandle kokuqwalasela inkcazo ecacileyo okanye injongo. Abacebisi besoftware yeshishini ngokuqhelekileyo benza imali ngokungaqondakaliyo, kwaye izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile ziyi-apotheosis ye-obscurantism yenkampani kuba inokuchazwa ngokoqobo nantoni na.
Emva kokwenza amabango malunga nokhuseleko lwayo, kufuneka sijonge kwiisemantics zolwimi. Ukuchaneka kwithiyori yolwimi lokuprograma ngokuqhelekileyo kukho ubungqina obubini obahlukeneyo: "inkqubela phambili" kunye "nokugcinwa", okugqiba ukuhambelana kwendawo yonke yemigaqo yovavanyo yolwimi. Ngokuthe ngqo, kuhlobo lwethiyori, umsebenzi ngu "linear" ukuba usebenzisa ingxoxo kanye kanye, kwaye "affine" ukuba uyisebenzisa kanye. Inkqubo yodidi lomgca ibonelela ngesiqinisekiso esingatshintshiyo sokuba umsebenzi ochaziweyo womgca ungumgca ngenene ngokunika iindidi kuzo zonke iintetho ezisezantsi kunye nokugcina umkhondo apho kwenziwa khona iminxeba. Le yipropati efihlakeleyo ukubonisa kwaye akukho lula ukuyiphumeza kwiprogram epheleleyo. Ukuchwetheza ngomgca kuseyinkalo yokufunda kakhulu, ephenjelelwa kukuphunyezwa kohlobo olulodwa kwiCoca kwaye chwetheza ubunini kwiRust. Kukho izindululo zokuqala zokongeza iintlobo zemigca kwiGlasgow Haskell Compiler.
Isiteyitimenti sikaHambisa malunga nokusetyenziswa kweentlobo zemigca ibonakala ngathi kukuntywila okungafunekiyo kumqokeleli, ukusukela apho . Ngokumalunga nokuba umntu unokuxelela, i-whitepaper ikhankanya iincwadi ze-canonical ezivela kwi-Girard kunye ne-Peirce, kwaye akukho nto ifanayo ekuphunyezweni kwangempela.
Ukongeza, iisemantiki ezisesikweni zolwimi ekucingelwa ukuba lukhuselekile azibonakali ndawo ekuphunyezweni okanye kuxwebhu. Ulwimi luncinci ngokwaneleyo ukufumana ubungqina obupheleleyo be-semantics echanekileyo kwi-Coq okanye i-Isabelle. Ngokwenyani, isiphelo ukuya-ekugqibeleni koguqulo olupheleleyo olunobungqina bokudluliselwa kwi-bytecode kunokwenzeka ukuba kuphunyezwe ngezixhobo zanamhlanje eziyilwe kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Siyayazi indlela yokwenza, ukuqala emva phaya ngo-1996.
Ukusuka kwimbono yethiyori yolwimi lwenkqubo, akunakwenzeka ukuvavanya ibango lokuba i-Hambisa lulwimi oluthembekileyo nolukhuselekileyo, kuba la mabango afikelela ekuzuliseni ngesandla okucocekileyo kunye nokuthengisa kunobungqina bokwenyani. Le yimeko eyothusayo yeprojekthi yolwimi ecelwa ukuba iqhube iibhiliyoni zeerandi zentengiselwano.
ILibra cryptography ineziphene
Ukwakha ii-cryptosystems ezikhuselekileyo yingxaki yobunjineli enzima kakhulu, kwaye kusoloko kungcono ukusondela ekusebenzeni ngekhowudi enobungozi ngedosi elungileyo yeparanoia esempilweni. Kukho impumelelo enkulu kule ndawo, njengeprojekthi yeMicrosoft Everest, eyakha ukhuseleko oluqinisekisiweyo. . Izixhobo esele zikhona ukwenza ezokuqala ezingqinisisekayo. Nangona oku kubiza, ngokucacileyo akukho ngaphaya kwamandla oqoqosho kaFacebook. Nangona kunjalo, iqela lagqiba ekubeni lingathathi nxaxheba kwiprojekthi, eyabhengezwa njengesiseko esithembekileyo senkqubo yezemali yehlabathi.
Iprojekthi yeLibra ukusuka kumathala eencwadi aliqela amatsha ngokudala i-cryptosystems yovavanyo evele kuphela kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Akunakwenzeka ukutsho ukuba ngaba ukuxhomekeka kwezi zixhobo zilandelayo kukhuselekile okanye akunjalo, njengoko kungekho nalinye kula mathala eencwadi aphicothiweyo kwaye akanayo imigaqo-nkqubo esemgangathweni yokubhengeza. Ngokukodwa, kwamanye amathala eencwadi angundoqo akukho siqiniseko malunga nokukhuselwa kuhlaselo lwesitishi esisecaleni kunye nohlaselo lwexesha.
Ithala leencwadi liya lilinga ngakumbi kwaye liya ngaphaya , kusetyenziswa iindlela ezintsha kakhulu ezifana ne-verrifiable random functions (VRFs), izibini eziphindwe kabini, kunye nemisayino ye-threshold. Ezi ndlela kunye namathala eencwadi anokuba nengqiqo, kodwa ukuzidibanisa zonke zibe yinkqubo enye kuphakamisa iinkxalabo ezinzulu malunga nokuhlaselwa kwendawo. Ukudityaniswa kwazo zonke ezi zixhobo zitsha kunye nobuchule kwandisa kakhulu ubunzima bokungqina ukhuseleko.
Kufuneka kucingelwe ukuba yonke le mfumba ye-cryptographic isesichengeni sohlaselo olwahlukeneyo de ingqinwe ngenye indlela. Imodeli kaFacebook edumileyo ethi 'Hambisa ngokukhawuleza kwaye Uphule Izinto' ayinakusetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-cryptographic ezisebenzisa idatha yezemali yabathengi.
I-Libra iyasilela ukuphumeza iindlela zokukhusela abathengi
Uphawu olwahlukileyo lwenkqubo yokuhlawula kukukwazi ukubuyisela umva intengiselwano ukuba intlawulo iyacinywa ngumthetho okanye ikhokelela ekungaphumelelini kwengozi okanye kwenkqubo. Inkqubo yeLibra yenzelwe ukuba "iphelele" kwaye ayibandakanyi uhlobo lwentengiselwano yokurhoxiswa kwentlawulo. E-UK, zonke iintlawulo eziphakathi kwe-Β£100 kunye ne-Β£30,000 zixhomekeke kuMthetho weTyala loMthengi. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yentlawulo yabelana ngoxanduva kunye nomthengisi xa kukho ingxaki ngemveliso ethengiweyo okanye ukuba ummkeli wentlawulo akaboneleli ngenkonzo. Kusebenza imithetho efanayo kwi-EU, e-Asia naseMntla Melika.
Uyilo lwangoku lweLibra alubandakanyi iprotocol yokuthobela le mithetho kwaye ayinalo isicwangciso esicacileyo sokudala enye. Okubi nakakhulu, ukusuka kumbono wokwakha, ukugqitywa kwesakhiwo sedatha esiqinisekisiweyo se-kernel, esekelwe kwimeko ye-Merkle drive, ayivumeli nayiphi na indlela yokwenza iprotocol enjalo ngaphandle kokuyila ngokutsha i-kernel.
Emva kokwenza uphononongo lobuchwephesha bale projekthi, sinokugqiba kwelokuba ayizukuphumelela kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo ehlonitshwayo yophando okanye ijenali yobunjineli bezemali. Ukuzama ukutshintsha umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali wehlabathi, ubuninzi bomsebenzi wobugcisa kufuneka wenziwe ukudala inethiwekhi ethembekileyo kunye nokucutshungulwa okukhuselekileyo kwedatha yomsebenzisi ukuba uluntu kunye nabalawuli banokuthembela.
Andiboni sizathu sokukholelwa ukuba i-Facebook yenze umsebenzi oyimfuneko kuyilo lwayo ukuze inqobe ezi ngxaki zobugcisa okanye ukuba inazo naziphi na iingenelo zobugcisa ngaphezu kweziseko zangoku. Ukuthi inkampani idinga ukuguquguquka okulawulekayo ukuphonononga izinto ezintsha ayisosizathu sokungazenzi kuqala.
umthombo: www.habr.com