Ukufunda imbali yeediski sisiqalo sohambo lokuqonda imigaqo yokusebenza kwee-slid-state drives. Inxalenye yokuqala yoluhlu lwethu lwamanqaku, "Intshayelelo kwii-SSD," iya kuthatha ukhenketho kwimbali kwaye ikuvumela ukuba uqonde ngokucacileyo umahluko phakathi kwe-SSD kunye nokhuphiswano olusondeleyo, i-HDD.
Ngaphandle kobuninzi bezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokugcina ulwazi, ukuthandwa kwee-HDD kunye nee-SSD kwixesha lethu akunakuphikiswa. Umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini zokuqhuba uyabonakala kumntu oqhelekileyo: i-SSD ibiza kakhulu kwaye ikhawuleza, ngelixa i-HDD inexabiso eliphantsi kwaye ivulekile.
Ingqwalasela eyodwa kufuneka ihlawulwe kwiyunithi yomlinganiselo womthamo wokugcina: ngokwembali, izimaphambili zedesimali ezifana nekhilo kunye ne-mega ziqondwa kwimeko yeteknoloji yolwazi njengamandla eshumi kunye namashumi amabini amabini. Ukunqanda ukubhideka, izimaphambili zokubini kibi-, mebi- kunye nezinye zaziswa. Umahluko phakathi kwezi bhokisi ezimiselweyo zibonakala njengoko umthamo unyuka: xa uthenga i-240 gigabyte disk, unokugcina i-223.5 gigabytes yolwazi kuyo.
Ngena kwimbali
Ukuphuhliswa kwe-hard drive yokuqala yaqala ngo-1952 yi-IBM. NgoSeptemba 14, 1956, isiphumo sokugqibela sophuhliso sabhengezwa - i-IBM 350 Model 1. I-drive iqulethe i-3.75 mebibytes yedatha enemilinganiselo engafanelekanga kakhulu: i-172 centimeters ubude, i-152 centimeters ubude kunye ne-74 centimeters ububanzi. Ngaphakathi kwakukho iidiski ezibhityileyo ezingama-50 ezigqunywe ngentsimbi ecocekileyo enobubanzi obuyi-610 mm (i-intshi ezingama-24). Ixesha eliphakathi lokukhangela idata kwidiski lithathe ~600 ms.
Njengoko ixesha lihamba, i-IBM yaphucula ngokuthe ngcembe iteknoloji. Yaziswa ngo-1961 nomthamo we-18.75 megabytes ezineentloko ezifundwayo kwipleyiti nganye. IN iikhatriji zedisk ezisuswayo zavela, kwaye ukususela ngo-1970, inkqubo yokubona iimpazamo kunye nokulungiswa kwayo yaziswa kwi-IBM 3330. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva wavela eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Winchester".
Winchester (esuka kwi-English Winchester rifle) - igama jikelele lemipu nemipu eyenziwe yiWinchester Repeating Arms Company eMelika kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19. Ezi yayizezinye zemipu yokuqala ephinda-phindayo eyathi yaduma kakhulu phakathi kwabathengi. Balityala igama labo kumseki wale nkampani, u-Oliver Fisher Winchester.
I-IBM 3340 yayiquka i-spindles ezimbini ze-30 MiB nganye, yingakho Iinjineli zibize le diski "30-30". Igama lalikhumbuza iWinchester Model 1894 rifle e-.30-30 Winchester, ekhokela uKenneth Haughton, owayekhokela uphuhliso lwe-IBM 3340, ukuba athi "Ukuba yi-30-30, kufuneka ibe yiWinchester." -30, ngoko kufuneka ibe yiWinchester."). Ukusukela ngoko, ayisiyiyo imipu kuphela, kodwa nee-hard drives zibizwa ngokuba “zii-hard drives.”
Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, i-IBM 3350 "iMadrid" yakhululwa ngeeplati ze-14-intshi kunye nexesha lokufikelela kwi-25 ms.
Idrayivu yokuqala ye-SSD yenziwa yiDataram kwi-1976. I-Dataram BulkCore drive yayiquka i-chassis enezibonda ezisibhozo ze-RAM ezinomthamo we-256 KB nganye. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-hard drive yokuqala, i-BulkCore yayincinci: i-50,8 cm ubude, i-48,26 cm ububanzi kunye ne-40 cm ubude. Ngexesha elifanayo, ixesha lokufikelela kwedatha kule modeli yayiyi-750 ns kuphela, ephindwe ngama-30000 ngokukhawuleza kuneyona ndlela yanamhlanje ye-HDD drive ngelo xesha.
Kwi-1978, i-Shugart Technology yasekwa, eyathi emva konyaka yatshintsha igama layo kwi-Seagate Technology ukuze igweme iingxabano kunye neShugart Associates. Emva kweminyaka emibini yomsebenzi, i-Seagate yakhupha i-ST-506 - i-hard drive yokuqala kwiikhomputha zomntu kwi-5.25-inch form factor kunye nomthamo we-5 MiB.
Ukongeza kokuvela kweShugart Technology, i-1978 yakhunjulwa ukukhululwa kwe-SSD ye-Enterprise yokuqala kwi-StorageTek. I-StorageTek STC 4305 ibambe i-45 MiB yedatha. Le SSD yaphuhliswa njengokutshintshwa kwe-IBM 2305, yayinemilinganiselo efanayo kwaye ixabisa i-$ 400 engakholelekiyo.
Ngowe-1982, i-SSD yangena kwimarike yekhompyutha yomntu. Inkampani ye-Axlon iphuhlisa idiski ye-SSD kwii-chips ze-RAM ezibizwa ngokuba yi-RAMDISK 320 ngokukodwa kwi-Apple II Ekubeni i-drive yenziwe ngesiseko sememori eguquguqukayo, ibhetri yanikezelwa kwikiti ukugcina ukhuseleko lolwazi. Umthamo webhetri wanele kwiiyure ze-3 zokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwimeko yokulahlekelwa kwamandla.
Kunyaka kamva, uRodime uya kukhupha i-RO352 10 MiB hard drive yokuqala kwi-3.5-intshi yefom yefom eqhelekileyo kubasebenzisi banamhlanje. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba le yinkqubo yokuqala yorhwebo kule fomu, uRodime akenzanga nto intsha.
Imveliso yokuqala kule fom yefom ithathwa njenge-floppy drive eyaziswa nguTandon kunye neShugart Associates. Ngaphezu koko, i-Seagate kunye ne-MiniScribe bavumile ukwamkela umgangatho we-intshi ye-3.5-intshi, beshiya i-Rodime ngasemva, ejongene nesiphelo "se-patent troll" kunye nokuphuma ngokupheleleyo kwishishini lemveliso yokuqhuba.
Ngo-1980, injineli yakwaToshiba, uNjingalwazi uFujio Masuoka, wabhalisa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza lohlobo olutsha lwenkumbulo ebizwa ngokuba yiNOR Flash memory. Uphuhliso luthathe iminyaka emi-4.
OKANYE inkumbulo yi-2D ye-matrix ye-conductor, apho iseli enye ifakwe ekudibaneni kwemiqolo kunye neekholamu (ezifana nememori kwi-magnetic cores).
Ngo-1984, uNjingalwazi uMasuoka wathetha ngokuyilwa kwakhe kwiNtlanganiso yabaPhuhlisi boMbane beHlabathi, apho i-Intel yakhawuleza yasiqonda isithembiso solu phuhliso. UToshiba, apho uNjingalwazi uMasuoka wayesebenza khona, akazange acinge ukuba inkumbulo yeFlash yinto ekhethekileyo, kwaye ke ngoko yathobela isicelo sika-Intel sokwenza iiprototypes ezininzi zokufunda.
Umdla we-Intel kuphuhliso lweFujio wabangela ukuba uToshiba abele iinjineli ezintlanu ukunceda unjingalwazi ukusombulula ingxaki yokuthengisa. I-Intel, nayo, yaphosa abasebenzi abangamakhulu amathathu ekwenzeni inguqulelo yayo yememori yeFlash.
Ngoxa i-Intel kunye noToshiba babephuhlisa uphuhliso kwintsimi yokugcina iFlash, iziganeko ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zenzeke kwi-1986. Okokuqala, i-SCSI, iseti yeendibano zokunxibelelana phakathi kweekhompyuter kunye nezixhobo ze-peripheral, imiselwe ngokusemthethweni. Okwesibini, i-interface ye-AT Attachment (ATA), eyaziwayo phantsi kwegama le-brand Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), yaphuhliswa, ngenxa yokuba umlawuli we-drive uhanjiswe ngaphakathi kwi-drive.
Kangangeminyaka emithathu, uFujio Mausoka wasebenza ekuphuculeni itekhnoloji yenkumbulo yeFlash kwaye ngo-1987 waphuhlisa inkumbulo ye-NAND.
Inkumbulo ye-NAND iyafana NOR inkumbulo, ilungelelaniswe ibe luluhlu olunemilinganiselo emithathu. Umahluko omkhulu kukuba i-algorithm yokufikelela kwiseli nganye yaba nzima ngakumbi, indawo yeseli yaba yincinci, kwaye umthamo opheleleyo wanda kakhulu.
Kunyaka kamva, i-Intel yavelisa imemori yayo ye-NOR Flash, kwaye i-Digipro yenza i-drive kuyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Flashdisk. Inguqulelo yokuqala yeFlashdisk kuqwalaselo oluphezulu oluqulathe i-16 MiB yedatha kwaye ixabisa ngaphantsi kwe-500 yeedola.
Ngasekupheleni kwe-80s kunye ne-90s yokuqala, abavelisi be-hard drive bakhuphisana ukwenza iidrive zibe zincinci. Kwi-1989, i-PrairieTek yakhupha i-PrairieTek 220 20 MiB drive kwi-2.5-inch form factor. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, i-Integral Peripherals idala i-Integral Peripherals 1820 "Mustang" idiski kunye nomthamo ofanayo, kodwa sele i-1.8 intshi. Emva konyaka, uHewlett-Packard wanciphisa ubungakanani bediski kwi-intshi ye-1.3.
I-Seagate yahlala ithembekile kwiidrive kwi-3.5-intshi yefom ye-intshi kwaye ixhomekeke ekwandiseni isantya sokujikeleza, ikhulula imodeli yayo eyaziwayo ye-Barracuda ngo-1992, i-hard drive yokuqala kunye nesantya se-spindle se-7200 rpm. Kodwa iSeagate yayingazukuphelela apho. Ngo-1996, iidrives ezisuka kumgca we-Seagate Cheetah zafikelela kwisantya sokujikeleza se-10000 rpm, kwaye kwiminyaka emine kamva ukuguqulwa kwe-X15 kwajikeleza ukuya kwi-15000 rpm.
Kwi-2000, i-interface ye-ATA yaziwa ngokuba yi-PATA. Isizathu salokhu yayikukuvela kwe-Serial ATA (SATA) ujongano kunye neengcingo ezidibeneyo, inkxaso yokutshintsha okushushu kunye nokunyuka kwesantya sokudlulisa idatha. I-Seagate ikhokele apha nayo, ikhupha i-hard drive yokuqala enonxibelelwano olunjalo ngo-2002.
Imemori yeFlash ekuqaleni yayibiza kakhulu ukuvelisa, kodwa iindleko zehla kakhulu ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000. I-Transcend ithathe ithuba loku, ikhupha iidrive ze-SSD ezinomthamo ukusuka kwi-2003 ukuya kwi-16 MiB kwi-512. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, i-Samsung kunye neSanDisk bajoyina imveliso enkulu. Ngaloo nyaka, i-IBM ithengise idisk division yayo kwi-Hitachi.
I-Solid State Drives yayifumana amandla kwaye kwakukho ingxaki ecacileyo: ujongano lwe-SATA lwalucotha kune-SSD ngokwazo. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, i-NVM Express Workgroup yaqala ukuphuhlisa i-NVMe-inkcazo yokufikelela kwiiprotocol ze-SSD ngokuthe ngqo kwi-PCIe ibhasi, idlula "umlamli" ngendlela yomlawuli we-SATA. Oku kuya kuvumela ukufikelela kwedatha kwizantya zebhasi yePCIe. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, inguqulelo yokuqala yenkcazo yayilungile, kwaye emva konyaka kwavela i-NVMe drive yokuqala.
Umahluko phakathi kwee-SSD zangoku kunye nee-HDD
Kwinqanaba lomzimba, umehluko phakathi kwe-SSD kunye ne-HDD ibonakala ngokulula: i-SSD ayinayo i-mechanical elements, kwaye ulwazi lugcinwe kwiiseli zememori. Ukungabikho kwezinto ezihambayo kubangela ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza kwidatha kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye yememori, nangona kunjalo, kukho umda kwinani lemijikelezo yokubhala kwakhona. Ngenxa yenani eliqingqiweyo lemijikelo yokuphinda ubhale kwiseli nganye yememori, kukho imfuneko yendlela yokulinganisa - ukulinganisa ukunxiba kweeseli ngokudlulisa idatha phakathi kweeseli. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngumlawuli wedisk.
Ukwenza ukulinganisa, umlawuli we-SSD kufuneka azi ukuba zeziphi iiseli ezihlala kwaye zikhululekile. Umlawuli uyakwazi ukulandelela ukurekhodwa kwedatha kwiseli ngokwayo, engakwazi ukuthethwa malunga nokucima. Njengoko uyazi, iinkqubo zokusebenza (i-OS) azicimi idatha kwidiski xa umsebenzisi ecima ifayile, kodwa phawula iindawo zememori ezihambelanayo njengekhululekile. Esi sisombululo sisusa isidingo sokulinda ukusebenza kwediski xa usebenzisa i-HDD, kodwa ayifanelekanga ngokupheleleyo ekusebenzeni kwe-SSD. Umlawuli we-SSD drive usebenza ngee-bytes, kungekhona iinkqubo zefayile, kwaye ngoko ke ufuna umyalezo owahlukileyo xa ifayile icinyiwe.
Yile ndlela umyalelo we-TRIM (isiNgesi-i-trim) ovele ngayo, apho i-OS yazisa umlawuli wediski ye-SSD ukuba akhulule indawo ethile yememori. Umyalelo we-TRIM ucima ngokusisigxina idatha kwidiski. Ayizizo zonke iisistim zokusebenza ezaziyo ukuthumela lo myalelo kwi-slid-state drives, kunye nehardware RAID abalawuli kwimowudi yoluhlu lwedisk abasoze bathumela i-TRIM kwiidiski.
Iza kuqhubeka…
Kula macandelo alandelayo siza kuthetha ngezinto zefom, i-interfaces yoqhagamshelwano kunye nombutho wangaphakathi we-slid-state drives.
Kwilabhoratri yethu Unokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo iidrive ze-HDD kunye ne-SSD kwaye uzenzele izigqibo zakho.
Ngabasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo kuphela abanokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando. , ndiyacela.
Ngaba ucinga ukuba i-SSD iya kukwazi ukususa i-HDD?
-
71.2%Ewe, ii-SSD zikamva396
-
7.5%Hayi, ixesha le-magneto-optical HDD42 lingaphambili
-
21.2%I-hybrid version HDD + SSD118 iya kuphumelela
Bangama-556 abasebenzisi abavotileyo. Abasebenzisi abangama-72 abakhange.
umthombo: www.habr.com