Eli libali lokudalwa kwe-ARPANET, i-revolutionary predecessor ye-Intanethi, njengoko ixelelwe ngabathathi-nxaxheba kwiziganeko.
Ukufika eBolter Hall Institute kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles (UCLA), ndakhwela izinyuko ukuya kumgangatho wesithathu ndikhangela igumbi #3420. Ndaye ndangena kuyo. Ukusuka epasejini wayengabonakali nto ikhethekileyo.
Kodwa kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo, ngo-Oktobha 29, 1969, kwenzeka into ephawulekayo. Umfundi ophumelele isidanga uCharlie Cline, ehleli kwi-terminal ye-ITT Teletype, wenza ukudluliselwa kwedatha yedijithali yokuqala kuBill Duvall, isazinzulu ehleli kwenye ikhompyutha kwi-Stanford Research Institute (namhlanje eyaziwa ngokuba yi-SRI International), kwindawo ehluke ngokupheleleyo yaseCalifornia. Le yindlela eliqala ngayo ibali , inethiwekhi encinci yeekhomputha zezemfundo ezaba ngumanduleli we-Intanethi.
Akunakuthiwa ngelo xesha esi senzo sifutshane sokuhanjiswa kwedatha saduma kulo lonke ihlabathi. KwanoCline noDuvall abazange bakuqonde ngokupheleleyo oko bakufezileyo: “Akukho nto ikhethekileyo ndiyikhumbulayo ngobo busuku, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo andizange ndiqonde ngelo xesha ukuba senze nantoni na ekhethekileyo,” utsho uCline. Nangona kunjalo, uqhagamshelo lwabo lwaba bubungqina bokwenzeka kombono, owathi ekugqibeleni wanikezela ukufikelela phantse kulo lonke ulwazi lwehlabathi kuye nabani na ophethe ikhompyuter.
Namhlanje, yonke into ukusuka kwii-smartphones ukuya kwiingcango zegaraji ezizenzekelayo ziindawo zothungelwano ezihla zisuka kuCline kunye noDuvall babevavanywa ngaloo mini. Kwaye ibali lendlela abazimisele ngayo imithetho yokuqala yokuhamba ngee-bytes kwihlabathi jikelele kufanelekile ukumamela - ngakumbi xa bezixelela ngokwabo.
"Ukuze le nto ingaphindi yenzeke"
Kwaye ngo-1969, abantu abaninzi bancedisa uCline kunye noDuvall ukuba baphumelele ngo-Okthobha 29 - kuquka uprofesa we-UCLA. , endithe, ukongezelela kuCline noDuvall, ndathetha nabo kwisikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50. UKleinrock, osasebenza eyunivesithi, uthe ngandlel’ ithile, yayingumntwana weMfazwe Yomlomo. Xa ngo-Oktobha 1957 iSoviet waqhwanyaza esibhakabhakeni phezu kwe-United States, amaza othusayo aphuma kuyo atyhutyha inzululwazi kunye nemibutho yezopolitiko.
Igumbi elinguNombolo 3420, libuyiselwe kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi balo ukususela ngowe-1969
Ukuqaliswa kwe-Sputnik "kufumene i-United States ibhulukhwe yayo phantsi, kwaye u-Eisenhower wathi, 'Musa ukuvumela oku kwenzeke kwakhona,'" u-Kleinrock ukhumbula kwincoko yethu kwigumbi le-3420, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiZiko leMbali ye-Intanethi. Kleinrock. "Ngoko ngoJanuwari 1958, wakha i-Arhente yeeProjekthi zoPhando oluPhambili, i-ARPA, ngaphakathi kweSebe lezoKhuselo ukuxhasa i-STEM-inzululwazi enzima efundwe kwiiyunivesithi zase-US kunye neebhubhoratri zophando."
Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1960, i-ARPA ibonelele ngenkxaso-mali yokwakha iikhomputha ezinkulu ezisetyenziswa ngabaphandi kwiidyunivesithi kunye neetanki zokucinga kwilizwe lonke. Igosa eliyintloko lezemali le-ARPA yayinguBob Taylor, umntu obalulekileyo kwimbali yekhompyutheni owathi kamva waqhuba ilabhoratri ye-PARC e-Xerox. Kwi-ARPA, ngelishwa, kuye kwacaca ukuba zonke ezi khompyutha zithetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo kwaye zazingazi ukuba zinxibelelana njani.
UTaylor wayekuthiyile ukusebenzisa iitheminali ezahlukeneyo ukuqhagamshela kwiikhompyuter ezahlukeneyo zophando ezikude, nganye ibaleka kumgca wayo ozinikeleyo. Iofisi yakhe yayizaliswe ngoomatshini bokushicilela.
Ngowe-1969, iitheminali zeTeletype zaziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezixhobo zekhompyutha
“Ndithe, ndoda, icacile into ekufuneka yenziwe. Endaweni yeeterminal zakho ezintathu, kufuneka kubekho i-terminal enye eya apho uyidinga khona, ”uTaylor uxelele iNew York Times ngo-1999. "Le ngcamango yi-ARPANET."
UTaylor wayenezizathu ezisebenzayo zokufuna ukwenza inethiwekhi. Wayesoloko efumana izicelo ezivela kubaphandi kulo lonke ilizwe ukuba axhase ukuthengwa kwezinto ezinkulu kunye nokukhawuleza . Wayesazi ukuba uninzi lwamandla ekhompyuter axhaswa ngurhulumente ayehleli engenzi nto, uyacacisa uKleinrock. Ngokomzekelo, umphandi unokwandisa amandla e-computing system kwi-SRIin eCalifornia, ngelixa i-mainframe kwi-MIT inokuhlala ingenzi lutho, ithi, emva kweeyure kwi-East Coast.
Okanye kusenokwenzeka ukuba i-mainframe iqulethe isoftware kwindawo enye enokuba luncedo kwezinye iindawo-njengesoftware yokuqala yegraphics exhaswa yi-ARPA kwiYunivesithi yase-Utah. Ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi enjalo, "ukuba ndise-UCLA kwaye ndifuna ukwenza imizobo, ndiza kucela i-ARPA ukuba indithengele umatshini ofanayo," utshilo uKleinrock. “Wonke umntu wayedinga yonke into.” Ngowe-1966, i-ARPA yayisele idiniwe ziimfuno ezinjalo.
ULeonard Kleinrock
Ingxaki yayikukuba zonke ezi khompyutha zazithetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo. KwiPentagon, izazinzulu zekhompyuter zikaTaylor zichaze ukuba ezi khompyuter zophando zonke ziqhuba iiseti ezahlukeneyo zeekhowudi. Kwakungekho ulwimi oluqhelekileyo lwenethiwekhi, okanye iprotocol, apho iikhomputha ezikude ziyakwazi ukudibanisa kunye nokwabelana ngomxholo okanye izixhobo.
Kungekudala yatshintsha imeko. UTaylor wancenga umlawuli we-ARPA uCharles Hertzfield ukuba atyale izigidi zeedola ekuphuhliseni inethiwekhi entsha edibanisa iikhomputha ezivela kwi-MIT, UCLA, SRI nakwezinye iindawo. UHertzfield ufumene imali ngokuyithatha kwinkqubo yophando lwe-ballistic missile. ISebe lezoKhuselo lilungelelanisa le ndleko ngokuba i-ARPA inomsebenzi wokudala inethiwekhi "esindile" eya kuqhubeka isebenza nangemva kokuba enye yeengxenye zayo itshatyalaliswe-umzekelo, ekuhlaselweni kwenyukliya.
I-ARPA yangenisa uLarry Roberts, umhlobo omdala kaKleinrock waseMIT, ukulawula iiprojekthi ze-ARPANET. URoberts waguqukela kwimisebenzi yesazi sekhompyuter saseBritane uDonald Davis kunye noPaul Baran waseMelika kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuhambisa idatha ababuqulunqileyo.
Kwaye kungekudala uRobert wamema uKleinrock ukuba asebenze kwicandelo lethiyori yeprojekthi. Wayecinga malunga nokuhanjiswa kwedatha kwinethiwekhi ukusukela ngo-1962, xa wayese-MIT.
"Njengomfundi ophumelele kwi-MIT, ndaye ndagqiba ekubeni ndijongane nale ngxaki ilandelayo: Ndijikelezwe yikhompyutheni, kodwa abayazi indlela yokunxibelelana nabanye, kwaye ndiyazi ukuba kungekudala okanye kamva baya kufuneka," uKleinrock. utsho. - Kwaye akukho mntu ubandakanyeka kulo msebenzi. Wonke umntu wafunda ulwazi kunye nethiyori yekhowudi. ”
Igalelo eliphambili likaKleinrock kwi-ARPANET yaba . Emva phaya, imigca yayiyi-analog kwaye yayinokuqeshwa kwi-AT&T. Basebenze ngotshintsho, okuthetha ukuba iswitshi esembindini iseke unxibelelwano oluzinikeleyo phakathi komthumeli kunye nomamkeli, nokuba ngabantu ababini abancokolayo ngefowuni okanye i-terminal eqhagamshela kwi-remote mainframe. Kule migca, ixesha elininzi lichithwe ngexesha elingasebenziyo - xa kungekho mntu uthetha amagama okanye udlulisa amasuntswana.
Kleinrock's dissertation e-MIT yabeka phantsi iikhonsepthi eziza kwazisa iprojekthi ye-ARPANET.
UKleinrock uyithathele ingqalelo le ndlela ingasebenziyo yokunxibelelana phakathi kweekhompyuter. Ithiyori yokufola inike indlela yokwahlulahlula ngokuguquguqukayo imigca yonxibelelwano phakathi kweepakethi zedatha ezivela kwiiseshoni zonxibelelwano ezahlukeneyo. Xa umlambo omnye weepakethi uphazamiseka, omnye umjelo unokusebenzisa ijelo elifanayo. Iipakethi ezenza iseshoni yedatha enye (yithi, i-imeyile enye) inokufumana indlela eya kummkeli usebenzisa iindlela ezine ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba enye indlela ivaliwe, inethiwekhi iya kuphinda iqondise iipakethi kwenye.
Ebudeni bencoko yethu kwigumbi elingu-3420, uKleinrock wandibonisa ithisisi yakhe, ibotshwe ngombala obomvu kwenye yeetafile. Wapapasha uphando lwakhe kwifomu yencwadi ngo-1964.
Kulolu hlobo olutsha lwenethiwekhi, ukunyakaza kwedatha kwakungajoliswanga ngumtshintshi ophakathi, kodwa ngezixhobo ezibekwe kwiindawo zenethiwekhi. Ngowe-1969 ezi zixhobo zabizwa , "izibambi zomyalezo we-interface". Umatshini ngamnye onjalo wawuguqulelwe, uguqulelo olunzima lwekhompyutheni ye-Honeywell DDP-516, equlethe izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zolawulo lwenethiwekhi.
UKleinrock wazisa i-IMP yokuqala kwi-UCLA ngoMvulo wokuqala ngoSeptemba ngo-1969. Namhlanje imi monolithically kwikona yegumbi 3420 e Bolter Hall, apho iye yabuyiselwa inkangeleko yayo yokuqala, njengoko kwakunjalo xa kusetyenzwa ukuhanjiswa kwe-Intanethi yokuqala kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo.
"Iiyure ezili-15 zeentsuku zokusebenza, yonke imihla"
Ekwindla lowe-1969, uCharlie Cline wayengumfundi onesidanga ezama ukufumana isidanga sobunjineli. Iqela lakhe latshintshelwa kwiprojekthi ye-ARPANET emva kokuba uKleinrock efumene inkxaso-mali karhulumente ukuphuhlisa uthungelwano. Ngo-Agasti, uKline kunye nabanye babesebenza ngokukhutheleyo ekulungiseleleni isoftware yeSigma 7 mainframe ukuze ijongane ne-IMP. Ekubeni kwakungekho unxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo phakathi kweekhomputha kunye nee-IMPs-uBob Metcalfe kunye noDavid Boggs babengenakuqulunqa i-Ethernet de kube yi-1973-iqela lenze ikhebula leemitha ezi-5 ukusuka ekuqaleni ukunxibelelana phakathi kweekhompyutha. Ngoku babefuna enye ikhompyutha kuphela ukuze batshintshiselane ngolwazi.
UCharlie Cline
Iziko lesibini lophando lokufumana i-IMP yaba yi-SRI (oku kwenzeka ekuqaleni kuka-Oktobha). KuBill Duvall, isiganeko saphawula ukuqala kwamalungiselelo okudluliselwa kwedatha yokuqala ukusuka kwi-UCLA ukuya kwi-SRI, kwi-SDS yabo 940. Amaqela kumaziko omabini, wathi, asebenze nzima ukuze afezekise impumelelo yokuqala yokudluliselwa kwedatha ngo-Oktobha 21.
“Ndiye kwiprojekthi, ndaphuhlisa ndaza ndasebenzisa isoftware efunekayo, kwaye yayiluhlobo lwenkqubo eyenzeka ngamanye amaxesha kuphuhliso lwesoftware - iiyure ezili-15, yonke imihla, ude ugqibe, ukhumbula.
Njengoko iHalloween isondela, isantya sophuhliso kuwo omabini amaziko siyakhawuleza. Kwaye amaqela ayesele elungile nangaphambi komhla wokugqibela.
"Ngoku sasineendawo ezimbini, siqeshise umgca kwi-AT & T, kwaye sasilindele isantya esimangalisayo se-50 bits ngomzuzwana," kusho uKleinrock. "Kwaye besikulungele ukuyenza, ukungena."
UDuval uthi: “Sicwangcise uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-29 kaOktobha. - Ngelo xesha yayingaphambi kwe-alpha. Kwaye sicinge ukuba, kulungile, sineentsuku ezintathu zovavanyo ukuze siqalise yonke into. ”
Ngorhatya lomhla wama-29, uKline wasebenza emva kwexesha – njengoko wenzayo uDuvall e-SRI. Baceba ukuzama ukuthumela umyalezo wokuqala kwi-ARPANET ngokuhlwa, ukuze bangonakalisi umsebenzi wakhe nabani na ukuba ikhomputha ngokukhawuleza "iphahlazeka". Kwigumbi le-3420, uCline wayehleli yedwa phambi kwe-terminal ye-ITT Teletype eqhagamshelwe kwikhompyuter.
Kwaye nantsi into eyenzekayo ngobo busuku-kubandakanya enye yeentsilelo zekhompyuter kwimbali yekhompyuter-ngamagama kaKline noDuvall ngokwabo:
Kline: Ndingene kwi-Sigma 7 OS emva koko ndaqhuba inkqubo endiyibhalileyo endivumela ukuba ndiyalele ipakethi yovavanyo ukuba ithunyelwe kwi-SRI. Ngeli xesha, uBill Duvall kwi-SRI waqala inkqubo eyamkele unxibelelwano olungenayo. Kwaye sathetha efowunini ngexesha elinye.
Saba neengxaki ezimbalwa ekuqaleni. Sinengxaki ngoguqulelo lwekhowudi kuba inkqubo yethu ibisetyenziswa (i-BCD eyandisiweyo), umgangatho osetyenziswa yi-IBM kunye ne-Sigma 7. Kodwa ikhompyutha kwi-SRI isetyenzisiwe (I-Standard American Code for Information Interchange), eyathi kamva yaba ngumgangatho we-ARPANET, kwaye ke ihlabathi lonke.
Emva kokuba sijongene nezininzi zezi ngxaki, sazama ukungena. Kwaye ukwenza oku kufuneka uchwetheze igama elithi "login". Inkqubo e-SRI yacwangciswa ukuba iqaphele ngobulumko imiyalelo ekhoyo. Kwimowudi ehambele phambili, xa wawuchwetheza okokuqala u-L, emva koko u-O, emva koko u-G, uye waqonda ukuba mhlawumbi uthetha nge-LOGIN, kwaye naye wongeze u-IN. Ndiye ndangena uL.
Bendikumgca noDuvall osuka e-SRI, ndathi, “Ngaba uyifumene i-L?” Uthi, “Ewe.” Ndathi ndibone uL ebuya eprinta kwi-terminal yam. Ndaye ndacofa u-O kwaye yathi, "'O' ifikile." Ndaze ndacinezela u-G, wathi, “Yima umzuzu, inkqubo yam iye yantlitheka apha.”
UBill Duvall
Emva kweeleta ezimbalwa, isithinteli siphuphuma. Kwakulula kakhulu ukufumana kunye nokulungisa, kwaye ngokusisiseko yonke into yayibuyiselwe kwaye isebenza emva koko. Ndiyikhankanya le nto kuba ayisiyiyo le nto yonke eli bali. Ibali lendlela i-ARPANET esebenza ngayo.
U-Kline: Wayenempazamo encinci, kwaye wayiphatha malunga nemizuzu engama-20, kwaye wazama ukuqala yonke into kwakhona. Wayefuna ukulungisa isoftware. Bendidinga ukujonga isoftwe yam kwakhona. Uphinde wandifowunela saphinda sazama. Saphinda saqala, ndachwetheza uL, O, G ndafumana impendulo ethi "IN".
"Iinjineli nje emsebenzini"
Uqhagamshelo lokuqala lwenzeka ngecala emva kwentsimbi yeshumi ngokuhlwa ngexesha lePasifiki. U-Kline wakwazi ke ukungena kwi-akhawunti yekhompyutha ye-SRI ukuba uDuvall wayemdalele kwaye aqhube iinkqubo esebenzisa ubutyebi benkqubo yekhompyutha ebekwe kwi-560 km ukuya kunxweme ukusuka e-UCLA. Inxalenye encinci yomsebenzi we-ARPANET yaphunyezwa.
“Ngelo xesha kwakusele kuhlwile, ndiye ndagoduka,” watsho uKline kum.
Uphawu olukwigumbi 3420 luchaza okwenzeka apha
Iqela lalisazi ukuba liphumelele impumelelo, kodwa alizange licinge kakhulu malunga nobungakanani bempumelelo. “Yayiyinjineli nje emsebenzini,” utshilo uKleinrock. UDuvall wabona i-29 ka-Oktobha njengenyathelo nje elinye kumsebenzi omkhulu, onzima kakhulu wokudibanisa iikhomputha zibe yinethiwekhi. Umsebenzi kaKleinrock ugxininise kwindlela yokuhambisa iipakethi zedatha kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi, ngelixa abaphandi be-SRI basebenze kwinto eyenza ipakethi kunye nendlela idatha ngaphakathi kwayo ihlelwe ngayo.
"Ngokusisiseko, kulapho i-paradigm esiyibona kwi-Intanethi yaqala ukwenziwa, kunye namakhonkco kumaxwebhu kunye nazo zonke ezo zinto," utshilo uDuvall. “Besisoloko sicinga ngeendawo ezininzi zokusebenza kunye nabantu abanxibeleleneyo. Emva phaya sasiwabiza ngokuba ngamaziko olwazi kuba indlela esiziqhelanisa ngayo nemfundo yayiyimfundo.”
Kwiiveki ezimbalwa zotshintshiselwano oluyimpumelelo lwedatha phakathi kweCline kunye neDuvall, inethiwekhi ye-ARPA yandiswa ukuze ibandakanye iikhomputha ezivela kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, iSanta Barbara, kunye neYunivesithi yase-Utah. I-ARPANET iye yanda ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka yama-70s nakwiminyaka yoo-1980, idibanisa ngakumbi nangakumbi iikhomputha zikarhulumente nezemfundo kunye. Kwaye ke imiqondo ephuhliswe kwi-ARPANET iya kusetyenziswa kwi-Intanethi esaziyo namhlanje.
Ngomnyaka we-1969, ukukhutshwa kweendaba ze-UCLA kwakhupha i-ARPANET entsha. Uthungelwano lweKhompyutha lusesebuntwaneni babo,” wabhala uKleinrock ngelo xesha. Kodwa njengoko zikhula ngobukhulu nangokuntsonkotha, kusenokwenzeka ukuba sibone ukwanda 'kweenkonzo zekhompyutha' eziya kuthi, njengeenkonzo zombane neemfonomfono zanamhlanje, zincede amakhaya neeofisi zabantu kwilizwe liphela."
Namhlanje le ngcamango ibonakala iyinto yakudala - uthungelwano lwedatha alungenanga kuphela kumakhaya nakwii-ofisi, kodwa nakwizona zixhobo zincinci ze-Intanethi yeZinto. Nangona kunjalo, ingxelo kaKleinrock malunga "neenkonzo zekhompyuter" yayimangalisa ngokumangalisayo, kuba i-Intanethi yentengiso yanamhlanje ayizange ivele kude kube ngamashumi eminyaka kamva. Lo mbono uhlala ufanelekile ngo-2019, xa izixhobo zekhompuyutha zisondela kwindawo efanayo yonke indawo, ethathwe njengombane.
Mhlawumbi isikhumbuzo esifana nesi lithuba elihle lokukhumbula nje ukuba sifike njani kweli xesha liqhagamshelene kakhulu, kodwa nokujonga kwikamva - njengoko uKleinrock wenzayo - ukucinga malunga nalapho uthungelwano lungaya khona ngokulandelayo.
umthombo: www.habr.com
