🥇Amagqabantshintshi e-GUIs eKubernetes

Ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo kunye nenkqubo, kubalulekile ukwazi izinto eziluncedo zomgca womyalelo: kwimeko ye Kubernetes, oku kubectl. Kwelinye icala, ii-GUI eziyilwe kakuhle, ezicingwe kakuhle zinokusebenzaоuninzi lwemisebenzi yesiqhelo kwaye uvule amathuba ongezelelweyo xa iinkqubo zokusebenza.

Kunyaka ophelileyo sipapashe inguqulelo Isishwankathelo esifutshane se-UI yewebhu yeKubernetes, enikezelwe kwisibhengezo sojongano lwewebhu Kubernetes WebView. Umbhali welo nqaku kunye nezinto eziluncedo ngokwazo, uHenning Jacobs osuka kwinkampani yaseZalando, ubeke imveliso entsha njenge "kubectl yewebhu." Wayefuna ukwenza isixhobo esinamandla afanelekileyo ekusebenzisaneni kwifomathi yenkxaso yobugcisa (umzekelo, ngokukhawuleza ubonisa ingxaki ngekhonkco lewebhu) kunye nokuphendula kwiziganeko, ukukhangela iingxaki kumaqela amaninzi ngexesha elifanayo. Ingqondo yakhe isaphuhliswa namhlanje (ingakumbi ngumbhali ngokwakhe).

Ukukhonza amaqoqo amaninzi e-Kubernetes ngobukhulu obuhlukeneyo, sikwanomdla wokukwazi ukubonelela abathengi ngesixhobo esibonakalayo somsebenzisi. Xa ukhetha ujongano olufanelekileyo, ezi mpawu zilandelayo bezingundoqo kuthi:

inkxaso yokwahlulwa kwamalungelo abasebenzisi (RBAC);
ukubonwa kwendawo yegama kunye nemigangatho ye-Kubernetes esemgangathweni (Ukusasazwa, i-StatefulSet, iNkonzo, i-Cronjob, i-Job, i-Ingress, i-ConfigMap, iMfihlo, i-PVC);
ukufumana ufikelelo kumgca womyalelo ngaphakathi kwepod;
ukujonga iipod logs;
ukujonga ubume beepods (describe status);
ukususa imidumba.

Eminye imisebenzi, njengokujonga izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo (ngeepods/abalawuli/izithuba zamagama), ukudala/ukulungisa ii-K8s zamandulo, azihambelani nokuhamba komsebenzi wethu.

Siza kuqalisa ukuphononongwa ngeDashboard yeKubernetes yakudala, eyamkelwa njengomgangatho wethu. Ekubeni ihlabathi lingemi ngxi (oko kuthetha ukuba i-Kubernetes inee-GUI ezininzi nangakumbi), siya kuthetha nangezinye iindlela zayo zangoku, sishwankathela yonke into kwitheyibhile yokuthelekisa ekupheleni kwenqaku.

NB: Kuphononongo asiyi kuphinda ezo zisombululo esele ziqwalaselwe inqaku lokugqibela, nangona kunjalo - ngenxa yokugqiba - iinketho ezifanelekileyo ezivela kuyo (K8Dash, Octant, Kubernetes Web View) zifakwe kwitafile yokugqibela.

1. Kubernetes Dashboard

Iphepha loxwebhu;
indawo yokugcina (8000+ GitHub iinkwenkwezi);
Ilayisensi: Apache 2.0;
Ngamafutshane: “Ujongano lwewebhu lwendalo yonke lwamaqela eKubernetes. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba balawule kwaye baxazulule izicelo ezisebenza kwiqela, kunye nokulawula iqela ngokwalo. ”

Le yiphaneli yenjongo ngokubanzi egutyungelwe ngababhali be-Kubernetes kumaxwebhu asemthethweni (kodwa ayinakuhanjiswa ukungagqibeki). Kujoliswe kwiimfuno zokusebenza kwemihla ngemihla kunye nokulungiswa kwezicelo kwi-cluster. Siyisebenzisa apha njengesixhobo esibonakalayo esipheleleyo esisivumela ukuba sinikeze abaphuhlisi ukufikelela okuyimfuneko kunye okwaneleyo kwiqela. Izakhono zayo zibandakanya zonke iimfuno zabo ezivela kwinkqubo yokusebenzisa iqela (ngaphakathi eli nqaku sibonise iimpawu ezithile zephaneli). Njengoko unokuqikelela ngokulula, oku kuthetha ukuba iyanelisa zonke iimfuno zethu ezidweliswe ngasentla.

Phakathi kwezinto eziphambili zeKubernetes Dashboard:

Ukukhangela: Jonga izinto eziphambili ze-K8s ngesithuba samagama.
Ukuba unamalungelo omlawuli, indawo yolawulo ibonisa iindawo zokuhlala, izithuba zamagama, kunye neMiqulu eZingisayo. Izibalo kwimemori kunye nokusetyenziswa kweprosesa, ulwabiwo lwezixhobo, iimetriki, isimo, iziganeko, njl. njl. ziyafumaneka kwiinodi.
Jonga usetyenziso olubekwe kwindawo yegama ngohlobo lwazo (Ukusasazwa, i-StatefulSet, njl. njl.), uqhagamshelo phakathi kwabo (iReplicaSet, iHorizontal Pod Autoscaler), izibalo jikelele kunye nezobuqu kunye nolwazi.
Jonga iinkonzo kunye ne-Ingress, kunye noqhagamshelo lwabo kunye neepods kunye neesiphelo.
Jonga izinto zefayile kunye nokugcinwa: uMqulu oZingisayo kunye neBango loMqulu oZingisayo.
Jonga kwaye uhlele iConfigMap kunye neMfihlo.
Jonga iinkuni.
Ufikelelo lomgca womyalelo kwizikhongozeli.

I-drawback ebalulekileyo (hayi kuthi, nangona kunjalo) kukuba akukho nkxaso yokusebenza kweqela elininzi. Iprojekthi iphuhliswa ngenkuthalo luluntu kwaye ixhasa imisebenzi yangoku ngokukhutshwa kweenguqulelo ezintsha kunye neenkcukacha zeKubernetes API: inguqulelo yamva nje yephaneli. v2.0.1 Ngomhla wama-22 kuCanzibe, ngo-2020-Uvavanyelwe ukuhambelana neKubernetes 1.18.

2. Iilensi

website;
Inkcazo-ntetho;
indawo yokugcina (~ 4800 GitHub iinkwenkwezi);
Ilayisensi: MIT;
Ngokufutshane: "Kubernetes IDE".

Iprojekthi ibekwe njengendawo egcweleyo yophuhliso ehlangeneyo (IDE) yeKubernetes. Ngaphezu koko, ilungiselelwe ukusebenza kunye namaqela amaninzi kunye nenani elikhulu leepod ezisebenza kuzo (ivavanywe kwii-pods ezingamawaka angama-25).

Iimpawu eziphambili/ubuchule beLens:

Usetyenziso oluzimeleyo olungadingi naluphi na ukufakelwa ngaphakathi kweqela (ngokuthe ngqo, iPrometheus iyadingeka ukuze kufunyanwe zonke iimetrikhi, kodwa ukufakelwa okukhoyo kungasetyenziselwa oku). Ufakelo "oluphambili" lwenziwa kwikhompyutha yomntu esebenza Linux, macOS okanye Windows.
Ulawulo lwamaqela amaninzi (amakhulu amaqela axhasiweyo).
Ukubona imeko yeqela ngexesha lokwenyani.
Iigrafu zokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kunye neendlela ezinembali esekelwe kwi-Prometheus eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi.
Ukufikelela kumgca womyalelo wezikhongozeli kunye neendawo zeqela.
Inkxaso epheleleyo yeKubernetes RBAC.

Ukukhutshwa kwangoku - 3.5.0 yomhla we-16 kaJuni 2020. Uguqulelo lokuqala lwenziwa e-Kontena, kwaye namhlanje yonke ipropathi yengqondo idluliselwe kwintlangano ekhethekileyo. Lakend Labs, ebizwa ngokuba “ngumbutho weejekhi zomthonyama zamafu kunye neengcali zetekhnoloji,” abanoxanduva “lokugcina nokwenza ukuba kufumaneke isoftware yoMthombo oVulekileyo kunye neemveliso zeKontena.”

ILens yeyona projekthi yesibini idumileyo kwiGitHub kudidi lwe-GUI yeKubernetes, ngasemva kweKubernets Dashboard ngokwayo. Zonke ezinye izisombululo zoMthombo oVulekileyo ezingekho kudidi lwe-CLI* zingaphantsi kakhulu ekudumeni.

*Bona malunga nee-K9s kwinxalenye yebhonasi yophononongo.

3. Kubernetic

website;
Umboniso;
Uvimba (amaxwebhu kuphela) (200+ GitHub iinkwenkwezi);
Ilayisensi: ubunini;
Ngamafutshane: "Ulawulo lweQela lwenziwe lula."

Olu lusetyenziso olukhethekileyo olufakwe kwikhompyutha yobuqu (oluxhaswayo Linux, macOS, WindowsAbadali bayo bathembisa ukutshintshwa ngokupheleleyo kwesixhobo somgca womyalelo, besusa isidingo sokukhumbula imiyalelo kwaye benyusa nesantya sokusebenza ngokuphindwe kalishumi.

Enye yezinto ezinomdla zesixhobo yinkxaso eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi yeetshathi zeHelm, kodwa enye yeengxaki kukungabikho kweemetriki zokusebenza kwesicelo.

Iimpawu eziphambili zeKubernetic:

Umboniso ofanelekileyo wemo yeqela. Isikrini esinye ukujonga zonke izinto ezihambelanayo zeqela kunye nokuxhomekeka kwazo; umbala obomvu/oluhlaza olungele zonke izinto; Imowudi yokujonga imeko yeqela kunye nohlaziyo lwexesha lokwenyani.
Amaqhosha entshukumo akhawulezayo okucima kunye nokukala usetyenziso.
Inkxaso yokusebenza kwamaqela amaninzi.
Umsebenzi olula kunye nezithuba zamagama.
Inkxaso yeetshathi zeHelm kunye neendawo zokugcina iiHelm (kubandakanywa nabucala). Ufakelo nolawulo lweetshathi kujongano lwewebhu.

Iindleko zangoku zemveliso yintlawulo enye ye-euro ye-30 yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngumntu omnye kuyo nayiphi na indawo yamagama kunye namaqela.

4. Kubevious

website;
Inkcazo-ntetho;
indawo yokugcina (~ 500 GitHub iinkwenkwezi);
Ilayisensi: Apache 2.0
Ngamafutshane: "I-Kubevious yenza amaqela e-Kubernetes, ulungelelwaniso lwesicelo, kunye nokubonakala kwimeko yesicelo ekhuselekileyo kwaye kulula ukuyiqonda."

Umbono weprojekthi kukudala isixhobo esiyilelwe ukuhlalutya kunye nokulungiswa kolungelelwaniso lwesicelo esifakwe kwiqela. Ababhali bagxininise ngokukodwa ekuphunyezweni kwezi mpawu, beshiya izinto ngokubanzi ngokubanzi kamva.

Iimpawu eziphambili kunye nemisebenzi yeKubevious:

Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni weqela ngendlela ephakathi kwesicelo: izinto ezidityanisiweyo kwi-interface zidityaniswe ngokwemigangatho.
Bonisa ngokubonakalayo ukuxhomekeka kuqwalaselo kunye neziphumo eziphazamisayo zotshintsho lwabo.
Ibonisa iimpazamo zokucwangcisa i-cluster: ukusetyenziswa okungalunganga kweelebhile, izibuko eziphosiweyo, njl. (Ngendlela, ukuba unomdla kweli nqaku, nikela ingqalelo Polarismalunga nathi sele ibhaliwe.)
Ukongeza kwinqanaba langaphambili, ukufumanisa izitya ezinokuthi zibe yingozi zikhoyo, oko kukuthi. ukuba namalungelo amaninzi kakhulu (iimpawu hostPID, hostNetwork, hostIPC, ukuxhoma docker.sock njl).
Inkqubo yokukhangela yeqela eliphambili (hayi kuphela ngamagama ezinto, kodwa nangeempawu zawo).
Izixhobo zokucwangciswa kwezakhono kunye nokwandisa izixhobo.
Eyakhelwe ngaphakathi "umatshini wexesha" (amandla okubona utshintsho olwenzekayo ngaphambili kuqwalaselo lwezinto).
Ukulawula i-RBAC usebenzisa isishwankathelo setafile edibeneyo esuka kwiiRoles, RoleBindings, ServiceAccounts.
Isebenza kuphela ngeqela elinye.

Iprojekthi inembali emfutshane kakhulu (ukukhutshwa kokuqala kwenzeka ngoFebruwari 11, 2020) kwaye kubonakala ngathi kukho ixesha lokuzinzisa okanye ukucotha kuphuhliso. Ukuba iinguqulelo zangaphambili bezikhutshwa rhoqo, ngoko ukhupho lwamva nje (v0.5 yomhla we-15 ka-Epreli 2020) yawela emva kwesantya sokuqala sophuhliso. Oku mhlawumbi ngenxa yenani elincinci labaxhasi: kwimbali yendawo yokugcina kukho i-4 kuphela kubo, kwaye wonke umsebenzi wangempela wenziwa ngumntu omnye.

5. Kubewise

Iphepha leprojekthi;
Ilayisensi: yobunini (iyakuba nguMthombo oVulekileyo);
Ngamafutshane: "Umthengi olula, oneqonga elininzi leKubernetes."

Imveliso entsha evela kwi-VMware, eyadalwa ekuqaleni njengenxalenye ye-hackathon yangaphakathi (ngoJuni 2019). Ifakwe kwikhompyuter yakho, isebenza ngesiseko Electron (ixhaswa) Linux, macOS и Windows) kwaye ifuna i-kubectl engekho ngaphantsi kwe-v1.14.0.

Iimpawu eziphambili zeKubewise:

Unxibelelwano lwe-interface kunye neyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-Kubernetes entities: iindawo, iindawo zamagama, njl.
Inkxaso yeefayile ezininzi ze-kubeconfig zamaqela ahlukeneyo.
Itheminali ekwaziyo ukuseta inguqu yemo engqongileyo KUBECONFIG.
Ukuvelisa iifayile ze kubeconfig zesiko lesithuba segama elinikiweyo.
Iimpawu zokhuseleko oluphezulu (i-RBAC, iiphasiwedi, iiakhawunti zenkonzo).

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iprojekthi inokukhululwa enye kuphela - inguqulelo 1.1.0 yomhla we-26 kaNovemba 2019. Ngaphezu koko, ababhali bacebe ukuyikhulula ngokukhawuleza njengoMthombo oVulekileyo, kodwa ngenxa yeengxaki zangaphakathi (ezingahambisani nemiba yobugcisa) abazange bakwazi ukwenza oku. Ukusukela ngoMeyi ka-2020, ababhali basebenzela ukukhutshwa okulandelayo kwaye kufuneka baqalise inkqubo yomthombo ovulekileyo ngaxeshanye.

6. I-OpenShift Console

icandelo lamaxwebhu e-OpenShift;
indawo yokugcina (~ 150 GitHub iinkwenkwezi);
Ilayisensi: Apache 2.0;
Ngamafutshane: "I-UI yamaqela e-OpenShift."

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba olu jongano lwewebhu luyinxalenye yosasazo lwe-OpenShift (apho lufakwe kusetyenziswa umqhubi okhethekileyo), ababhali babonelele ukukwazi ukuyifaka / ukuyisebenzisa rhoqo (i-vanilla) Ufakelo lwe-Kubernetes.

I-OpenShift Console iphuhliswe ixesha elide, ngoko idibanise imisebenzi emininzi. Makhe sikhankanye ezona ziphambili:

Indlela ekwabelwana ngayo kwi-interface - ezimbini "iimbono" zezakhono ezikhoyo kwi-Console: kubalawuli kunye nabaphuhlisi. Imowudi Imbono yomphuhlisi amaqela izinto ngendlela eqondakala ngakumbi kubaphuhlisi (ngesicelo) kwaye igxile kujongano ekusombululeni imisebenzi eqhelekileyo njengokusasaza usetyenziso, ukulandelela ukwakha/imo yokusasaza, kunye nekhowudi yokuhlela nge-Eclipse Che.
Lawula imithwalo yomsebenzi, inethiwekhi, ukugcinwa, amalungelo okufikelela.
Ukwahlula okusengqiqweni kweprojekthi kunye nomthwalo womsebenzi wesicelo. Kwenye yezinto ezikhutshwayo zamva nje - v4.3 - wavela okhethekileyo Ideshibhodi yeprojekthi, ukubonisa idatha yesiqhelo (inombolo kunye nesimo sokuthunyelwa, iipod, njl.; ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kunye nezinye iimetriki) kwicandelo elinqamlezayo leeprojekthi.
Umboniso ohlaziyiweyo wexesha langempela lobume beqela kunye notshintsho (iziganeko) ezenzeke kuyo; iilog zokujonga.
Jonga idatha yokubeka iliso esekwe kwi-Prometheus, i-Alertmanager kunye ne-Grafana.
Ulawulo lwabaqhubi abamelwe kwi operatorhub.
Lawula ulwakhiwo oluhamba ngeDocker (ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina ekhankanyiweyo eneDockerfile) S2I okanye izinto eziluncedo zangaphandle.

NB: Asizange songeze ezinye kuthelekiso Unikezelo lweKubernetes (umzekelo, idume kakhulu Kubesphere) Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ucinga ukuba ezinye izisombululo ezisebenza ngokupheleleyo kufakelo lwe-vanilla K8s azikho, sixelele kwizimvo.

Ibhonasi

1. Umqhubi we-Kubernetes kwi-beta

website;
indawo yokugcina (~ 100 GitHub iinkwenkwezi);
Ilayisensi: Zlib(?) (iyafana neprojekthi yomzali).

Iprojekthi evela kwiqela lePortiner, ephuhlise ujongano oludumileyo lwegama elifanayo lokusebenza noDocker. Ekubeni iprojekthi ikwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso (uguqulelo lokuqala kunye ne-beta kuphela iphume Nge-16 ka-Epreli 2020), asikhange sizivavanye iimpawu zayo. Nangona kunjalo, kunokuba nomdla kwabaninzi: ukuba oku kuvakala njengawe, landela uphuhliso.

2. IcePanel

website;
Ilayisensi: ubunini;
Ngamafutshane: "Umhleli we-Visual Kubernetes."

Esi sicelo sincinci sedesktop sijolise ekuboneni nasekulawuleni izixhobo zeKubernetes ngexesha lokwenyani ngokutsala nokulahla ujongano olulula. Izinto ezixhaswayo ngoku yiPod, iNkonzo, iDeployment, StatefulSet, PersistentVolume, PersistentVolumeClaim, ConfigMap kunye neMfihlo. Bathembisa ukongeza inkxaso yeHelm kungekudala. Izinto ezingalunganga eziphambili kukuba ikhowudi ivaliwe (ilindeleke ukuvula "ngandlela ethile"kunye nokungabikho kwenkxaso Linux (inguqulelo ezikhoyo okwangoku kuphela Windows и macOS, nangona oku kusenokwenzeka ukuba yinto yexesha nje).

3. k9s

website;
Umboniso;
indawo yokugcina (~ 7700 GitHub iinkwenkwezi);
Ilayisensi: Apache 2.0;
Ngamafutshane: "I-console interface ye-Kubernetes ekuvumela ukuba ulawule iqela lakho ngesitayile."

Isixhobo sifakwe kuphela kwinxalenye yebhonasi yophononongo ngenxa yesizathu sokuba inikezela nge-GUI ye-console. Nangona kunjalo, ababhali bacinezela kakhulu kwi-terminal, benganikezeli nje ujongano olufanelekileyo, kodwa kunye nemixholo emi-6 echazwe kwangaphambili, kunye nenkqubo ephuhlisiweyo yendlela ezimfutshane zebhodibhodi kunye neziteketiso zemiyalelo. Indlela yabo ecokisekileyo yayingaphelelanga ekubonakaleni: amandla e-k9s ayamangalisa: ukulawula izixhobo, ukubonisa imeko yeqela, ukubonisa izibonelelo kwimbono ye-hierarchical kunye nokuxhomekeka, ukujonga izigodo, ukuxhasa i-RBAC, ukwandisa amandla ngokusebenzisa iiplagi ... Zonke oku ibikukuthanda uluntu olubanzi lwe-K8s: ubungakanani Iprojekthi yenkwenkwezi ye-GitHub iphantse yafana neDashboard esemthethweni ye-Kubernetes!

4. Iiphaneli zokulawula isicelo

Kwaye ekupheleni kophononongo - i-mini-category eyahlukileyo. Ibandakanya i-web interfaces ezimbini ezenzelwe ukulawulwa okunzima kwamaqela e-Kubernetes, kodwa ukulawula oko kufakwe kuzo.

Njengoko usazi, esinye sezona zixhobo zivuthiweyo kwaye zixhaphakileyo zokuhambisa izicelo ezinzima eKubernetes yiHelm. Ngexesha lobukho bayo, iipakethe ezininzi (iitshathi zeHelm) ziye zaqokelela ukuhanjiswa ngokulula. izicelo ezininzi ezidumileyo. Ke ngoko, kusengqiqweni ukuba izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ezibonakalayo ziya kubonakala ukunceda ukulawula umjikelo wobomi beetshathi.

4.1. I-Monocular

indawo yokugcina (1300+ GitHub iinkwenkwezi);
Ilayisensi: Apache 2.0;
Ngamafutshane: "Isicelo sewebhu sokukhangela kunye nokufumana iitshathi zeHelm kwiindawo ezininzi zokugcina. Isebenza njengesiseko seprojekthi ye-Helm hub."

Olu phuhliso luvela kubabhali beHelm lufakwe kwi-Kubernetes kwaye luqhuba ngaphakathi kweqela elinye, lenza umsebenzi owabelweyo. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku iprojekthi ayiphuhlisi konke konke. Injongo yayo ephambili kukuxhasa ubukho beHelm Hub. Kwezinye iimfuno, ababhali batusa i-Kubeapps (jonga ngezantsi) okanye i-Red Hat Automation Broker (inxalenye ye-OpenShift, kodwa nayo ayisaphuhliswa).

4.2. Kubeapps

website;
Inkcazo-ntetho;
indawo yokugcina (~ 2100 GitHub iinkwenkwezi);
Ilayisensi: Apache 2.0
Ngamafutshane: "Ideshibhodi yesicelo sakho seKubernetes."

Imveliso evela kwi-Bitnami, ekwafakwe kwi-cluster ye-Kubernetes, kodwa ihluke kwi-Monocular ekugxininiseni kwayo kokuqala ekusebenzeni kunye neendawo zokugcina zangasese.

Iimpawu eziphambili kunye nokusebenza kweKubeapps:

Jonga kwaye ufake iitshathi zeHelm ezivela kwiindawo zokugcina.
Jonga, uhlaziye kwaye ususe usetyenziso olusekwe kwiHelm efakwe kwiqela.
Inkxaso yokusebenza kunye neendawo zokugcina iitshathi zesiko kunye nezabucala (ixhasa iChartMuseum kunye neJFrog Artifactory).
Jonga kwaye usebenze ngeenkonzo zangaphandle - ukusuka kwiKhathalogu yeNkonzo kunye neeBroker zeNkonzo.
Ukupapasha usetyenziso olufakelweyo kusetyenziswa indlela yokuBophelela kwiKhathalogi yeNkonzo.
Inkxaso yokuqinisekisa kunye nokwahlulwa kwamalungelo usebenzisa i-RBAC.

Itheyibhile yokugqibela

Apha ngezantsi sisishwankathelo setheyibhile apho sizame ukushwankathela kunye nokuhlanganisa amandla aphambili ojongano olukhoyo olukhoyo ukuququzelela uthelekiso:

(Inguqulelo ye-intanethi yetafile iyafumaneka kuGoogle Docs.)

isiphelo

Ujongano lomzobo lweKubernetes yindawo ethile ekhethekileyo kwaye encinci. Nangona kunjalo, ikhula ngenkuthalo kakhulu: unokufumana izisombululo zombini ezivuthiweyo kunye nabancinci kakhulu abasenayo indawo yokukhula. Bajongana neentlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo, banikezela ngeempawu kwaye bajonge ukuhambelana phantse nayo yonke incasa. Siyathemba ukuba olu hlaziyo luya kukunceda ukhethe isixhobo esifanelana neemfuno zakho zangoku.