Enye ijonge emafini. Yintoni ilifu labucala?

Ukukhula kwamandla ekhompyuter kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yeqonga le-x86 kwelinye icala, kunye nokusasazeka kwe-IT kwelinye icala, kukhokelele kwingqikelelo ye-computing eluncedo (IT njengenkonzo eluncedo). Kutheni ungahlawuleli i-IT ngendlela efanayo namanzi okanye umbane - kanye kanye kwaye kanye xa uyifuna, kwaye akukho ngaphezulu.

Kulo mzuzu, ingcamango ye-computing yefu yabonakala - ukusetyenziswa kweenkonzo ze-IT ezivela "kwilifu", i.e. ukusuka kwimithombo ethile yangaphandle, ngaphandle kokukhathalela ukuba ezi zibonelelo zivela njani okanye phi. Kanye njengokuba singakhathali malunga neziseko zokumpompa eziluncedo zamanzi. Ngeli nqaku, elinye icala lengcamango liye lasebenza - oko kukuthi, ingcamango yeenkonzo ze-IT kunye nendlela yokulawula ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-ITIL / ITSM.

Inani leenkcazo zamafu (i-computing yefu) ziphuhlisiwe, kodwa akufuneki ziphathwe njengeyona nyani iphambili - yindlela nje yokumisela ngokusesikweni iindlela zokubonelela ngekhompyutha eluncedo.

• "I-Cloud computing yitekhnoloji yokuhanjiswa kwedatha apho izixhobo zekhompyuter kunye namandla anikezelwa kumsebenzisi njengenkonzo ye-Intanethi" Wikipedia
• "I-computing yamafu ibonelela ngemodeli yokubonelela ngokulula, ukufikelela okusekwe kwinethiwekhi kwindawo ekwabelwana ngayo kwimfuno, izixhobo zekhompyuter eziqwalaselweyo (umzekelo, iinethiwekhi, iiseva, ukugcinwa, usetyenziso kunye neenkonzo) ezinokubonelelwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zibonelelwe ngolawulo oluncinci. umzamo okanye ungenelelo lomnikezeli wenkonzo" NIST
• "I-Cloud computing yiparadigm yokubonelela ngenethiwekhi yokufikelela kwi-scalable and flexible pool yezibonelelo eziphathekayo okanye ezibonakalayo, ezizisebenzelayo kunye nokulawulwa ngokwemfuno" ISO / IEC 17788: 2014. Itekhnoloji yolwazi-i-Cloud computing-Ujongo jikelele kunye nesigama.

Ngokwe-NIST, zintathu iindidi eziphambili zamafu:

1. IaaS – Iziseko zoncedo njengeNkonzo
2. I-PaaS - Iqonga njengeNkonzo - Iqonga njengenkonzo
3. I-SaaS - iSoftware njengeNkonzo

Ukuqonda lula kakhulu umahluko, makhe sijonge imodeli yePizza-as-a-Service:

I-NIST ichaza ezi mpawu zilandelayo eziyimfuneko zenkonzo ye-IT eza kuthathwa njengesiseko selifu.

• Ukufikelela kwinethiwekhi ye-Universal (ukufikelela kwinethiwekhi ebanzi) - inkonzo kufuneka ibe ne-interface yenethiwekhi yendawo yonke evumela ukuba phantse nabani na ukuba adibanise kwaye asebenzise inkonzo kunye neemfuno ezincinci. Umzekelo - ukusebenzisa inethiwekhi yombane ye-220V, kwanele ukudibanisa nayiphi na i-socket kunye ne-standard standard interface (iplagi), engatshintshiyo nokuba i-kettle, i-vacuum cleaner okanye i-laptop.
• Inkonzo elinganisiweyo - uphawu oluphambili lwenkonzo yefu kukulinganiswa kwenkonzo. Ukubuyela kwisifaniso kunye nombane, uya kuhlawula kanye njengoko uchithe nge-granularity encinci, ukuya kwiindleko zokubilisa i-kettle kanye, ukuba ubusendlini kanye ngenyanga yonke kwaye usele ikomityi yeti.
• Ukuzilungiselela kweenkonzo kwiimfuno (kwimfuno yenkonzo yokuzimela) - umboneleli wefu unika umthengi ithuba lokuqulunqa ngengqiqo inkonzo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusebenzisana nabasebenzi bomboneleli. Ukuze ubilise i-kettle, akuyimfuneko ukuba uqhagamshelane ne-Energosbyt kwangaphambili kwaye ubalumkise kwangaphambili kwaye ufumane imvume. Ukususela ekudibaneni kwendlu (inkontileka igqityiwe), bonke abathengi banokulawula ngokuzimeleyo amandla anikezelweyo.
• I-elasticity ekhawulezileyo (i-elasticity ekhawulezayo) - umboneleli wefu ubonelela ngezibonelelo ngokukwazi ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza / ukunciphisa umthamo (ngaphakathi kwemida ethile efanelekileyo). Ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-kettle ivuliwe, umboneleli ngokukhawuleza unikezela i-3 kW yamandla kwinethiwekhi, kwaye ngokukhawuleza xa icinyiwe, iyanciphisa imveliso kwi-zero.
• Ukudityaniswa kwezibonelelo – iindlela zangaphakathi zomboneleli-nkonzo zenza ukuba kube lula ukudibanisa amandla okuvelisa umntu ngamnye kwimithombo efanayo yezibonelelo kunye nokubonelela ngezibonelelo ezongezelelweyo njengenkonzo kubasebenzisi abohlukeneyo. Xa silayita iketile, asizikhathazi kangako malunga nokuba umbane uvela kwesiphi isixhobo sombane esikhethekileyo. Kwaye bonke abanye abathengi basebenzisa la mandla kunye nathi.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba iimpawu zelifu elichazwe ngasentla azizange zithathwe emoyeni omncinci, kodwa zisigqibo esinengqiqo esivela kwingcamango ye-computing esebenzayo. Kwaye inkonzo yoluntu kufuneka ibe nezi mpawu ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sombono. Ukuba enye okanye enye impawu ayihambelani, inkonzo ayibi nakakhulu kwaye ayiyi kuba "yityhefu", iyayeka nje ukuba namafu. Kulungile, ngubani owathi zonke iinkonzo kufuneka?

Kutheni ndithetha ngale nto ngokwahlukeneyo? Kwiminyaka eyi-10 edlulileyo ukusukela oko kwaziswa inkcazo ye-NIST, kubekho iingxoxo ezininzi malunga “nobumnyama bokwenyani” njengoko kuchaziwe. EUnited States, uqulunqo "luhambelana neleta yomthetho, kodwa kungekhona umoya" ngamanye amaxesha lusetyenziswa kwinqanaba lokugweba - kwaye kwimeko ye-computing yefu, eyona nto iphambili ngumoya, izixhobo zokurenta ezimbini. Unqakrazo lwe mouse.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iimpawu ezi-5 ezingentla zisebenza kwifu likawonkewonke, kodwa xa ufudukela kwifu labucala, uninzi lwazo luba lukhetho.

• Ukufikelela kwinethiwekhi ye-Universal (ukufikelela kwinethiwekhi ebanzi) - ngaphakathi kwifu yangasese, umbutho unolawulo olupheleleyo kuzo zombini izixhobo zokuvelisa kunye nabathengi abathengi. Ngoko ke, olu phawu lunokuqwalaselwa luzaliseke ngokuzenzekelayo.
• Inkonzo elinganisiweyo luphawu oluphambili lwengcamango yekhompuyutha eluncedo, intlawulo esekelwe kusetyenziso. Kodwa intlangano inokuzihlawula njani? Kule meko, kukho ulwahlulo lwesizukulwana kunye nokusetyenziswa ngaphakathi kwenkampani, i-IT iba ngumboneleli, kwaye iiyunithi zoshishino ziba ngabathengi beenkonzo. Kwaye ukuhlalisana kwenzeka phakathi kwamasebe. Iindlela ezimbini zokusebenza zinokwenzeka: ukubuyisela imali (kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezihlangeneyo kunye nokunyakaza kwemali) kunye nomboniso (ngendlela yokunika ingxelo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kwii-ruble, kodwa ngaphandle kokuhamba kwemali).
• Kwimfuno yenkonzo yobuqu - kunokubakho inkonzo ye-IT ekwabelwana ngayo ngaphakathi kwintlangano, kwimeko apho uphawu lungabi nantsingiselo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uneengcali zakho ze-IT okanye abalawuli bezicelo kwiiyunithi zoshishino, kufuneka uququzelele i-portal yokuzenzela inkonzo. Isiphelo - uphawu luyinketho kwaye luxhomekeke kwisakhiwo seshishini.
• I-elasticity esheshayo (i-elasticity ekhawulezayo) - ngaphakathi kwintlangano, ilahlekelwa yintsingiselo yayo ngenxa yesethi esisigxina yezixhobo zokuququzelela ifu yangasese. Ingasetyenziselwa umlinganiselo othile kwiindawo zokuhlala zangaphakathi. Isiphelo - ayisebenzi kwifu labucala.
• Ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo - namhlanje akukho mibutho engasebenzisi i-server virtualization. Ngokuhambelanayo, olu phawu lunokuqwalaselwa luzaliseke ngokuzenzekelayo.

Umbuzo: Lithini ke ilifu lakho labucala? Yintoni ekufuneka inkampani ithenge kwaye iphumeze ukuyakha?

Impendulo: ifu yangasese yinguqu kwimodeli entsha yolawulo lwe-IT-Business interaction, equkethe i-80% yemilinganiselo yolawulo kunye ne-20% kuphela iteknoloji.

Ukuhlawula kuphela izibonelelo ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nokungena lula, ngaphandle kokungcwaba amakhulu ezigidi zeoli kwiinkcitho ezinkulu, kukhokelele kumhlaba omtsha wezobuchwepheshe kunye nokuvela kweenkampani ze-billionaire. Umzekelo, izigebenga zale mihla iDropbox kunye ne-Instagram zivele njengeziqalo kwi-AWS eneziseko ezizezazo.

Kufuneka kugxininiswe ngokwahlukileyo ukuba izixhobo zokulawula iinkonzo zefu ziba ngakumbi ngokungathanga ngqo, kwaye uxanduva oluphambili lomlawuli we-IT luba ukhetho lomthengisi kunye nokulawula umgangatho. Makhe sijonge imiceli mngeni yolu xanduva lutsha.

Emva kokuba kuvele njengenye indlela kwisiseko esinzima sakudala kunye namaziko edatha kunye ne-hardware, amafu alula ngokukhohlisa. Kulula ukungena kwilifu, kodwa umba wokuphuma udla ngokuphetshwa. Njengalo naliphi na elinye ishishini, ababoneleli ngamafu bazama ukukhusela ishishini kwaye benze ukhuphiswano lube nzima ngakumbi. Umzuzu onzima wokukhuphisana kuphela uvela kuphela ngexesha lokukhethwa kokuqala komnikezeli wenkonzo yefu, kwaye ke umthengisi uya kwenza zonke iinzame zokuqinisekisa ukuba umthengi akamshiyi. Ngaphezu koko, ayizizo zonke iinzame eziya kujoliswa kumgangatho weenkonzo okanye uluhlu lwazo. Okokuqala, oku kukuhanjiswa kweenkonzo ezizodwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-software ye-software engekho-standard, eyenza kube nzima ukutshintshela komnye umnikezeli. Ngako oko, xa ukhetha umboneleli wenkonzo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ngexesha elifanayo uqulunqe isicwangciso sotshintsho kulo mboneleli (ngokubalulekileyo i-DRP epheleleyo - isicwangciso sokubuyisela intlekele) kwaye ucinge ngokwakhiwa kokugcinwa kwedatha kunye neekopi zokugcina.

Inkalo yesibini ebalulekileyo yoxanduva olutsha lomlawuli we-IT ukubeka esweni umgangatho weenkonzo ezivela kumthengisi. Phantse bonke ababoneleli bamafu bathobela ii-SLA ngokweemethrikhi zabo zangaphakathi, ezinokuthi zibe nempembelelo engathanga ngqo kwiinkqubo zoshishino zabathengi. Kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yakho yokubeka iliso kunye nokulawula iba yenye yeeprojekthi eziphambili xa uhambisa iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo ze-IT kumnikezeli wefu. Ukuqhubela phambili isihloko se-SLA, kuyimfuneko ukugxininisa ukuba uninzi lwababoneleli bamafu bakhawulela uxanduva lokungaphumeleli ukuzalisekisa i-SLA kwintlawulo yokubhalisa yenyanga okanye kwisabelo sentlawulo. Ngokomzekelo, i-AWS kunye ne-Azure, ukuba umda wokufumaneka kwe-95% (iiyure ezingama-36 ngenyanga) ugqithisiwe, uya kunika isaphulelo se-100% kwintlawulo yokubhalisa, kunye ne-Yandex.Cloud - 30%.

https://yandex.ru/legal/cloud_sla_compute/

Kwaye ke, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuba amafu awenziwanga kuphela ngama-mastodon eklasi ye-Amazon kunye neendlovu ze-Yandex-class. Amafu anokuba mancinci - ubukhulu bekati okanye impuku. Njengoko umzekelo we-CloudMouse ubonisile, ngamanye amaxesha ilifu liyayeka kwaye liphele. Awuyi kufumana mbuyekezo, akukho saphulelo - awuyi kufumana nto ngaphandle kwelahleko yedatha iyonke.

Ngenxa yeengxaki ezingentla apha kunye nokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo eziphezulu ze-IT ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-IT kwiziseko ze-cloud, i-phenomenon "yokubuyisela ifu" ibonwe kwiminyaka yamuva.

Ngo-2020, i-computing yefu idlulile incopho yolindelo oluphezulu kwaye ingcamango isendleleni eya kumsele wokuphoxeka (ngokomjikelo we-Gartner hype). Ngokutsho kophando IDC и 451 Uphando ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% yabathengi bamashishini ababuyileyo kwaye bacwangcise ukubuyisela imithwalo ukusuka emafini ukuya kumaziko abo edatha ngezi zizathu zilandelayo:

• Ukuphucula ukufumaneka/ukusebenza;
• Ukunciphisa iindleko;
• Ukuthobela iimfuno zokhuseleko lolwazi.

Yintoni enokuyenza kwaye yonke into "yinyani"?

Akukho mathandabuzo okuba amafu alapha ixesha elide. Kwaye minyaka le indima yabo iya kwanda. Nangona kunjalo, asihlali kwikamva elikude, kodwa ngo-2020 kwimeko ethile kakhulu. Yintoni enokuyenza ngamafu ukuba awuqali, kodwa umthengi we-classic corporate?

1. Ilifu ngokuyintloko yindawo yeenkonzo ezinemithwalo engalindelekanga okanye kakhulu yexesha lonyaka.
2. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iinkonzo ezinomthwalo oqikelelwayo, ozinzileyo zingabizi kakhulu ukuzigcina kwiziko lakho ledatha.
3. Kuyimfuneko ukuba uqalise ukusebenza ngamafu kunye neendawo zovavanyo kunye neenkonzo eziphambili eziphantsi.
4. Ukuqwalaselwa kokubeka iinkqubo zolwazi kwilifu kuqala ngokuphuhlisa indlela yokuphuma kwilifu kwelinye ilifu (okanye ubuyele kwiziko lakho ledatha).
5. Ukubeka inkqubo yolwazi kwilifu kuqala ngokuphuhlisa iskimu sogcino lwesiseko osilawulayo.

umthombo: www.habr.com