Wamkelekile kwihlabathi lokutshintsha! Namhlanje siza kuthetha malunga nokutshintsha. Makhe sicinge ukuba ungumlawuli wothungelwano kwaye useofisini yenkampani entsha. Umphathi uza kuwe ephethe iswitshi engaphandle kwebhokisi kwaye akucele ukuba uyiqwalasele. Usenokuba ukhe wacinga ukuba sithetha umbane oqhelekileyo (ngesiNgesi, igama iswitshi lithetha zombini iswitshi yomnatha kunye nombane - inqaku lomguquleli), kodwa oku akunjalo - sithetha inethiwekhi, okanye Cisco switch.
Ke, umphathi ukunika iswitshi entsha yeCisco, exhotyiswe ngeendlela ezininzi. Oku kunokuba yi-8,16, 24 okanye i-48-port switch. Kule meko, isilayidi sibonisa iswitshi enamazibuko angama-4 ngaphambili, yahlulwe yangamacandelo ama-12 eezibuko ezili-XNUMX ngalinye. Njengoko sisazi kwizifundo ezidlulileyo, kukho ujongano oluninzi ngasemva kokutshintsha, enye yazo lizibuko le-console. I-port ye-console isetyenziselwa ukufikelela kwangaphandle kwisixhobo kwaye ikuvumela ukuba ubone indlela inkqubo yokusebenza yokutshintsha ilayisha ngayo.
Sele sixoxe ngemeko apho ufuna ukunceda umntu osebenza naye kwaye usebenzisa idesktop ekude. Uxhuma kwikhompyuter yakhe, wenze utshintsho, kodwa ukuba ufuna ukuba umhlobo wakho aqale kwakhona ikhompyuter, uya kulahlekelwa lufikelelo kwaye awuyi kukwazi ukubona okwenzekayo kwiscreen ngexesha lokulayisha. Lo mba uyenzeka ukuba awunafikelelo lwangaphandle kwesi sixhobo kwaye uqhagamshelwe kuso kuphela kwinethiwekhi.
Kodwa ukuba unokufikelela ngaphandle kwe-intanethi, unokubona isikrini sokuqalisa, ukukhutshwa kwe-IOS kunye nezinye iinkqubo. Enye indlela yokufikelela kwesi sixhobo kukuqhagamshela nakweliphi na izibuko elingaphambili. Ukuba uqwalasele ulawulo lwedilesi ye-IP kwesi sixhobo, njengoko kuya kuboniswa kule vidiyo, uya kukwazi ukufikelela kuyo ngeTelnet. Ingxaki kukuba uya kuphulukana nofikelelo ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba isixhobo sicime.
Makhe sibone ukuba singenza njani ukuseta inguqu entsha. Ngaphambi kokuba siqhubele phambili ngokuthe ngqo ukuseta uqwalaselo, kufuneka singenise imithetho embalwa esisiseko.
Uninzi lwezifundo zevidiyo, ndisebenzise i-GNS3, i-emulator ekuvumela ukuba ulandele inkqubo yokusebenza yeCisco IOS. Kwiimeko ezininzi ndifuna izixhobo ezingaphezulu kwesinye, umzekelo ukuba ndibonisa indlela okwenziwa ngayo umzila. Kule meko ndingadinga, umzekelo, izixhobo ezine. Endaweni yokuthenga izixhobo eziphathekayo, ndingasebenzisa inkqubo yokusebenza yenye yezixhobo zam, ndiyidibanise ne-GNS3, kwaye ndilinganise loo IOS kwiimeko ezininzi zesixhobo.
Ngoko ke akuyomfuneko ukuba ngokwasemzimbeni iirotha ezintlanu, ndinokuba umzila nje enye. Ndingasebenzisa inkqubo yokusebenza kwikhompyuter yam, ndifake i-emulator kwaye ndifumane iimeko ezi-5 zesixhobo. Kwizifundo ezilandelayo zevidiyo siza kujonga indlela yokwenza oku, kodwa namhlanje ingxaki ngokusebenzisa i-emulator ye-GNS3 kukuba akunakwenzeka ukuxelisa utshintsho kunye nayo, kuba i-Cisco switch ine-hardware ye-ASIC chips. Le yisekethe ekhethekileyo edityanisiweyo eyenza iswitshi itshintshe, ngoko awukwazi nje ukulinganisa lo msebenzi we-hardware.
Ngokubanzi, i-emulator ye-GNS3 inceda ukusebenza kunye nokutshintsha, kodwa kukho imisebenzi ethile engenakwenziwa ngoncedo lwayo. Ke kwesi sifundo kunye nezinye iividiyo, ndisebenzise enye isoftware yeCisco ebizwa ngokuba yiCisco Packet Tracer. Ungandibuzi ukuba ungafikelela njani kwi-Cisco Packet Tracer, ungayi kuGoogle, ngaphandle kokuba kufuneka ube lilungu le-Network Academy ukuze ufumane ukufikelela.
Unokufikelela kwi-Cisco Packet Tracer, unokufikelela kwisixhobo somzimba okanye unokufikelela kwi-GNS3, ungasebenzisa naziphi na ezi zixhobo ngelixa ufunda ikhosi ye-Cisco ICND. Ungasebenzisa i-GNS3 ukuba une-router, inkqubo yokusebenza kunye nokutshintsha kwaye iya kusebenza ngaphandle kweengxaki, ungasebenzisa isixhobo somzimba, okanye iPacket Tracer - yenza isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi eyona nto ikulungeleyo.
Kodwa kwizifundo zam zevidiyo ndiza kusebenzisa iPacket Tracer ngokuthe ngqo, ke ndiza kuba neevidiyo ezimbalwa, enye ibe yePacket Tracer kwaye enye ikwi-GNS3 kuphela, ndiza kuzithumela kungekudala, kodwa okwangoku siza kuzithumela. sebenzisa iPacket Tracer. Yile nto akhangeleka ngayo. Ukuba unako ukufikelela kwi-Network Academy, uya kukwazi ukufikelela kule nkqubo, kodwa ukuba akunjalo, ungasebenzisa ezinye izixhobo.
Ke, kuba namhlanje sithetha malunga nokutshintsha, ndiza kujonga into yoTshintsho, khetha imodeli ye-2960 yochungechunge kwaye utsale i icon yayo kwifestile yenkqubo. Ukuba ndicofa kabini kule icon, izakundithatha ukuya kujongano lomgca womyalelo.
Emva koko, ndibona indlela inkqubo yokusebenza yokutshintsha elayisha ngayo.
Ukuba uthatha isixhobo somzimba kwaye usidibanise nekhompyuter, uya kubona umfanekiso ofanayo weCisco IOS yokulayisha. Uyabona ukuba inkqubo yokusebenza ivuliwe, kwaye unokufunda ezinye izithintelo zokusetyenziswa kwesofthiwe kunye nesivumelwano selayisensi, ulwazi lwelungelo lokushicilela ... konke oku kuboniswe kule festile.
Emva koko, iqonga apho i-OS isebenza khona iya kuboniswa, kulo mzekelo yi-WS-C2690-24TT switch, kwaye yonke imisebenzi ye-hardware iya kuboniswa. Uguqulelo lwenkqubo lukwaboniswa apha. Okulandelayo siya ngqo kumgca womyalelo, ukuba uyakhumbula, apha sineengcebiso zomsebenzisi. Umzekelo, isimboli (>) siyakukhuthaza ukuba ufake umyalelo. Ukususela kwisifundo sevidiyo "Usuku lwe-5" uyazi ukuba le yindlela yokuqala, eyona ndlela iphantsi yokufikelela kwiisethingi zesixhobo, okubizwa ngokuba yimodi ye-EXEC yomsebenzisi. Olu fikelelo lunokufumaneka kuso nasiphi na isixhobo seCisco.
Ukuba usebenzisa iPacket Tracer, ufumana ukufikelela kwi-OOB ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi kwisixhobo kwaye unokubeka iliso kwindlela ifowuni eqala ngayo. Le nkqubo ilinganisa ufikelelo kutshintsho ngezibuko le console. Ke uphuma njani kwimowudi ye-EXEC yomsebenzisi ukuya kwimo ye-EXEC enelungelo? Uchwetheza umyalelo "yenza" kwaye ucinezele u-Enter, ungasebenzisa icebiso ngokuchwetheza ngokulula u-"en" kwaye ufumane iinketho zomyalelo ezinokubakho ukuqala ngabo nobumba. Ukuba uchwetheza nje unobumba "e", isixhobo asiyi kuyazi into oyithethayo kuba kukho imiyalelo emithathu eqala ngo "e", kodwa ukuba ndichwetheza "en", inkqubo iya kuqonda ukuba igama kuphela eliqala ngabo. Oonobumba ababini ngu-oku kunikwe amandla. Ke, ngokungenisa lo myalelo, uya kufumana ufikelelo kwimo enelungelo le-Exec.
Kule modi, sinokwenza yonke into ebonisiweyo kwisilayidi sesibini-tshintsha igama lomninimzi, cwangcisa ibhana yokungena, igama lokugqitha leTelnet, vumela ukungena kwegama lokugqitha, qwalasela idilesi yeIP, cwangcisa isango elingagqibekanga, unike umyalelo wokukhubaza isixhobo. , rhoxisa imiyalelo efakiweyo yangaphambili kwaye ugcine utshintsho lolungelelwaniso olwenziwe.
Le yimiyalelo eli-10 esisiseko oyisebenzisayo xa uqalisa isixhobo. Ukufaka ezi parameters, kufuneka usebenzise imowudi yoqwalaselo lwehlabathi, esiya kuthi ngoku siqhubele phambili kuyo.
Ke iparameter yokuqala ligama lenginginya, lisebenza kuso sonke isixhobo, ngoko ke ukuyitshintsha kwenziwa kwimowudi yoqwalaselo yehlabathi. Ukwenza oku, sifaka uTshintsho (config)# ipharamitha kumgca womyalelo. Ukuba ndifuna ukutshintsha igama lenginginya, ndingenisa igama lenginginya kwiNetworKing kulo mgca, cofa u-Enter, kwaye ubone ukuba igama lesixhobo soTshintsho sitshintshele kwi-NetworKing. Ukuba ujoyina olu tshintsho kuthungelwano apho sele kukho ezinye izixhobo ezininzi, eli gama liza kusebenza njengesichongi phakathi kwezinye izixhobo zothungelwano, ngoko zama ukuza negama elilodwa elinentsingiselo yokutshintsha kwakho. Ke, ukuba olu tshintsho lufakiwe, yithi, kwiofisi yomlawuli, ungawubiza ngokuba nguAdminFloor1Room2. Ke, ukuba unika isixhobo igama elinengqiqo, kuya kuba lula kakhulu kuwe ukuchonga ukuba yeyiphi iswitshi oqhagamshela kuyo. Oku kubalulekile kuba kuya kukunceda uphephe ukulahleka kwizixhobo njengoko inethiwekhi yakho isanda.
Okulandelayo kuza iparamitha yesibhengezo seLogon. Le yinto yokuqala nabani na ongena kwesi sixhobo usebenzisa ukungena ngemvume uya kuyibona. Olu khetho lusetwa ngokusebenzisa #ibhena yomyalelo. Okulandelayo, ungangenisa isishunqulelo motd, Umyalezo wosuku, okanye "umyalezo wosuku." Ukuba ndifaka uphawu lombuzo emgceni, ndiza kufumana umyalezo ofana no: LINE nge-banner-text nge.
Oku kujongeka kudidekile, kodwa kuthetha ngokulula ukuba ungangenisa okubhaliweyo ngalo naluphi na uphawu ngaphandle kuka "c", kulo mzekelo luhlobo lomahluli. Ke masiqale ngeampersand (&). Ndicofa u-Enter kwaye inkqubo ithi ungangenisa ngoku nakuphi na okubhaliweyo kwibhena kwaye uyigqibe ngophawu olufanayo (&) oluqala umgca. Ndiye ndaqala ngeampersand kwaye kufuneka ndiphelise umyalezo wam ngeampersand.
Ndiza kuqalisa ibhanile yam ngomgca weenkwenkwezi (*), kwaye kumgca olandelayo ndiya kubhala "Olona tshintsho luyingozi kakhulu! Sukungena"! Ndicinga ukuba kupholile, nabani na unokoyika ukubona ibhena eyamkelekileyo ngolo hlobo.
Lo βngumyalezo wam wosukuβ. Ukujonga ukuba ijongeka njani esikrinini, ndicinezela u-CTRL+Z ukutshintsha ukusuka kwimowudi yehlabathi ukuya kwimo ye-EXEC enelungelo, ukusuka apho ndingaphuma khona kwimo yokuseta. Yile ndlela umyalezo wam ujongeka ngayo kwiscreen kwaye yile ndlela nabani na ongena kolu tshintsho uya kuyibona. Le yinto ebizwa ngokuba yibhena yokungena. Unokuba nobuchule kwaye ubhale nantoni na oyifunayo, kodwa ndikucebisa ukuba uyithathele ingqalelo. Into endiyithethayo kukuba abanye abantu, endaweni yesicatshulwa esinengqiqo, bathumele imifanekiso yeesimboli njengebhena eyamkelekileyo engazange ithwale nayiphi na intsingiselo ye-semantic. Akukho nto inokukunqanda ekwenzeni "ubuchule" obunjalo, khumbula nje ukuba ngoonobumba abangadingekile ulayisha kakhulu imemori yesixhobo (RAM) kunye nefayile yoqwalaselo esetyenziswa xa inkqubo iqala. Abalinganiswa abaninzi kule fayile, ngokucotha imithwalo yokutshintsha, ngoko zama ukunciphisa ifayile yoqwalaselo, wenze umxholo webhena ucace kwaye ube mfutshane.
Okulandelayo siza kujonga i-Console Password. Ithintela abantu abangakhethiyo ukuba bangene kwisixhobo. Masithi usishiye sivuliwe isixhobo. Ukuba ndiyihacker, ndiza kuqhagamshela ilaptop yam ndisebenzisa intambo yeconsole kwiswitshi, ndisebenzise ikhonsoli ukungena kwiswitshi kwaye nditshintshe igama eliyimfihlo okanye ndenze enye into engalunganga. Kodwa ukuba usebenzisa igama eligqithisiweyo lezibuko leconsole, ndingangena kuphela ngelo gama liyimfihlo. Awufuni ukuba umntu angene kwi-console kwaye atshintshe into kwisetingi zakho zokutshintsha. Ngoko masiqale sijonge kuqwalaselo lwangoku.
Kuba ndikwimowudi yoqwalaselo, ndingangenisa do sh run imiyalelo. Umboniso sebenzisa umyalelo ulilungelo lomyalelo we-EXEC. Ukuba ndifuna ukungena kwimo yelizwe jikelele kule mowudi, kufuneka ndisebenzise umyalelo othi "yenza". Ukuba sijonga umgca we-console, siya kubona ukuba ngokungagqibekanga akukho gama lokugqitha kunye ne-line con 0 ibonisiwe.
Ekubeni akukho nto kwicandelo "lomgca wekhonsoli", oku kuthetha ukuba xa ndixhuma kwi-switch ngokusebenzisa i-console port, ndiya kuba nokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-console. Ngoku, ukuba ufaka "isiphelo", ungabuyela umva kwimowudi yelungelo kwaye ukusuka apho utshintshele kwimowudi yomsebenzisi. Ukuba ndicofa u-Enter ngoku, ndiza kusiwa ngqo kwimowudi yoMyalelo we-Command Prompt kuba akukho gama liyimfihlo, kungenjalo inkqubo ingandicela ukuba ndiyifake ukuze ndingenise useto loqwalaselo.
Ke, masicinezele "Ngena" kwaye uchwetheze umgca con 0 emgceni, kuba kwizixhobo zeCisco yonke into iqala ukusuka ekuqaleni. Kuba sinekhonsoli enye kuphela, ichazwa sisishunqulelo esithi "con". Ngoku, ukunika igama eligqithisiweyo, umzekelo, igama elithi "Cisco", kufuneka sichwetheze i-password cisco umyalelo kwi-NetworKing (umgca we-config-line) # kwaye ucinezele u-"Enter".
Ngoku sisete igama lokugqithisa, kodwa kukho into esiyiphosayo. Masizame yonke into kwakhona kwaye siphume kwisethingi. Nangona siseta igama eliyimfihlo, inkqubo ayifuni. Ngoba?
Ayibuzi password kuba asiyibuzi. Siseta igama eligqithisiweyo, kodwa asizange sichaze umgca apho ihlolwe khona ukuba i-traffic iqala ukufika kwisixhobo. Yintoni esimele siyenze? Kufuneka sibuyele kwakhona kumgca apho sinomgca we-con 0 kwaye singenise igama elithi "login".
Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka ujonge igama eligqithisiweyo, oko kukuthi, ufuna ukungena ngemvume ukuze ungene. Masijonge into esinayo. Ukwenza oku, masiphume kwizicwangciso kwaye sibuyele kwifestile yesibhengezo. Uyabona ukuba ngokukhawuleza ngaphantsi kwayo sinomgca ofuna ukuba sifake igama eliyimfihlo.
Ukuba ndifaka igama lokugqitha apha, ndingangena kuseto lwesixhobo. Ke, sithintele ngokufanelekileyo ukufikelela kwisixhobo ngaphandle kwemvume yakho, kwaye ngoku kuphela abo bayaziyo igama eligqithisiweyo banokungena.
Ngoku uyabona ukuba sinengxaki encinci. Ukuba uchwetheza into engayiqondiyo inkqubo, icinga ukuba ligama lesizinda kwaye izama ukufumana igama lesizinda somncedisi ngokuvumela uxhulumaniso kwidilesi ye-IP 255.255.255.255.
Oku kunokwenzeka, kwaye ndiza kukubonisa indlela yokumisa lo myalezo ukuba ungabonakali. Ungalinda ngokulula kude kuphele amaxesha esicelo, okanye usebenzise indlela emfutshane Control+Shift+6, ngamanye amaxesha oku kusebenza nakwizixhobo eziphathekayo.
Emva koko kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba inkqubo ayikhangeli igama lesizinda;
Njengoko ubona, ngoku unokusebenza kunye nezicwangciso zokutshintsha ngaphandle kweengxaki. Ukuba siphinda siphume kwisetingi ukuya kwiscreen esamkelekileyo kwaye senze impazamo efanayo, oko kukuthi, faka umgca ongenanto, isixhobo asiyi kuchitha ixesha sikhangela igama lesizinda, kodwa siya kubonisa umyalezo "umyalelo ongaziwayo." ukuseta igama lokugqitha yenye yezinto eziphambili ozakudinga ukuzenza kwisixhobo sakho esitsha seCisco.
Emva koko siza kujonga igama lokugqitha leTelnet. Ukuba igama eligqithisiweyo leconsole besine βcon 0β emgceni, yeTelnet password iparameter engagqibekanga yi βline vtyβ, oko kukuthi, igama eligqithisiweyo liqwalaselwe kwimo yesiphelo sesiphelo, kuba iTelnet ayiyomzimba, kodwa inyani. umgca. Umgca wokuqala we-vty parameter ngu-0 kwaye wokugqibela ngu-15. Ukuba sibeka iparameter ukuya kwi-15, kuya kuthetha ukuba unokwenza imigca eyi-16 ukufikelela kwesi sixhobo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba sinezixhobo ezininzi kuthungelwano, xa uqhagamshela kwi-switch nge-protocol yeTelnet, isixhobo sokuqala siya kusebenzisa umgca we-0, owesibini uya kusebenzisa umgca we-1, njalo njalo ukuya kumgca we-15. Ngaloo ndlela, abantu abayi-16 banokuxhuma kwitshintshi ngexesha elifanayo, kwaye xa umntu weshumi elinesixhenxe ezama ukudibanisa, umtshintshi uya kwazisa ukuba umda wokudibanisa ufikeleleke.
Singaseta igama eligqithisiweyo eliqhelekileyo kuyo yonke imigca eyi-16 ukusuka ku-0 ukuya kwe-15, silandela ingqikelelo efanayo naxa useta igama eliyimfihlo kwikhonsoli, oko kukuthi, faka igama eliyimfihlo kumgca kwaye usete igama eligqithisiweyo, umzekelo, igama elithi " telnet", kwaye ke ngenisa umyalelo "login". Oku kuthetha ukuba asifuni abantu bangene kwiTelnet kwisixhobo ngaphandle kwegama lokugqitha. Ke ngoko, siyakuyalela ukuba ujonge ukungena kwakho kwaye emva koko unikeze ufikelelo kwinkqubo.
Okwangoku asikwazi ukusebenzisa iTelnet, kuba ukufikelela kwisixhobo usebenzisa le protocol kunokufezekiswa kuphela emva kokuseta idilesi ye-IP ekutshintsheni. Ke ukujonga useto lwakho lweTelnet, masiqale sidlulele kuLawulo lweedilesi ze-IP.
Njengoko usazi, iswitshi isebenza kwi-2 yemodeli ye-OSI, inamachweba angama-24 kwaye ngoko ayinakuba nayo nayiphi na idilesi ye-IP ethile. Kodwa kufuneka sinikeze idilesi ye-IP kolu tshintsho ukuba sifuna ukudibanisa kuyo ukusuka kwesinye isixhobo ukuphumeza ulawulo lwedilesi ye-IP.
Ngoko ke, kufuneka sinikeze idilesi ye-IP enye kwi-switch, eya kusetyenziselwa ulawulo lwe-IP. Ukwenza oku, siya kungena omnye wemiyalelo endiyithandayo "bonisa i-ip interface emfutshane" kwaye siya kukwazi ukubona zonke iindlela zojongano ezikhoyo kwesi sixhobo.
Ke ndiyabona ukuba ndinamashumi amabini anesine izibuko ze-FastEthernet, izibuko ezimbini zeGigabitEthernet, kunye ne-VLAN interface enye. I-VLAN yinethiwekhi yenyani, kamva siza kujonga ingqikelelo yayo ngokweenkcukacha, ngoku ndiza kuthi iswitshi nganye iza ne-interface enye ebizwa ngokuba yi-VLAN interface. Yile nto siyisebenzisayo ukulawula iswitshi.
Ke ngoko, siya kuzama ukufikelela kolu jongano kwaye singenise iparamitha ye-vlan kumgca womyalelo Ngoku ungabona ukuba umgca womyalelo ube yiNetworKing (config-ukuba) #, oku kuthetha ukuba sikwi-interface yolawulo lokutshintsha kweVLAN. Ngoku siya kufaka umyalelo wokuseta idilesi ye-IP ngolu hlobo: Ip yongeza 1 10.1.1.1 kwaye cinezela "Ngena".
Siyabona ukuba olu jongano luvela kuluhlu lweendlela zojongano ezibhalwe "ngolawulo phantsi". Ukuba ubona lo myalezo, kuthetha ukuba i-interface inomyalelo "wokuvala" okuvumela ukuba uvale i-port, kwaye kulo mzekelo, i-port ivaliwe. Ungawusebenzisa lo myalelo kulo naluphi na ujongano olunophawu "phantsi" kwiphepha leempawu. Ngokomzekelo, unokuya kwi-FastEthernet0/23 okanye kwi-FastEthernet0/24 interface, unike umyalelo othi "shutdown", emva koko kuluhlu lwe-interfaces eli chweba liya kumakishwa ngokuthi "ulawulo phantsi", oko kukuthi, lukhubazekile.
Ke, sijonge indlela osebenza ngayo umyalelo wokuvala isivalo. Ukuze uvule izibuko okanye wenze nantoni na ekutshintsheni, sebenzisa Umyalelo ochasayo, okanye "ukuchasa umyalelo". Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko yethu, ukusebenzisa umyalelo onjalo kuya kuthetha "akukho kuvalwa". Lo ngumyalelo olula wegama elinye elithi "hayi" - ukuba "ukuvalwa" kuthetha "cima isixhobo", ngoko "akukho kuvalwa" kuthetha "vula isixhobo". Ngaloo ndlela, ngokugatya nawuphi na umyalelo usebenzisa i-particle "hayi", siyalela isixhobo seCisco ukuba senze isenzo esichasene ngqo.
Ngoku ndiza kufaka umyalelo othi "bonisa i-ip interface emfutshane" kwakhona, kwaye uya kubona ukuba imeko ye-port yethu ye-VLAN, ngoku inedilesi ye-IP ye-10.1.1.1, itshintshile ukusuka "phantsi" ukuya "phezulu", nangona kunjalo , umgca weprotocol usathi "phantsi".
Kutheni iVLAN protocol ingasebenzi? Ngenxa yokuba ngoku akaboni nayiphi na i-traffic edlula kweli zibuko, ekubeni, ukuba uyakhumbula, kukho isixhobo esinye kuphela kwinethiwekhi yethu yenyani - iswitshi, kwaye kule meko akunakubakho itrafikhi. Ke ngoko, siyakongeza esinye isixhobo kwinethiwekhi, iPC-PT(PC0) yekhompyuter yomntu.
Sukuba nexhala malunga neCisco Packet Tracer, kwenye yeevidiyo ezilandelayo ndiza kukubonisa ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi ukuba le nkqubo isebenza njani, kuba ngoku siya kuba nesishwankathelo samandla ayo.
Ke, ngoku ndiza kuvula ukulinganisa kwePC, cofa kwi icon yekhompyuter kwaye usebenzise intambo ukusuka kuyo ukuya kwiswitshi yethu. Umyalezo uvele kwikhonsoli echaza ukuba iprotocol yomgca yojongano lweVLAN1 yatshintsha imeko yayo yaba yi-UP, kuba sifumene itrafikhi kwiPC. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba iprotocol iphawule ukufika kwetrafikhi, yakhawuleza yangena kwimeko ekulungeleyo.
Ukuba unika umyalelo othi "bonisa ip interface emfutshane" kwakhona, unokubona ukuba i-FastEthernet0/1 interface iyitshintshile imeko yayo kunye nemeko yeprotocol yayo ukuya ku-UP, kuba yayiyintambo esuka kwikhompyuter apho itrafikhi yaqala ukuhamba ngayo. yadityaniswa. I-interface ye-VLAN nayo yasebenza kuba yabona i-traffic kwelo zibuko.
Ngoku siza kucofa i icon yekhompyutha ukuze sibone ukuba ijongeka njani. Yikhompyutha nje eqikelelweyo esebenzisa i-OS. Windows, ngoko ke siza kuya kwizicwangciso zoqwalaselo lwenethiwekhi ukuze sinike ikhompyutha idilesi ye-IP engu-10.1.1.2 size sinike imaski ye-subnet engu-255.255.255.0.
Asiyifuni isango elihlala lihleli kuba sikuthungelwano olufana nolokutshintsha. Ngoku ndiza kuzama ukutshintshela i-ping kunye nomyalelo othi "ping 10.1.1.1", kwaye, njengoko ubona, i-ping iphumelele. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngoku ikhomputha inokufikelela kwi-switch kwaye sinedilesi ye-IP ye-10.1.1.1, apho ukutshintshwa kulawulwa khona.
Unokuzibuza ukuba kutheni isicelo sokuqala sekhompyuter sifumene impendulo "yokuphuma kwexesha". Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ikhompyutha yayingayazi idilesi ye-MAC yokutshintsha kwaye kwafuneka iqale ithumele isicelo se-ARP, ngoko umnxeba wokuqala kwidilesi ye-IP ye-10.1.1.1 ayiphumelelanga.
Masizame ukusebenzisa iTelnet protocol ngokuchwetheza βtelnet 10.1.1.1β kwiconsole. Sinxibelelana kule khompyutha sisebenzisa iprotocol yeTelnet enedilesi 10.1.1.1, engeyonto ngaphandle kojongano olubonakalayo lokutshintsha. Emva koku, kwi-terminal yefestile yomgca womyalelo, ngokukhawuleza ndibona ibhana eyamkelekileyo yokutshintsha esisifake ngaphambili.
Ngokwenyama, olu tshintsho lunokufumaneka naphi na - kumgangatho wesine okanye wokuqala weofisi, kodwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko siyifumana kusetyenziswa iTelnet. Uyabona ukuba utshintsho lucela igama eliyimfihlo. Loluphi uhlobo lwephasiwedi? Siseta amagama ayimfihlo amabini - enye yeconsole, enye yeVTY. Masiqale sizame ukufaka igama eligqithisiweyo kwi-console "cisco" kwaye unokubona ukuba ayimkelwanga yinkqubo. Emva koko ndizama igama lokugqitha elithi "telnet" kwiVTY kwaye yasebenza. Utshintshiselwano lwamkele igama lokugqitha le-VTY, ngoko ke ilayini vty lokugqitha yiyo esebenza ngaphezulu kweprotocol yeTelnet esetyenziswa apha.
Ngoku ndizama ukufaka umyalelo othi "vumela", apho inkqubo iphendula "akukho gama liyimfihlo" - "akukho phasiwedi iseti." Oku kuthetha ukuba iswitshi indivumele ukuba ndifikelele kwimowudi yesethingi yomsebenzisi, kodwa ayindinikanga ilungelo lofikelelo. Ukungena kwimo ye-EXEC enelungelo, kufuneka ndenze into ebizwa ngokuba "vumela igama lokugqitha". Ukwenza oku, siphinda siye kwisetingi yokutshintshela ifestile ukuvumela inkqubo ukuba isebenzise igama eligqithisiweyo.
Ukwenza oku, sisebenzisa umyalelo othi "vumela", sitshintshela kwimowudi ye-EXEC yomsebenzisi ukuya kwimo ye-EXEC enelungelo. Nje ukuba singenise "vumela", inkqubo ikwafuna ukuba singenise igama eliyimfihlo kuba lo msebenzi awuzukusebenza ngaphandle kokusebenzisa igama eliyimfihlo. Ke sibuyele ekufaniseni ukufumana ufikelelo lweconsole kwakhona. Sele ndinofikelelo kolu tshintsho, ke kwifestile ye-IOS CLI kwi-NetworKing (config) # vumela umgca wokwenza umsebenzi endiwudingayo ukongeza βpassword yenzaβ, oko kukuthi, vumela igama lokugqitha.
Ngoku makhe ndizame kwakhona ngokuchwetheza u-"enable" kwi-Command command prompt kwaye ucofe u-"Enter", emva koko inkqubo iya kucela igama eliyimfihlo. Yintoni le password? Emva kokuba ndichwetheze kwaye ndifake umyalelo othi "vumela", ndiye ndafumana ilungelo lendlela ye-EXEC. Ngoku ndinokufikelela kwesi sixhobo ngekhompyuter yam kwaye ndingenza nantoni na endiyifunayo ngaso. Ndingaya ku "conf t", ndingatshintsha igama lokugqitha okanye igama lomamkeli. Ngoku ndiza kutshintsha igama lomninimzi ku-SwitchF1R10, okuthetha "umgangatho ophantsi, igumbi le-10". Ndiye ndatshintsha igama lokutshintsha, kwaye ngoku lindibonisa indawo yesi sixhobo eofisini.
Ukuba ubuyela kwifestile ye-CLI yokutshintsha, unokubona ukuba igama layo litshintshile, kwaye ndenze oku kude ngexesha leseshoni yeTelnet.
Yile ndlela esifikelela ngayo kwi-switch ngeTelnet: sabela igama lomninimzi, senze ibhena yokungena, seta igama eligqithisiweyo le-console kunye nephasiwedi yeTelnet. Emva koko senze ukuba kube lula ukufaka igama eligqithisiweyo, sidale amandla okulawula i-IP, senze "ukuvalwa" umsebenzi kunye nokukwazi ukukhanyela umyalelo.
Okulandelayo kufuneka sinikeze isango elimiselweyo. Ukwenza oku, siphinda sitshintshele kwimowudi yoqwalaselo lwehlabathi jikelele, thayipha umyalelo "ip default-gateway 10.1.1.10" kwaye ucinezele "Faka". Unokubuza ukuba kutheni sifuna isango elingagqibekanga ukuba iswitshi yethu sisixhobo somaleko esi-2 semodeli ye-OSI.
Kule meko, siqhagamshele iPC kwiswitshi ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa makhe sicinge ukuba sinezixhobo ezininzi. Makhe sicinge ukuba isixhobo endiqalise kuso iTelnet, oko kukuthi, ikhompyutha, ifumaneka kumnatha omnye, kunye nokutshintsha ngedilesi ye-IP 10.1.1.1 kwinethiwekhi yesibini. Kule meko, i-traffic ye-Telnet yavela kwenye inethiwekhi, umtshintshi kufuneka uyibuyisele, kodwa akazi ukuba ufike njani apho. Utshintshiselwano lumisela ukuba idilesi ye-IP yekhompyuter yeyenye inethiwekhi, ngoko ke ukunxibelelana nayo kufuneka usebenzise isango elimiselweyo.
Ke, siseta isango elingagqibekanga lesi sixhobo ukuze xa itrafikhi ivela kwenye inethiwekhi, iswitshi inokuthumela ipakethi yokuphendula kwisango elingagqibekanga, eliya kuyithumela kwindawo yokugqibela.
Ngoku ekugqibeleni siza kujonga indlela yokugcina olu lungelelwaniso. Senze utshintsho oluninzi kwiisetingi zesi sixhobo kangangokuba ngoku lixesha lokuzigcina. Kukho iindlela ezi-2 zokugcina.
Enye kukukhupha umyalelo othi "bhala" kwimo ye-EXEC enelungelo. Ndichwetheza lo myalelo, cinezela "Faka" kwaye inkqubo iphendula ngomyalezo "Ubumbeko bokwakha - Kulungile", oko kukuthi, ukucwangciswa kwesixhobo samanje kugcinwe ngempumelelo. Into esiyenzileyo ngaphambi kokuba siyigcine ibizwa ngokuba βlulungiselelo lwesixhobo esisebenzayoβ. Igcinwe kwi-RAM yokutshintsha kwaye iya kulahleka emva kokuba icinyiwe. Ke kufuneka sibhale yonke into ekubumbeko olusebenzayo kuqwalaselo lwe-boot.
Nokuba yeyiphi na ekusetyenzweni okusebenzayo, umyalelo othi "bhala" ukhuphela olo lwazi kwaye ulubhale kwifayile yoqwalaselo lwe-boot oluzimeleyo kwi-RAM kwaye luhlala kwi-NVRAM yokutshintsha. Xa isixhobo siqala, inkqubo ijonga ukuba kukho uqwalaselo lokuqalisa kwi-NVRAM kwaye iyijike ibe bubumbeko olusebenzayo ngokulayisha iiparamitha kwi-RAM. Ngalo lonke ixesha sisebenzisa umyalelo othi "bhala", iiparameters ezisebenzayo zikopishwa kwaye zigcinwe kwi-NVRAM.
Indlela yesibini yokugcina useto loqwalaselo kukusebenzisa umyalelo omdala othi "do write". Ukuba sisebenzisa lo myalelo, ngoko kuqala kufuneka sifake igama elithi "kopi". Emva koku, inkqubo yokusebenza yeCisco iya kubuza apho ufuna ukukopa izicwangciso ukusuka: ukusuka kwinkqubo yefayile nge-ftp okanye i-flash, ukusuka kuqwalaselo olusebenzayo okanye kuqwalaselo lwe-boot. Sifuna ukwenza ikopi yeparameters esebenzayo-yoqwalaselo, ngoko singenisa eli binzana emgceni. Emva koko inkqubo iya kuphinda ibonise uphawu lombuzo, ibuza apho ukukopisha iiparameters, kwaye ngoku sicacisa ukuqaliswa-uqwalaselo. Ke, sikhuphele ubumbeko olusebenzayo kwifayile yoqwalaselo lwe-boot.
Kufuneka ulumke kakhulu ngale miyalelo, kuba ukuba ukopisha uqwalaselo lwe-boot kuqwalaselo olusebenzayo, olwenziwa ngamanye amaxesha xa kumiselwa iswitshi entsha, siya kutshabalalisa zonke iinguqu ezenziweyo kwaye sifumane i-boot ngeparameters zero. Ke ngoko, kufuneka ulumke malunga nokuba yintoni kwaye uza kuyigcina phi emva kokuba uqwalasele iiparamitha zoqwalaselo lokutshintsha. Ngale ndlela ugcina uqwalaselo, kwaye ngoku, ukuba uphinda uqalise iswitshi, iya kubuyela kwimeko efanayo naleyo yayiyiyo ngaphambi kokuba uqalise kwakhona.
Ke, sijonge indlela yokuqwalasela iiparitha ezisisiseko zotshintsho olutsha. Ndiyazi ukuba sisihlandlo sokuqala uninzi lwenu lubona ujongano lomgca womyalelo wesixhobo, ke kungathatha ixesha ukufunxa yonke into eboniswe kwesi sifundo sevidiyo. Ndicebisa ukubukela le vidiyo amatyeli aliqela de uqonde indlela yokusebenzisa iindlela zoqwalaselo ezahlukeneyo, imowudi ye-EXEC yomsebenzisi, imo ye-EXEC enelungelo, imowudi yoqwalaselo yehlabathi, indlela yokusebenzisa umgca womyalelo ukufaka i-subcommands, utshintshe igama lomninimzi, wenze ibhanile, njalo njalo. kwi.
Sajonga imiyalelo esisiseko ekufuneka uyazi kwaye zisetyenziswa ngexesha uqwalaselo lokuqala nasiphi na isixhobo Cisco. Ukuba uyayazi imiyalelo yokutshintsha, ngoko uyayazi imiyalelo ye-router.
Khumbula nje ukuba yeyiphi imowudi nganye yale miyalelo isisiseko ikhutshwa kuyo. Umzekelo, igama lenginginya kunye nebhena yokungena yinxalenye yoqwalaselo lwehlabathi jikelele, ukunika igama lokugqitha kwikhonsoli okufuneka usebenzise ikhonsoli, igama lokugqitha leTelnet linikezelwe kumgca weVTY ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwi-15. Ukulawula idilesi ye-IP oyifunayo. ukusebenzisa ujongano lweVLAN. Kuya kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba into ethi "yenza" ivaliwe ngokungagqibekanga, ngoko unokufuna ukuyenza ngokufaka "akukho kuvalwa" umyalelo.
Ukuba ufuna ukunika isango elingagqibekanga, ungenisa imowudi yoqwalaselo lwehlabathi, sebenzisa "ip default-gateway" umyalelo, kwaye unike idilesi ye-IP kwisango. Okokugqibela, ugcina utshintsho lwakho usebenzisa "bhala" umyalelo okanye inkqubo yokukopa ulungelelwaniso olusebenzayo kwifayile yoqwalaselo lwesiqalo. Ndiyathemba ukuba le vidiyo ibinolwazi kakhulu kwaye ikuncede ekuqondeni ikhosi yethu ye-intanethi.
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