IiCD ze-Optical zifumaneka esidlangalaleni ngo-1982, iprototype yakhululwa ngaphambili - ngo-1979. Kukholelwa ukuba iidiski ze-laser zisisiphumo somsebenzi odibeneyo phakathi kwamaqela eenkampani ezimbini zetekhnoloji - iSony yaseJapan kunye neDutch Philips.
Ngelo xesha, iteknoloji eyisiseko "ye-laser ebandayo", eyenza ukubonakala kweediski ze-laser kunokwenzeka, yaphuhliswa zizazinzulu zaseSoviet. ΠΈ . Bawongwa ngeBhaso likaNobel ngokuyila kwabo. Ubuchwephesha buphuhliswe ngakumbi, kwaye kwi-70s i-Philips yavelisa indlela yokurekhoda ii-compact discs, eziphawula ukuqala kweCD. Okokuqala, iinjineli zenkampani zenze i-ALP (umdlalo omde womsindo) njengenye indlela yeerekhodi zevinyl.
Idayamitha yeediski ze-ALP yayimalunga neesentimitha ezingama-30. Kancinci kamva, iinjineli zanciphisa ububanzi beediski, kwaye ixesha lokudlala lancitshiswa laya kwiyure enye. Iidiski zeLaser kunye nesixhobo sokudlala kubo yayiyeyokuqala Philips ngowe-1979. Emva koko, inkampani yaqala ukukhangela iqabane lomsebenzi oqhubekayo kwiprojekthi - abaphuhlisi babona iteknoloji njengamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye kwakunzima ukuyiphuhlisa ukuya kwinqanaba elifunekayo kwaye bayenze ngokwabo.
Ukuqala kwayo yonke into
Abaphathi banquma ukuzama ukuseka uqhagamshelwano kunye neenkampani zeteknoloji ezivela eJapan, ngelo xesha eli lizwe laliphambili kwi-teknoloji ye-hi-end. Ukwenza oku, abathunywa bePhilips baya kweli lizwe baza bakwazi ukudibana nomongameli wakwaSony, owaba nomdla kubuchwephesha.
Phantse ngoko nangoko kwabakho Iqela leenjineli ze-Philips-Sony, baphuhlisa iinkcukacha zokuqala zobuchwepheshe. Usekela mongameli we-Sony unyanzelise ekwandiseni umthamo wediski; wayefuna ukuba i-compact ikwazi ukwamkela i-symphony yesithoba kaBeethoven, apho ivolumu yediski yandiswe ukusuka kwiyure enye ukuya kwimizuzu engama-1 (kwakho uluvo lokuba oku kulungile. ibali elihle lokuthengisa). Ubungakanani bedatha ehambelana nediski enjalo yi-74 MB. Iinjineli zikwaphuhlise imilinganiselo yomgangatho wesandi. Umzekelo, ukuphindaphinda kwesampulu yeempawu zestereo zalawulwa kwi-640 kHz (kwitshaneli enye 44,1 kHz) kunye nobubanzi obuncinci be-22,05 bits nganye. Wavela ngale ndlela umgangatho weNcwadi eBomvu.
Igama lobuchwepheshe obutsha alizange livele ngokukhawuleza - likhethwe kwiinketho ezininzi, kuquka i-Minirack, i-Mini Disc, i-Compact Rack. Ngenxa yoko, abaphuhlisi badibanisa izihloko ezibini, okubangele i-Disc Compact hybrid. Okuncinci kuzo zonke, eli gama likhethwe ngenxa yokwanda kokuthandwa kweekhasethi zeaudio (iteknoloji ).
UPhilips kunye no-Sony badlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni iinkcukacha zeediskhi zokuqala zedijithali, ezibizwa ngokuba yiNcwadi eYellow okanye i-CD-ROM. Inkcazo entsha yenze ukuba kube lula ukugcina kungekuphela nje i-audio, kodwa kunye nokubhaliweyo kunye nedatha yegraphic kwiidiski. Uhlobo lwediski lumiselwe ngokuzenzekelayo xa kufundwa isihloko. Ingxaki yayikukuba i-CD ehambelanayo neNcwadi eNcinci inokusebenza kuphela uhlobo oluthile lokuqhuba, olungekho jikelele.
Ngo-Agasti 17, 1982, iCD yokuqala yakhutshwa kumzi-mveliso wasePhilips eLangenhagen, eJamani. Icwecwe larekhodwa kuyo Iqela le-ABBA. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-varnish yokugqoka iidiski zokuqala yayingekho kumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu, ngoko ke abathengi bee-compacts bahlala bezonakalisa. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, umgangatho weediski uphuculwe. Kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala zazisetyenziswa kuphela kwizixhobo ze-hi-fi, zazisetyenziselwa ukutshintshwa kweerekhodi zevinyl kunye neekhasethi.
Ukususela ngo-2000, iidiski ze-700 MB zaqala ukubonakala zithengiswa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kwenzeke ukurekhoda umsindo kunye nobude bexesha elipheleleyo ukuya kwimizuzu engama-80. Batyhala ngokupheleleyo i-650 MB drives ngaphandle kwemarike. Kukho kwakhona i-800 MB yemidiya, kodwa yayingafanelekanga kuzo zonke iidrives, ngoko ke iidiski ezinjalo azizange zisasazeke ngokubanzi. Kwakunokwenzeka ukwandisa inani lendawo ekhoyo yokugcina idatha ngokunciphisa umgama phakathi kweengoma. Ngoko, umzekelo, kwiidiski ezinomthamo we-650 MB, umgama phakathi kweengoma ngu-1,7 microns, kwaye kwiidiski ze-800 MB lo mfanekiso uyancipha ukuya kwi-1,5 microns. Kwakhona, kwithuba langaphambili, isantya yi-1,41 m / s, kwaye ekugqibeleni, i-1,39 m / s.
ntoni lo msebenzi
Idiski iqulathe iileya ezininzi. I-substrate yi-polycarbonate, ubukhulu bayo bu-1,2 mm, ububanzi bu-120 mm. Olunye uluhlu lubekwe kwi-substrate - isinyithi (inokuba yigolide, isilivere okanye, ngokuqhelekileyo, i-aluminium). Emva koko, umaleko wesinyithi ukhuselwe ngevarnish, apho kusetyenziswa imizobo. I-substrate ikhusela ngokuthembekileyo umaleko wesinyithi, ngoko ke imikrwelo enzulu kakhulu iphazamisa ukufunda. Ububanzi bomngxuma kwidiski yi-15 mm.
Ifomati yogcino lwedatha yeediski - (kuxoxwa ngasentla). Iimpazamo zokufunda zilungiswa kusetyenziswa ikhowudi yeReed-Solomon, ukwenzela ukuba imikrwelo yokukhanya inganciphisi ukufundwa kwediski.
Idatha ibhalwe kwidisk ngendlela yengoma ejikelezayo ebizwa ngokuba yimigodi (i-recesses), ekhutshwe kwisiseko se-polycarbonate. Ubunzulu bomgodi ngamnye bumalunga ne-100 nm kwaye ububanzi bungama-500 nm. Ubude bomngxuma ukusuka kwi-850 nm ukuya kwi-3,5 Β΅m. Imingxuma iyasasaza okanye ifunxe ukukhanya, i-substrate ibonakalisa. Ngaloo ndlela, i-disc erekhodiweyo ngumzekelo obalaseleyo we-grating ye-reflection diffraction.
I-disc ifundwa ngokusebenzisa i-laser beam ene-wavelength ye-780 nm, ekhutshwe yi-laser semiconductor. Umgaqo wokufunda kukubhalisa utshintsho kubukhulu bokukhanya okubonakalisiweyo. Ngaloo ndlela, i-laser beam idibanisa kuluhlu lolwazi, ububanzi bendawo yokukhanya kule meko yi-1,2 microns. Isibonakaliso esiphezulu sirekhodwa phakathi kwemigodi. Ukuba ibetha emhadini, ukukhanya okusezantsi kuyarekhodwa. Utshintsho kwisantya luguqulwa lube ngumqondiso wombane, apho izixhobo zisebenza khona.
Idiskhi yenziwe njani
- Inqanaba lokuqala kukulungiselela idatha yolandelelwano;
- I-Photolithography yinqanaba lesibini kwaye yinkqubo yokudala isitampu sediski. Okokuqala, i-disk yeglasi yenziwe, apho i-layer ye-photoresist isetyenziswe, kwaye ulwazi lurekhodwa kuyo. Izinto eziphathekayo zitshintsha iimpawu zayo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali phantsi kweempembelelo zokukhanya;
- Idatha irekhodwa ngokusebenzisa i-laser beam. Xa amandla e-laser enyuka (xa kuyimfuneko ukudala umgodi), iibhondi zeekhemikhali ze-molecule ze-photoresist material ziyatshatyalaliswa kwaye ziqhwale;
- I-photoresist ifakwe (ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-plasma ukuya kwi-asidi), iindawo ezingachatshazelwanga yi-laser zisuswa kwi-matrix;
- I-disk ifakwe kwindawo yokuhlambela i-galvanic, apho i-layer ye-nickel ifakwe phezu kwayo;
- Iidiski zifakwe isitampu ngokubumba inaliti, kusetyenziswa idiski yeglasi yoqobo njengesixhobo somthombo;
- Emva koko, isinyithi sitshizwa kumaleko wolwazi;
- I-varnish ekhuselayo isetyenziswe kwicala langaphandle, apho umfanekiso wegraphic sele usetyenziswe.
Kuthekani nge-CD-RW?
I-CD-RW luhlobo lwe-compact disc olwaziswa ngo-1997. Umgangatho wawubizwa kuqala (CD-E, Compact Disc Erasable).
Oku kube yinkqubela yokwenene kwicandelo lokurekhoda nokugcina ulwazi. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukufumana indawo yokugcina engabizi kwaye inamandla yayiliphupha lamawaka eenjineli kunye nabasebenzisi. I-CD-RW ifana nesakhiwo kunye nomgaqo wokusebenza kwi-CD eqhelekileyo, kodwa uluhlu lokurekhoda luhluke - luyi-alloy ekhethekileyo ye-chalcogenides. Eyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo isilivere-indium-antimony-tellurium. Xa ishushu ngaphezu kwendawo yokunyibilika, i-alloy enjalo iguqula i-crystalline state ibe yi-amorphous.
Utshintsho lwesigaba kule meko lubuyiselwa umva, olusisiseko senkqubo yokubhala kwakhona. Ubunzima boluhlu olusebenzayo lwediski luyi-0,1 microns kuphela, ngoko kulula ukuchaphazela into ngelaser. Inkqubo yokurekhoda yenzeka xa ibonakaliswe kwi-laser beam, kule meko, umaleko osebenzayo ujika ube yinyibilika (ezo ndawo zichatshazelwe yilaser). Emva koko, ukushisa kuyahlukana kwi-substrate, kwaye i-melt ijika ibe yi-amorphous state. Kumacandelo e-amorphous, iimpawu ezifana ne-dielectric constant, reflectance, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ubukhulu bokutshintsha kokukhanya okubonakalisiweyo. Ithwala ulwazi malunga nokurekhoda kwidiski. Ukufunda kwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-laser yamandla aphantsi, engenako ukuchaphazela umaleko osebenzayo. Ngexesha lokurekhoda, i-layer esebenzayo ifudumala ukuya kuma-degrees Celsius angama-200, evumela ukuba iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iguquke kwisigaba se-crystalline state.
Ukusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwe-CD-RW kukhokelela ekudinweni komatshini kwinqanaba lokusebenza. Ke ngoko, iinjineli eziphuhlise itekhnoloji zisebenzisa izinto ezine-coefficient ephantsi yokudinwa. I-CD-RW inokumelana malunga newaka lemijikelezo yokubhala kwakhona.
DVD - umthamo nangakumbi!
IiDVD zaqala ukuvela eJapan ngo-1996, njengempendulo kwiimfuno zabathengi kunye nezoshishino kwimithombo yeendaba yokugcina enkulu. Ekuqaleni, iidiski ezinomthamo ophezulu zaphuhliswa ziinkampani ezininzi ngexesha elinye. Izikhokelo ezimbini zophuhliso ezizimeleyo ziye zavela: I-Multimedia Compact Disc (i-Philips kunye ne-Sony), - i-Super Disc (i-8 iinkampani ezinkulu, kuquka i-Toshiba kunye ne-Time Warner). Kancinane kamva, omabini la macala adityaniswa abe linye phantsi kweempembelelo ze-IBM. Waqinisekisa amaqabane ukuba angaphindi iziganeko ze "fomati yemfazwe", xa kukho imfazwe ephambili phakathi kweNkqubo yeKhaya leVidiyo kunye nemigangatho yekhasethi yevidiyo yeBetamax.
Itekhnoloji yabhengezwa ngoSeptemba 1995, kwaye abaphuhlisi bapapasha iinkcukacha ngaloo nyaka. Isitshisi sokuqala seDVD sakhululwa ngo-1997.
Kwakunokwenzeka ukwandisa umthamo wokurekhoda ngelixa ugcina imilinganiselo efanayo ngokusebenzisa i-laser ebomvu ene-wavelength ye-650 nm. I-pitch pitch sisiqingatha seCD kwaye yi-0,74 microns.
I-Blu-Ray yeyona midiya iphambili ye-optical media
Olunye uhlobo lwemidiya ye-optical enoxinzelelo lwedatha ephezulu kakhulu kuneCD okanye iDVD. Umgangatho waphuhliswa yi-International Consortium BDA. Iprototype yokuqala yavela ngo-Oktobha ka-2000.
I-teknoloji ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-laser-wave short-wave (ubude be-405 nm), ngoko ke igama. U-"e" wasuswa ngenxa yokuba igama elithi blue ray lixhaphakile esiNgesini kwaye alinalungelo lomenzi wechiza. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-laser eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (i-blue-violet) yenza ukuba kube lula ukunciphisa umkhondo ukuya kwi-0,32 microns, ukwandisa ubuninzi bokurekhoda idatha. Isantya sokufunda seendaba siye sanyuswa saya kutsho kwi-432 Mbit/s.
UDF - Universal Disk Format
I-UDF luphawu lwesixokelelwano sefayile esizimeleyo. Yenzelwe ukugcina iifayile kwimidiya ye-optical - zombini iCD, iDVD kunye neBlu-Ray. I-UDF ayinamda we-2GB okanye i-4GB yeefayile ezibhalekayo, ngoko ke ilungele iiDVD ezinomthamo ophezulu kunye ne-Blu-Rays.
Iidiski ze-Optical kunye ne-Intanethi
Iinkampani zeteknoloji ziyaqhubeka nokuphucula iidiski ze-optical. Ngaloo ndlela, u-Sony kunye ne-Panasonic bakwazi ukunyusa umthamo we-optical media kwi-2016 TB emva kwe-3,3. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukusebenza kweediski kuhlala, ngokutsho kwabameli bakwaSony, ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka eyi-100.
Nangona kunjalo, zonke iintlobo zeediski zamehlo ngokuthe ngcembe zilahlekelwa ukuthandwa - ngophuhliso lwe-Intanethi, imfuno yabasebenzisi yokuqokelela idatha kwiidiski iyanyamalala. Ulwazi lunokugcinwa efini, olulunge ngakumbi (ukuba lukhuseleke kangakanani ngomnye umbuzo). IiCD azisafane zidume njengoko zazinjalo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba aziyi kujongana nokulibala ngokupheleleyo (njengakwimeko yeekhasethi ezirekhodiweyo) - ziya kusetyenziswa ukwenza oovimba benkcazelo ebalulekileyo yeshishini.
Ukuba i-terabyte optical disks ingena kwimveliso, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuya kuncitshiswa - mhlawumbi iya kusetyenziselwa ukusasaza iifilimu ze-4K kunye nemidlalo yanamhlanje kunye neentlobo zeebhonasi. Kodwa uninzi lwazo zonke ziya kusetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-backups. Kwaye ukuba uSony uthetha inyani malunga nokhuseleko lwakudala lwedatha erekhodiweyo, ishishini ke liya kusebenzisa itekhnoloji entsha ngokukhutheleyo.
umthombo: www.habr.com
