Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba kwihlabathi eligutyungelwe yintiyo engekho ngqiqweni esongela impucuko ngokwayo, amadoda nabafazi, abadala nabancinane, ngokuyinxenye okanye bazahlula ngokupheleleyo kumzila ombi wobomi bemihla ngemihla ukuze bazinikele ekulimeni ubuhle, ekusasazeni ubuhle. ulwazi, ukunyangwa kwezifo, ukunciphisa ukubandezeleka, ngokungathi kwangaxeshanye akukho bantu bathanda inzondelelo yempambano abaphindaphinda iintlungu, ubungendawo nentuthumbo? Ihlabathi belisoloko liyindawo elusizi nedidayo, ukanti iimbongi, amagcisa noosonzululwazi bazityeshele izinto ezinokuthi, ukuba ziqwalaselwe, ziya kuzikhubaza. Ukususela kumbono osebenzayo, ubomi bengqondo kunye nokomoya, ekuboneni kokuqala, yimisebenzi engenamsebenzi, kwaye abantu babandakanyeka kuyo ngenxa yokuba bafumana ulwaneliseko olukhulu ngale ndlela kunolunye. Kulo msebenzi, ndinomdla kumbuzo kwiliphi ixesha ukulandelwa kwezi lonwabo ezingenamsebenzi ngokungalindelekanga zijika zibe ngumthombo wenjongo ethile engazange iphuphe.
Sixelelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba iminyaka yethu lixesha elibonakalayo. Kwaye into ephambili kuyo kukwandiswa kwamatyathanga okusasazwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye namathuba ehlabathi. Ukucaphuka kwabo bangenakubekwa tyala ngokuvinjwa la mathuba kunye nokusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo kweempahla kuqhuba inani elibalulekileyo labafundi kude nesayensi ababefunda ngayo ooyise, ukuya kwizifundo ezibaluleke ngokulinganayo kwaye ezingekho ngaphantsi kwezifundo zentlalo, imiba yezoqoqosho kunye norhulumente. Andinanto ichasene nalo mkhwa. Ihlabathi esiphila kulo kuphela kwehlabathi esilinikwe ngokweemvakalelo. Ukuba awuyiphuculi kwaye uyenze ilungile, izigidi zabantu ziya kuqhubeka zifa ngokuthula, ngosizi, ngokukrakra. Nam ngokwam bendicenga iminyaka emininzi ukuba izikolo zethu zibe nomfanekiso ocacileyo wehlabathi apho abafundi babo kunye nabafundi bamiselwe ukuchitha ubomi babo. Ngamanye amaxesha ndiye ndizibuze ukuba lo msinga unamandla kakhulu, kwaye ngaba bekuya kuba nethuba elaneleyo lokuphila ubomi obanelisayo ukuba ihlabathi lalikhutshiwe kwizinto ezingenamsebenzi ezinika ukubaluleka kokomoya. Ngamanye amazwi, ngaba ingqikelelo yethu yoncedo iye yaba mxinwa kakhulu ukuba ingamelana nokutshintsha kunye nobunakho obungalindelekanga bomoya womntu.
Lo mbandela unokuqwalaselwa kumacala amabini: ezenzululwazi kunye nezobuntu, okanye ezomoya. Makhe sijonge kuyo ngokwenzululwazi kuqala. Ndakhunjuzwa ngencoko endandinayo noGeorge Eastman kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo ngomxholo weenzuzo. UMnu. Eastman, indoda esisilumko, echubekileyo, nebona kude, enesiphiwo somculo nobugcisa, wandixelela ukuba wayenenjongo yokutyala intywenka yemali yakhe ekukhuthazeni ukufundiswa kwezifundo eziluncedo. Ndaba nobuganga bokumbuza ukuba ngubani awayemgqala njengoyena mntu uluncedo kwezenzululwazi ehlabathini. Ngoko nangoko waphendula wathi: “Marconi.” Kwaye ndathi: "Nokuba sifumana uyolo olungakanani kunomathotholo kwaye nokuba zingakanani na ezinye itekhnoloji ezingenazingcingo ezityebisa ubomi bomntu, enyanisweni igalelo likaMarconi alibalulekanga."
Andisokuze ndibulibale ubuso bakhe obumangalisiweyo. Wandicela ukuba ndicacise. Ndamphendula ngolu hlobo: “Mnumzana Eastman, inkangeleko kaMarconi yayingenakuphepheka. Ibhaso lokwenyani kuko konke okwenziwayo kwinkalo yetekhnoloji engenazingcingo, ukuba loo mabhaso asisiseko anokunikezelwa nakubani na, aya kuNjingalwazi uMabhalane uMaxwell, owathi ngo-1865 wenza izibalo ezifihlakeleyo nezinzima ukuziqonda kwinkalo yemagnethi. umbane. UMaxwell wachaza iifomula zakhe ezingabonakaliyo kwincwadi yakhe yenzululwazi eyapapashwa ngowe-1873. Kwintlanganiso elandelayo yoMbutho waseBritani, uNjingalwazi G.D.S. USmith waseOxford wathi “akukho ngcali yezibalo, emva kokufunda le mibhalo, inokusilela ukuqonda ukuba lo msebenzi ubonisa ingcamango ehambisana kakhulu neendlela neendlela zemathematika esulungekileyo.” Kwiminyaka eli-15 eyalandelayo, ezinye izinto ezifunyaniswe yinzululwazi zayixhasa ingcamango kaMaxwell. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngo-1887 kunye no-1888, ingxaki yezenzululwazi isasebenza ngelo xesha, ehambelana nokuchongwa kunye nobungqina bamaza ombane angabathwali beempawu ezingenazintambo, yasonjululwa nguHeinrich Hertz, umqeshwa weHelmholtz Laboratory eBerlin. UMaxwell noHertz abazange bacinge ngokuba luncedo komsebenzi wabo. Ingcamango enjalo ayizange ithi qatha kubo. Abazange bazibekele usukelo olusebenzisekayo. Umqambi ngokwengqiqo yomthetho, ewe, nguMarconi. Kodwa yintoni awayilayo? Ezona nkcukacha zokugqibela zobugcisa, namhlanje esisisixhobo esiphelelwe lixesha sokufumana esibizwa ngokuba yi "coherer", esele ilahliwe phantse kuyo yonke indawo.
UHertz noMaxwell basenokuba abazange baqulunqe nto, kodwa yayiyingcamango yabo engenamsebenzi, bakhutyekiswa yinjineli ekrelekrele, eyadala iindlela ezintsha zonxibelelwano nezolonwabo ezazivumela abantu ababenokufaneleka okungephi ukuba bafumane udumo baze bafumane izigidi. Yiyiphi kuzo eyayiluncedo? Hayi uMarconi, kodwa uMabhalane uMaxwell noHeinrich Hertz. Babeziingqondi kwaye abazange bacinge ngeenzuzo, kwaye uMarconi wayengumqambi ohlakaniphile, kodwa wayecinga ngeenzuzo kuphela.
Igama elithi Hertz lakhumbuza uMnumzana Eastman ngamaza kanomathotholo, kwaye ndacebisa ukuba abuze iingcali zefiziksi kwiYunivesithi yaseRochester ukuba yintoni kanye kanye eyenziwa nguHertz noMaxwell. Kodwa unokuqiniseka ngento enye: bawenza umsebenzi wabo ngaphandle kokucinga ngokusebenza. Kwaye kuyo yonke imbali yesayensi, uninzi lwezinto eziye zafunyanwa ngokwenene, eziye zajika zaba luncedo kakhulu eluntwini, zenziwa ngabantu abangazange bashukunyiswe ngumnqweno wokuba luncedo, kodwa kuphela ngumnqweno wokwanelisa umdla wabo.
Ukufuna ukwazi? wabuza uMnumzana Eastman.
Ewe, ndiphendule, ulangazelelo, olunokuthi lukhokelele kuyo nayiphi na into eluncedo, kwaye mhlawumbi luphawu olubalaseleyo lokucinga kwale mihla. Kwaye oku akuzange kubonakale izolo, kodwa kwavela emva kwexesha likaGalileo, uBacon kunye noMhlekazi u-Isaac Newton, kwaye kufuneka ahlale ekhululekile ngokupheleleyo. Amaziko emfundo kufuneka agxininise ekukhuliseni umdla wokwazi. Kwaye okuncinci baphazamiseka ngeengcamango zokusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza, kunokwenzeka ukuba bafake isandla kungekuphela nje kwintlalontle yabantu, kodwa kwakhona, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu, ukwaneliseka komdla wengqondo, apho umntu anokuthi, sele ibe ngamandla okuqhuba ubomi bengqondo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.
II
Yonke into ethethiweyo malunga noHeinrich Hertz, indlela awayesebenza ngayo ngokuzolileyo kwaye engaqatshelwanga kwikona yelebhu yaseHelmholtz ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, konke oku kuyinyaniso kwizazinzulu kunye neengcali zezibalo emhlabeni jikelele eziphila kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezidlulileyo. Ihlabathi lethu alinakuzinceda ngaphandle kombane. Ukuba sithetha malunga nokufunyanwa kunye nesicelo esisebenzayo esithe ngqo nesithembisayo, ngoko siyavuma ukuba ngumbane. Kodwa ngubani othe wafumanisa izinto ezibalulekileyo ezikhokelele kulo lonke uphuhliso olusekwe kumbane kule minyaka ilikhulu izayo.
Impendulo iya kuba nomdla. Utata kaMichael Faraday wayengumkhandi weentsimbi, yaye yena uMichael wayengumfundi wokudibanisa iincwadi. Ngo-1812, xa wayesele eyi-21, omnye wabahlobo bakhe wamthabatha waya naye kwiRoyal Institution, apho waphulaphula iintetho ezi-4 kwikhemistri evela kuHumphry Davy. Wawagcina amanqaku waza wathumela iikopi zawo kuDavy. Kunyaka olandelayo waba ngumncedisi kwilebhu kaDavy, ecombulula iingxaki zemichiza. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva wapheleka uDavy kuhambo oluya kumhlaba omkhulu. Ngowe-1825, xa wayeneminyaka engama-24 ubudala, waba ngumlawuli welebhu yeRoyal Institution, apho wachitha iminyaka engama-54 yobomi bakhe.
Umdla kaFaraday ngokukhawuleza watshintshela kumbane kunye nemagnethi, apho wanikela ubomi bakhe bonke. Umsebenzi wangaphambili kulo mmandla wawuqhutywa yiOersted, Ampere neWollaston, nto leyo eyayibalulekile kodwa kunzima ukuyiqonda. UFaraday wajamelana nobunzima ababushiyayo bungekasonjululwa, yaye ngowe-1841 wayesele ephumelele ukufundisisa ukufakwa komsinga wombane. Kwiminyaka emine kamva, ixesha lesibini kunye nelingekho ngaphantsi eliqaqambileyo lomsebenzi wakhe laqala, xa wafumanisa impembelelo yemagnethi ekukhanyeni kwepolarized. Ukufumanisa kwakhe kwangaphambili kwakhokelela kwizicelo ezininzi ezisebenzayo apho umbane wanciphisa umthwalo kwaye wandisa inani lamathuba ebomini bomntu wanamhlanje. Ngaloo ndlela, izinto awazifumanayo kamva zakhokelela kwimiphumo engaphantsi kakhulu. Ngaba ikho into etshintshileyo kuFaraday? Ngokuqinisekileyo akukho nto. Wayengenamdla kwi-utility kulo naliphi na inqanaba lomsebenzi wakhe ongenakulinganiswa. Wayethe phithi kukutyhila iimfihlelo zendalo iphela: okokuqala evela kwihlabathi lekhemistri kwaye emva koko kwihlabathi lefiziksi. Akazange akubuze ukuba luncedo. Naliphi na icebiso ngaye lingawunciphisa umdla wakhe wokungazinzi. Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo zomsebenzi wakhe zafumana ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo, kodwa oku akuzange kube yinqobo yovavanyo lwakhe oluqhubekayo.
Mhlawumbi ngenxa yemo egquba ihlabathi namhlanje, lixesha lokuba sigxininise isibakala sokuba indima edlalwa yinzululwazi ekwenzeni imfazwe ibe yinto eyonakalisayo neyoyikekayo iye yaba yinto engekho zingqondweni nengacetywanga yemveliso yenzululwazi. ULord Rayleigh, uMongameli woMbutho waseBritani woPhuculo lweSayensi, kwintetho yakutshanje watsalela ingqalelo kwisibakala sokuba bubudenge bomntu, kungekhona iinjongo zezazinzulu, ezinoxanduva lokusetyenziswa ngendlela etshabalalisayo kwamadoda aqeshelwe ukuba nenxaxheba. isenzo sangoku. Uphononongo olumsulwa lwekhemikhali yeekhompawundi zekhabhoni, oluye lwafumanisa ukusetyenziswa kwenani elingenakubalwa, lubonise ukuba isenzo se-nitric acid kwizinto ezinjengebenzene, i-glycerin, i-cellulose, njl. ukudalwa kwe-nitroglycerin, engasetyenziselwa okulungileyo nokubi. Kamva, u-Alfred Nobel, ejongene nomcimbi ofanayo, wabonisa ukuba ngokuxuba i-nitroglycerin nezinye izinto, kunokwenzeka ukuvelisa iziqhushumbisi ezikhuselekileyo ezikhuselekileyo, ngokukodwa i-dynamite. Kukukwenza i-dynamite ukuba sityala inkqubela yethu kwishishini lemigodi, ekwakhiweni kweetonela zikaloliwe ezinje ngoku kungena kwiiAlps nakwezinye iintaba. Kodwa, kambe ke, abezobupolitika namajoni babeyisebenzisa kakubi i-dynamite. Yaye ukugxeka izazinzulu ngale nto kuyafana nokubabeka ityala ngeenyikima nezikhukula. Kunokuthethwa okufanayo nangegesi enetyhefu. UPliny wabulawa kukuphefumla i<em>sulphur dioxide ebudeni bogqabhuko-dubulo lweNtaba iVesuvius phantse kwiminyaka engama-2000 XNUMX eyadlulayo. Kwaye izazinzulu azizange ziyibeke yodwa iklorine ngeenjongo zomkhosi. Konke oku kuyinyaniso kwigesi yemostade. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto kwakunokupheleliselwa kwiinjongo ezilungileyo, kodwa xa inqwelo-moya yenziwa yagqibelela, abantu abantliziyo zabo zazityhefelwe nengqondo eyonakeleyo baqonda ukuba inqwelo-moya, into eyenziweyo emsulwa, isiphumo somgudu wexesha elide, ongakhethi buso nowenzululwazi, unokuguqulelwa ekubeni ube yinqwelomoya. isixhobo sentshabalalo enkulu ngolo hlobo, oh ekungekho bani wayiphuphayo, okanye kwanokumisela injongo enjalo.
Kwinkalo yezibalo eziphezulu umntu unokucaphula phantse inani elingenakubaleka leemeko ezifanayo. Umzekelo, owona msebenzi wezibalo ungacacanga wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX wawubizwa ngokuba yi "Non-Euclidean Geometry." Umyili wayo, uGauss, nangona ebonwa ngabantu bexesha lakhe njengengcali yezibalo ebalaseleyo, akazange abe nobuganga bokupapasha imisebenzi yakhe kwi "Non-Euclidean Geometry" kwikota yenkulungwane. Ngapha koko, ithiyori yokunxibelelana ngokwayo, kunye nazo zonke iimpembelelo zayo ezisebenzayo ezingapheliyo, yayingenakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle komsebenzi owenziwa nguGauss ngexesha lokuhlala kwakhe eGöttingen.
Kwakhona, into eyaziwa namhlanje “njengethiyori yeqela” yayiyithiyori yezibalo engabonakaliyo nengasebenziyo. Yaphuhliswa ngabantu abanomdla abanomdla wabo kunye nokuncwina kwabo kwabakhokelela kwindlela engaqhelekanga. Kodwa namhlanje, "ithiyori yeqela" isisiseko se-quantum theory ye-spectroscopy, esetyenziswa yonke imihla ngabantu abangenalo ulwazi lokuba yavela njani.
Yonke ithiyori enokwenzeka yafunyanwa ngoosonzululwazi bezibalo abanomdla wabo wokwenyani yayikukuba ungcakazo. Ayizange isebenze ngokubonakalayo, kodwa le nkcazo-bungcali yavula indlela yazo zonke iintlobo ze-inshurensi, kwaye yasebenza njengesiseko semimandla emikhulu yefiziksi ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Ndiza kucaphula kushicilelo lwamva nje lwemagazini yeSayensi:
“Ixabiso lobuchule bukaNjingalwazi uAlbert Einstein lafikelela kwincopho entsha xa kwafumaniseka ukuba isazinzulu ngefiziksi yezibalo kwiminyaka eli-15 eyadlulayo savelisa isixhobo semathematika esinceda ngoku ukutyhila iimfihlelo zobuchule obumangalisayo behelium bokungaqini kumaqondo obushushu aphantse afikelele komlinganiselo. unothi. Kwanangaphambi kokuba i-Symposium ye-American Chemical Society ye-Intermolecular Interaction, uNjingalwazi F. London weYunivesithi yaseParis, ngoku unjingalwazi otyeleleyo kwiYunivesithi yaseDuke, wayenike ikhredithi kuNjingalwazi u-Einstein ngokudala ingcamango yegesi "efanelekileyo", eyavela emaphepheni. eyapapashwa ngowe-1924 nangowe-1925.
Iingxelo zika-Einstein ngowe-1925 zazingezizo ingcamango yonxulumano, kodwa zaziphathelele iingxaki ezazibonakala zingenantsingiselo ingokoqobo ngelo xesha. Bachaza ukuthotywa kwegesi "efanelekileyo" kwimida ephantsi yeqondo lokushisa. Ngokuba Kwakusaziwa ukuba zonke iigesi zijika zibe yimeko engamanzi kumaqondo obushushu ajongwayo, izazinzulu kusenokwenzeka ukuba zaziwuhoya umsebenzi ka-Einstein kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu eyadlulayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukufunyaniswa kwamva nje kwi-dynamics ye-helium engamanzi kuye kwanika ixabiso elitsha kumbono ka-Einstein, oye wahlala ecaleni lonke eli xesha. Xa lupholile, uninzi lolwelo luyanda kwi-viscosity, luyancipha ulwelo, kwaye lube ncangathi. Kwindawo engeyiyo yobuchwephesha, i-viscosity ichazwa ngebinzana elithi "ibanda kune-molasses ngoJanuwari," ngokwenene iyinyani.
Okwangoku, i-helium engamanzi yinto ephazamisayo. Kwiqondo lobushushu elaziwa ngokuba yi "delta point," eyi-2,19 degrees kuphela ngaphezulu kwe-zero epheleleyo, i-helium engamanzi ihamba ngcono kunamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye, enyanisweni, iphantse yasibekela njengegesi. Enye imfihlakalo ekuziphatheni kwayo okungaqhelekanga kukuziphatha kwayo okuphezulu kwe-thermal. Kwindawo ye-delta ngamaxesha angama-500 aphezulu kunobhedu kwindawo yokushisa. Ngazo zonke izinto ezingaqhelekanga, i-helium engamanzi ibeka imfihlakalo enkulu kwiingcali zefiziksi kunye neekhemisti.
Unjingalwazi waseLondon uthe eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokutolika i-dynamics ye-helium engamanzi kukucinga ngayo njengerhasi ye-Bose-Einstein efanelekileyo, kusetyenziswa imathematika eyaphuhliswa ngo-1924-25, kwaye kuthathelwa ingqalelo ingqikelelo yombane wesinyithi. Ngokulinganisa okulula, ukumanzi okumangalisayo kwe-helium yolwelo kunokucaciswa ngokuyinxenye kuphela ukuba ulwelo luboniswa njengento efana nokubhadula kwee-electron kwisinyithi xa kuchazwa ukuhanjiswa kombane.”
Makhe sijonge imeko kwelinye icala. Kwintsimi yeyeza kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo, i-bacteriology idlale indima ephambili kwisiqingatha senkulungwane. Lithini ibali lakhe? Emva kweMfazwe yaseFranco-Prussia ngowe-1870, urhulumente waseJamani waseka iYunivesithi enkulu yaseStrasbourg. Unjingalwazi wakhe wokuqala we-anatomy yayinguWilhelm von Waldeyer, kwaye emva koko waba ngunjingalwazi we-anatomy eBerlin. Kwiimemori zakhe, waphawula ukuba phakathi kwabafundi abahamba naye eStrasbourg ngexesha lesiqingatha sonyaka wakhe wokuqala, kwakukho omnye umfana ongaqhelekanga, ozimeleyo, omfutshane oneminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe ubudala ogama linguPaul Ehrlich. Ikhosi ye-anatomy eqhelekileyo yayiquka ukuchithwa kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-microscopic yezicubu. U-Ehrlich akazange anikele ngqalelo kwi-dissection, kodwa, njengoko uWaldeyer ephawula kwiinkumbulo zakhe:
"Ndiqaphele ngokukhawuleza ukuba u-Ehrlich unokusebenza kwidesika yakhe ixesha elide, egxininiswe ngokupheleleyo kuphando oluncinci. Ngaphezu koko, itafile yakhe ngokuthe ngcembe igutyungelwe ngamabala anemibala yazo zonke iintlobo. Ndathi ndakumbona esemsebenzini ngenye imini, ndaya kuye ndaza ndambuza ukuba wayesenza ntoni ngezi ntyatyambo zimibalabala. Wathi ke lo mfundi uselula wesiqingatha sokuqala sonyaka, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba wayesenza izifundo eziqhelekileyo zenzululwazi yendalo, wandijonga waza waphendula ngokuzolileyo wathi: “Ich probiere.” Eli binzana lingatolikwa ngokuthi “Ndiyazama”, okanye “Ndiyazibhanxa”. Ndathi kuye, “Kulungile, qhubeka uzibhanxa.” Kungekudala ndabona ukuba, ngaphandle komyalelo kum, ndifumene e-Ehrlich umfundi okumgangatho ongaqhelekanga. "
UWaldeyer waba bubulumko ukumyeka. U-Ehrlich uye wasebenza inkqubo yakhe yezonyango enempumelelo ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo kwaye ekugqibeleni waphumelela, ubukhulu becala kuba kwakucacile koonjingalwazi bakhe ukuba wayengenanjongo yokuqhelisela ubugqirha. Emva koko waya eWroclaw, apho wayesebenzela uNjingalwazi uKonheim, utitshala kaDkt Welch wethu, umseki kunye nomdali wesikolo sezonyango sikaJohns Hopkins. Andiqondi ukuba umbono wezinto eziluncedo wakha wavela ku-Ehrlich. Wayenomdla. Wayenomdla wokwazi; kwaye waqhubeka nokuzibhanxa. Kakade ke, le tomfoolery yakhe yayilawulwa yithuku elinzulu, kodwa yayiyeyenzululwazi kuphela, kwaye ingekho i-utilitarian, inkuthazo. Oku kwakhokelela entwenini? UKoch kunye nabancedisi bakhe baseka isayensi entsha - i-bacteriology. Ngoku iimvavanyo zika-Ehrlich zenziwa ngomnye umfundi u-Weigert. Wazidyobha iibhaktheriya, nto leyo eyanceda ukuzohlula. U-Ehrlich ngokwakhe uye wavelisa indlela yokungcoliswa kwee-multicolor ze-blood smears ngeedayi apho ulwazi lwethu lwangoku lwe-morphology yeeseli zegazi ezibomvu nezimhlophe lusekwe. Kwaye yonke imihla, amawaka ezibhedlele kwihlabathi jikelele asebenzisa ubuchule be-Ehrlich kuvavanyo lwegazi. Ngaloo ndlela, igumbi lokuxilonga izidumbu likaWaldeyer eStrasbourg lalingenanjongo likhule laba yeyona nto iphambili kunyango lwemihla ngemihla.
Ndiza kunika umzekelo omnye kumashishini, athathwe ngokungaqhelekanga, kuba... kukho inqwaba yazo. UNjingalwazi Berle weCarnegie Institute of Technology (Pittsburgh) ubhala oku kulandelayo:
Umseki wemveliso yanamhlanje yamalaphu okwenziwa yiFrench Count de Chardonnay. Uyaziwa ukuba uye wasebenzisa isisombululo
III
Anditsho ukuba yonke into eyenzekayo kwiilabhoratri ekugqibeleni iya kufumana izicelo ezinokwenzeka ezingalindelekanga, okanye ukuba usetyenziso olusebenzayo luyisiseko sokwenyani sayo yonke imisebenzi. Ndikhuthaza ukuba kucinywe igama elithi "isicelo" kwaye kukhululwe umoya womntu. Ewe, ngale ndlela siya kukhulula i-eccentrics engenabungozi. Ewe, siya kumosha imali ngale ndlela. Kodwa eyona nto ibaluleke ngakumbi kukuba siya kuyikhulula ingqondo yomntu kumakhamandela ayo, kwaye siyikhulule isiya kuhambo oluya kuthi, kwelinye icala, luthathe uHale, uRutherford, u-Einstein kunye noogxa babo izigidi nezigidi zeekhilomitha nzulu kweyona ndawo ikude. iikona zesithuba, kwaye kwelinye icala, bakhulula amandla angenasiphelo avaleleke ngaphakathi kweathom. Okwenziwa nguRutherford, uBohr, uMilikan nezinye izazinzulu ngenxa yokufun’ ukwazi ukuzama ukuqonda ubume beathom eyakhupha amandla anokuguqula ubomi bomntu. Kodwa kufuneka uqonde ukuba eso siphumo sokugqibela nesingalindelekanga ayisosizathu semisebenzi yabo kaRutherford, Einstein, Millikan, Bohr okanye nabaphi na oogxa babo. Kodwa masibayeke. Mhlawumbi akukho nkokeli yezemfundo ikwaziyo ukubeka umkhomba-ndlela abantu abathile ekufuneka basebenze kuwo. Ilahleko, kwaye ndiyayivuma kwakhona, ibonakala ikhulu, kodwa eneneni yonke into ayinjalo. Zonke iindleko ezipheleleyo ekuphuhlisweni kwe-bacteriology akukho nto xa kuthelekiswa neenzuzo ezifunyenwe kwizinto ezifunyenwe nguPasteur, uKoch, u-Ehrlich, uTheobald Smith kunye nabanye. Oku ngekwakungazange kwenzeke ukuba ingcamango yokusetyenziswa kwayo yayithabathele ezingqondweni zabo. Ezi nkosi zibalaseleyo, ezizezi izazinzulu kunye neengcali zebhaktheriya, zenze umoya okhoyo kwiilabhoratri apho zilandela nje umdla wazo wendalo. Andiwagxeki amaziko afana nezikolo zobunjineli okanye izikolo zomthetho, apho izinto eziluncedo zilawula ngokungathintelekiyo. Amaxesha amaninzi imeko iyatshintsha, kwaye ubunzima obubonakalayo obufunyenwe kushishino okanye kwiilabhoratri buvuselela ukuvela kophando lwethiyori olunokuthi okanye lungayisombululi ingxaki ekhoyo, kodwa enokuphakamisa iindlela ezintsha zokujonga ingxaki. Ezi mbono zinokuthi zingabi namsebenzi ngelo xesha, kodwa ngokuqala kweempumelelo zexesha elizayo, zombini ngendlela ebonakalayo kunye nengqiqo yethiyori.
Ngokuqokelelwa ngokukhawuleza "kokungenamsebenzi" okanye ulwazi lwethiyori, kwavela imeko apho kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqala ukucombulula iingxaki ezisebenzayo kunye nendlela yesayensi. Akunjalo kuphela abaqambi, kodwa kunye neenzululwazi "zenyani" zibandakanya oku. Ndakhankanya uMarconi, umyili owathi, ngoxa wayenceda uluntu, eneneni “wasebenzisa ingqondo yabanye” kuphela. U-Edison ukudidi olufanayo. Kodwa uPasteur wayehlukile. Wayeyinzululwazi enkulu, kodwa akazange ayeke ukusombulula iingxaki ezisebenzayo, ezifana nemeko yeediliya zaseFransi okanye iingxaki zokusela. U-Pasteur akazange ahlangabezane kuphela nobunzima obungxamisekileyo, kodwa uphinde wakhupha kwiingxaki eziphathekayo ezinye izigqibo zethiyori ezithembisayo, "ezingenamsebenzi" ngelo xesha, kodwa mhlawumbi "ziluncedo" ngendlela engalindelekanga kwixesha elizayo. U-Ehrlich, owayengumntu ocingayo, wayithatha ngamandla ingxaki yegcushuwa waza wasebenza kuyo ngenkani enqabileyo de wafumana isisombululo sokusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza (iyeza elithi "Salvarsan"). Ukufunyanwa kukaBanting kwe-insulin yokulwa nesifo seswekile, kunye nokufunyanwa kwesibindi se-Minot kunye ne-Whipple ukunyanga i-anemia eyingozi, iphuma kwiklasi enye: zombini zenziwa zizazinzulu eziye zaqonda ukuba lungakanani ulwazi "olungenamsebenzi" oluye lwaqokelelwa ngabantu , iimpembelelo ezisebenzayo, kwaye ngoku lixesha elifanelekileyo lokubuza imibuzo esebenzayo kulwimi lwesayensi.
Ngaloo ndlela, kuyacaca ukuba ubani umele alumke xa zonke izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu zithi zivela kumntu omnye. Phantse yonke into efunyenweyo yandulelwa libali elide nelintsokothileyo. Umntu ufumene into apha, kwaye omnye wafumana into phaya. Kwinqanaba lesithathu, impumelelo idlule, njalo njalo, de ingqiqo yomntu ihlanganise yonke into kwaye yenza igalelo layo eliqinisekileyo. Isayensi, njengoMlambo i-Mississippi, isuka kwimisinga emincinci kwihlathi elikude. Ngokuthe ngcembe, eminye imijelo inyusa umthamo wayo. Ngaloo ndlela, kwimithombo engenakubalwa, kwenziwa umlambo ongxolayo, oqhekeza amadama.
Andikwazi ukuwugubungela ngokupheleleyo lo mbandela, kodwa ndingatsho ngokufutshane oku: kwisithuba sekhulu okanye amakhulu amabini eminyaka, igalelo lezikolo ezifundisa umsebenzi wezandla kwiintlobo ezifanelekileyo zemisebenzi ngokuqinisekileyo liya kubandakanywa kakhulu ekuqeqesheni abantu, mhlawumbi ngomso. , baya kuba ziinjineli, amagqwetha, okanye oogqirha abaqeqeshekileyo, kangangokuba kwanasekusukeleni usukelo olusebenzisekayo, kuya kwenziwa umsebenzi omninzi obonakala ungento yanto. Kulo msebenzi ungento yanto kufunyanwa izinto ezinokuthi zingqineke zibaluleke ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto engqondweni nasemoyeni womntu ngaphezu kokuphunyezwa kweenjongo eziluncedo ezidalelwe zona izikolo.
Izinto endizikhankanyileyo zibalaselisa, ukuba ugxininiso luyimfuneko, ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yokomoya neyengqondo. Ndikhankanye isayensi yovavanyo kunye nezibalo, kodwa amazwi am ayasebenza kumculo, ubugcisa, kunye nezinye iintetho zomoya okhululekileyo womntu. Inyaniso yokuba izisa ukwaneliseka kumphefumlo ozabalazela ukuhlanjululwa kunye nokunyuswa sisizathu esiyimfuneko. Ngokuzithethelela ngale ndlela, ngaphandle kwengcaciso ecacileyo okanye ecacileyo yoncedo, sichonga izizathu zobukho beekholeji, iiyunivesithi, kunye namaziko ophando. Amaziko akhulula izizukulwana ezilandelayo zemiphefumlo yabantu analo lonke ilungelo lokubakho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lo okanye lowo uphumeleleyo wenza into ebizwa ngokuba luncedo kulwazi lomntu okanye hayi. Umbongo, i-symphony, umzobo, inyaniso yemathematika, inyaniso entsha yezenzululwazi - konke oku sele kuthwele ngaphakathi kuyo inkcazo eyimfuneko efunekayo kwiiyunivesithi, iikholeji kunye namaziko ophando.
Umxholo ekuxoxwa ngawo okwangoku ubukhali kakhulu. Kwiindawo ezithile (ngokukodwa eJamani naseItali) ngoku bazama ukunciphisa inkululeko yomoya womntu. Iiyunivesithi ziye zaguqulwa zaba zizixhobo ezandleni zabo babambe iinkolelo ezithile zezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho okanye zobuhlanga. Ngamathub’ athile, umntu othile ongakhathaliyo kwenye yeedemokhrasi ezimbalwa eziseleyo kweli hlabathi usenokuthandabuza ukubaluleka kwenkululeko epheleleyo yokufunda. Utshaba lokwenene loluntu alulali kwingcinga engoyikiyo nengakhathaliyo, elungileyo okanye engalunganga. Utshaba lokwenyaniso yindoda ezama ukutywina umoya womntu ukuze ingabi nabuganga bokusabalalisa amaphiko ayo, njengoko kwenzeka e-Itali naseJamani, nakwi-Great Britain nase-USA.
Kwaye le ngcamango ayikho ntsha. Nguye owakhuthaza u-von Humboldt ukuba afumane iYunivesithi yaseBerlin xa uNapoleon woyisa iJamani. Yaba nguye owaphefumlela uMongameli uGilman ukuba avule iYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins, emva koko iyunivesiti nganye kweli lizwe, kancinane okanye kancinane, yafuna ukuzakha kwakhona. Yile ngcamango yokuba wonke umntu oxabisa umphefumlo wakhe ongafi uya kuthembeka kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na. Nangona kunjalo, izizathu zenkululeko yokomoya zihamba phambili kakhulu kunokwenyani, nokuba kukwicandelo lesayensi okanye ubuntu, kuba ... kuthetha ukunyamezelana kuluhlu olupheleleyo lweeyantlukwano zabantu. Yintoni enokuba sisidenge okanye intlekisa kunobuhlanga-okanye esekwe elunqulweni ukuthanda nokungathandwa kwimbali yoluntu? Ngaba abantu bafuna iisymphonies, imizobo kunye neenyaniso ezinzulu zesayensi, okanye bafuna iisymphonies zobuKristu, imizobo kunye nesayensi, okanye amaYuda, okanye amaSilamsi? Okanye mhlawumbi umYiputa, isiJapan, isiTshayina, iMelika, isiJamani, isiRashiya, umkomanisi okanye ukubonakaliswa kokulondoloza ubutyebi obungenasiphelo bomphefumlo womntu?
IV
Ndiyakholelwa ukuba esinye sezona ziphumo zimangalisayo nezikhawulezayo zokunganyamezeli zonke izinto zasemzini luphuhliso olukhawulezayo lweZiko loFundo oluPhakamileyo, elasekwa ngo-1930 nguLouis Bamberger kunye nodade wabo uFelix Fuld ePrinceton, eNew Jersey. Yayimi ePrinceton ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuzinikela kwabaseki kurhulumente, kodwa, kangangoko ndinako ukugweba, nangenxa yokuba kwakukho isebe elincinane kodwa elilungileyo elinezidanga kwisixeko apho intsebenziswano esondeleyo yayinokwenzeka. IZiko linetyala kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton elingasokuze lixatyiswe ngokupheleleyo. IZiko, xa uninzi lwabasebenzi balo sele beqeshwe, laqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1933. Izazinzulu ezidumileyo zaseMelika zasebenza kwiifaculty zayo: iingcali zezibalo uVeblen, uAlexander noMorse; abantu abanobuntu uMeritt, uLevy kunye noNkosazana Goldman; iintatheli kunye neengcali zezoqoqosho uStewart, uRiefler, uWarren, uEarle noMitrany. Apha kufuneka songeze izazinzulu ezibaluleke ngokulinganayo esele zenzekile eyunivesithi, kwithala leencwadi, nakwiilabhoratri zesixeko sasePrinceton. Kodwa i-Institute for Advanced Study inetyala kuHitler kwiingcali zezibalo u-Einstein, u-Weyl no-von Neumann; kubameli boluntu uHerzfeld kunye nePanofsky, kunye nenani labantu abatsha abathi, kwiminyaka emithandathu edlulileyo, baye baphenjelelwa leli qela libalaseleyo, kwaye sele besomeleza isikhundla semfundo yaseMelika kuzo zonke iimbombo zelizwe.
IZiko, ngokwembono yombutho, lelona ziko lilula nelingasemthethweni umntu anokuthi alicinge. Ibandakanya amacandelo amathathu: imathematika, ubuntu, uqoqosho kunye nesayensi yezopolitiko. Ngamnye kubo uquka iqela elisisigxina leenjingalwazi kunye neqela elitshintshayo lonyaka labasebenzi. Isebe ngalinye liqhuba imicimbi yalo njengoko libona kufanelekile. Eqelani, mntu ngamnye uzigqibela ngokwakhe indlela yokulisebenzisa kakuhle ixesha lakhe nokuhambisa amandla akhe. Abasebenzi, ababevela kumazwe angama-22 nakwiiyunivesithi ezingama-39, bamkelwa eUnited States ngokwamaqela aliqela ukuba babegqalwa njengabafanelekileyo. Banikwa inqanaba lenkululeko efanayo neyoonjingalwazi. Banokusebenza nomnye unjingalwazi ngemvumelwano; babevunyelwa ukuba basebenze bodwa, becebisana ngamaxesha athile nomntu onokuba luncedo.
Akukho siqhelo, akukho yantlukwano phakathi koonjingalwazi, amalungu eziko okanye iindwendwe. Abafundi kunye nonjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton kunye namalungu kunye nonjingalwazi kwiZiko leSifundo esiPhakamileyo baxubana ngokulula kangangokuba babonakala bengacacanga. Ukufunda ngokwako kwahlakulelwa. Iziphumo zomntu ngamnye kunye noluntu bezingekho kumda womdla. Akukho zintlanganiso, akukho zikomiti. Ngaloo ndlela, abantu abaneengcamango babenandipha imekobume eyayikhuthaza ukucingisisa nokwabelana. Ingcali yezibalo inokwenza imathematika ngaphandle kweziphazamiso. Kukwanjalo nakummeli woluntu, ingcali yezoqoqosho, kunye nenzululwazi yezopolitiko. Ubungakanani kunye nenqanaba lokubaluleka kwesebe lolawulo liye lancitshiswa lancinci. Abantu abangenazo iimbono, abangenakho ukugxila kuzo, banokuziva bengakhululekanga kweli ziko.
Mhlawumbi ndingacacisa ngokufutshane ngezi caphulo zilandelayo. Ukuze kutsalwe unjingalwazi waseHarvard ukuba asebenze ePrinceton, kwabelwa umvuzo, yaye wabhala: “Yiyiphi imisebenzi yam?” Ndaphendula ndathi, “Akukho luxanduva, ngamathuba nje kuphela.”
Ingcali yezibalo eselula eqaqambileyo, emva kokuchitha unyaka kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton, yeza kuthi ndlela-ntle kum. Wathi xa eza kuhamba wathi:
"Unokuba nomdla wokwazi ukuba lo nyaka uthetha ntoni kum."
“Ewe,” ndaphendula.
“IMathematika,” uqhube watsho. - ikhula ngokukhawuleza; luninzi uncwadi. Sele iyiminyaka eli-10 ndifumana isidanga sam sobugqirha. Kangangexesha elithile ndiye ndaqhubeka nombandela wam wophando, kodwa kutshanje kuye kwaba nzima ngakumbi ukwenza oku, kwaye kuye kwavela imvakalelo yokungaqiniseki. Ngoku, emva konyaka uchithe apha, amehlo am aye avuleka. Ukukhanya kwaqala kwasa kwaye kwaba lula ukuphefumla. Ndicinga ngamanqaku amabini endifuna ukuwapapasha kungekudala.
- Kuya kuhlala ixesha elingakanani oku? - Ndibuzile.
- Iminyaka emihlanu, mhlawumbi elishumi.
- Yintoni ke?
- Ndiza kubuyela apha.
Kwaye umzekelo wesithathu usuka kulowo wamva nje. Unjingalwazi ovela kwiyunivesithi enkulu yaseNtshona weza ePrinceton ekupheleni kukaDisemba kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Waceba ukuphinda aqalise umsebenzi kunye noNjingalwazi Moray (weYunivesithi yasePrinceton). Kodwa wacebisa ukuba aqhagamshelane noPanofsky kunye noSvazhensky (ukusuka kwiZiko loFundo oluPhezulu). Kwaye ngoku usebenza nabo bobathathu.
“Kufuneka ndihlale,” wongeze watsho. - Kude kube ngo-Oktobha ozayo.
“Uza kutshisa apha ehlotyeni,” ndatsho.
"Ndiza kuxakeka kakhulu kwaye ndonwabe kakhulu ukuba ndingakhathali."
Ngaloo ndlela, inkululeko ayikhokelela ekumeni, kodwa izaliswe yingozi yokusebenza ngokugqithiseleyo. Kutshanje inkosikazi yelinye ilungu eliNgesi leZiko labuza oku: “Ngaba ngokwenene wonk’ ubani usebenza de kube yintsimbi yesibini ekuseni?”
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iZiko belingenazo izakhiwo zalo. Iingcali zeMathematika ngoku zindwendwela iHolo yaseFine kwiSebe leMathematika lasePrinceton; abanye abameli boluntu-eMcCormick Hall; abanye basebenza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesixeko. Iingcali zezoqoqosho ngoku zihlala kwigumbi kwiHotele yasePrinceton. Iofisi yam ikwisakhiwo seofisi esikwiSitalato saseNassau, phakathi koonovenkile, oogqirha bamazinyo, amagqwetha, abaxhasi be-chiropractic, kunye nabaphandi beYunivesithi yasePrinceton abaqhuba uphando lukarhulumente wasekhaya noluntu. Izitena kunye nemiqadi ayenzi mahluko, njengoko uMongameli uGilman wangqinayo eBaltimore kwiminyaka engama-60 eyadlulayo. Nangona kunjalo, siyakukhumbula ukunxibelelana nabanye. Kodwa le ntsilelo iya kulungiswa xa sakhelwa isakhiwo esahlukileyo esibizwa ngokuba yiFuld Hall, nto leyo esele yenziwe ngabaseki beli ziko. Kodwa kulapho kufuneka kuphele khona okusesikweni. Iziko kufuneka lihlale liliziko elincinci, kwaye kuya kuba noluvo lokuba abasebenzi beZiko bafuna ukuba nexesha lokukhululeka, bazive bekhuselekile kwaye bekhululekile kwimicimbi yentlangano kunye nesiqhelo, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kufuneka kubekho iimeko zonxibelelwano olungekho sikweni kunye nososayensi abavela ePrinceton. IYunivesithi kunye nabanye abantu, abanokuthi ngamanye amaxesha batsaleleke ePrinceton besuka kwimimandla ekude. Phakathi kwala madoda kwakukho uNiels Bohr waseCopenhagen, uvon Laue waseBerlin, uLevi-Civita waseRoma, uAndré Weil waseStrasbourg, uDirac noH. H. Hardy baseCambridge, uPauli waseZurich, uLemaitre waseLeuven, uWade-Gery waseOxford, kwanabemi baseMerika abavela e-Oxford. Iidyunivesithi zaseHarvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Chicago, California, Johns Hopkins University kunye namanye amaziko okukhanya nokukhanya.
Asenzeli izithembiso, kodwa siyalixabisa ithemba lokuba ukusukela ulwazi olungenamsebenzi ngokungathintelekiyo kuya kuchaphazela ikamva kunye nexesha elidlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, le ngxoxo asiyisebenzisi ekukhuseleni iziko. Iye yaba yiparadesi kwizazinzulu ezithe, njengeembongi neemvumi, zafumana ilungelo lokwenza yonk’ into ngendlela ezithanda ngayo, neziye zazuza okungakumbi ukuba ziyavunyelwa.
Inguqulelo: Shchekotova Yana
umthombo: www.habr.com