Owokuqala ukusuka ekhohlo nguMarvin Minsky, owesibini ukusuka ekhohlo nguAlan Kay, emva koko uJohn Perry Barlow noGloria Minsky.
Umbuzo: Ungayitolika njani imbono kaMarvin Minsky yokuba “iNzululwazi yeKhompyutha sele inegrama. Into ayifunayo luncwadi.”?
Alan Kay: Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu yokurekhoda (kubandakanywa namagqabantshintshi) kukuba akukho ngxelo yembali kule ngcamango inokufunyanwa naphi na. Enyanisweni, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo kwi-60 kwakukho intetho eninzi malunga nale nto kwaye, njengoko ndikhumbula, amanqaku amaninzi.
Ndaqala ukuva ngale ngcamango kuBob Barton, ngo-1967 kwisikolo esiphumeleleyo, xa wandixelela ukuba le ngcamango yayiyinxalenye yenkuthazo kaDonald Knuth xa ebhala i-Art of Programming, izahluko esele zijikeleza. Omnye wemibuzo ephambili kaBob yayimalunga "neelwimi zokucwangcisa ezenzelwe ukufundwa ngabantu kunye noomatshini." Kwaye leyo yayiyeyona nto iphambili yokukhuthaza iinxalenye zoyilo lweCOBOL ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-60. Kwaye, mhlawumbi okubaluleke ngakumbi kumxholo wesihloko sethu, lo mbono ubonwa kwasekuqaleni kakhulu kwaye uyilwe kakuhle ngolwimi olusebenzisanayo lweJOSS (ubukhulu becala nguCliff Shaw).
Njengoko uFrank Smith waphawulayo, uncwadi luqala ngeengcinga ezifanele ukuxoxa nokubhala phantsi; ihlala ivelisa ngokuyinxenye kwaye yandisa iilwimi ezikhoyo kunye neefom; ikhokelela kwiingcamango ezintsha malunga nokufunda nokubhala; yaye ekugqibeleni kwiingcamango ezintsha ezazingeyonxalenye yenjongo yantlandlolo.
Inxalenye yombono "wokufunda nokubhala" kukufunda, ukubhala, kunye nokubhekisa kwamanye amanqaku anokuba nomdla. Umzekelo, intetho kaMarvin Minsky's Turing Award iqala ngokuthi: .
Oko wayethetha kukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwi-computing intsingiselo, kunye nendlela enokuthi ijongwe kwaye imelwe ngayo, ngokuchasene nenye yeengqungquthela ezinkulu ze-60 malunga nendlela yokuhlalutya inkqubo kunye neelwimi zendalo. Kuye, eyona nto inomdla malunga nethisisi kaTerry Winograd yomfundi we-Master's inokuba nangona yayingachanekanga kakhulu ngokwemigaqo yegrama yesiNgesi (yayilunge kakhulu), kodwa inokuba nentsingiselo yento ethethiweyo kwaye inokuthethelela oko bekutshiwo. uthe usebenzisa elixabiso. (Oku kuphosa umva koko uKen abika kwiblogi kaMarvin).
Indlela efanayo yokujonga "ukufunda ulwimi oluqhelekileyo." Kuninzi okunokwenziwa ngaphandle kokutshintsha ulwimi okanye kongezwe isichazi-magama. Oku kuyafana nendlela ngeesimboli zemathematika kunye nesintaksi kulula kakhulu ukubhala ifomula. Oku ngokuyinxenye yiloo nto uMarvin ayifumanayo. Kuyahlekisa ukuba umatshini weTuring kwincwadi kaMarvin Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines (enye yeencwadi endizithandayo) yikhompyuter eqhelekileyo enemiyalelo emibini (yongeza i-1 ukubhalisa kwaye uthabathe i-1 kwirejista kunye namasebe ukuya kumyalelo omtsha ukuba irejista ingaphantsi kune 0 - zininzi iinketho.)
Lulwimi lwenkqubo oluqhelekileyo, kodwa yilumkele imigibe. Isisombululo esinengqiqo "sokufunda jikelele" kuya kufuneka kwakhona sibe neentlobo ezithile zamandla okuvakalisa ezinokufuna ixesha elingakumbi lokufunda.
Umdla kaDon kwinto ebizwa ngokuba “yinkqubo yokufunda nokubhala” ukhokelele ekudalweni kwenkqubo yokugunyazisa (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiWEB ngokwembali) eyayiza kuvumela uDon ukuba achaze kanye le nkqubo yayibhalwayo, nebandakanya izinto ezininzi ezivumela iinxalenye zenkqubo ukuba zibekho. ikhutshelwe ufundo lwabantu. Ingcinga yayikukuba uxwebhu lweWEB luyinkqubo, kwaye umqambi unokukhupha iinxalenye eziqokelelweyo neziphunyezwayo kuyo.
Olunye uhlaziyo lwangaphambili yayiluluvo lwemithombo yeendaba eguqukayo, eyayiluluvo oludumileyo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60, kwaye uninzi lwethu yayiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yekhompyuter esebenzisanayo. Enye yezizathu eziliqela kule ngcamango ukuba into efana "Newton kaThixo Principles" apho "imathematika" yayiguquguquka kwaye inokuthi iqhutywe kwaye ibotshelelwe kwimizobo, njl. Oku kwakuyinxalenye yenjongo yokukhuthaza ingcamango yeDynabook ngo-1968 ngonyaka. Elinye lamagama aqala ukusetyenziswa ngoko "sisincoko esisebenzayo," apho iintlobo zokubhala kunye nengxoxo umntu anokuyilindela kwisincoko iphuculwa yinkqubo yonxibelelwano ibe yenye yeentlobo ezininzi zeendaba zohlobo olutsha loxwebhu.
Eminye imizekelo emihle kakhulu yenziwe kwi-Hypercard nguTed Cuyler ngokwakhe ekupheleni kwe80 kunye ne-90 yokuqala. I-Hypercard ayizange iqwalaselwe ngokuthe ngqo kule nto - izikripthi zazingezona zinto zemidiya zamakhadi, kodwa unokwenza umsebenzi othile kwaye ufumane izikripthi zokubonisa kumakhadi kwaye ubenze basebenzisane. Umzekelo oxhokonxayo ngokukhethekileyo yayingu "Weasel", eyayisisincoko esisebenzayo esichaza inxalenye yencwadi kaRichard Dawkins'Blind Watchmaker, evumela umfundi ukuba azame ngesakhelo esasebenzisa uhlobo lwenkqubo yokuzalanisa ukufumana izivakalisi ezijoliswe kuyo.
Kuyafaneleka ukuqwalasela ukuba ngelixa i-Hypercard yayiphantse ilungele i-Intanethi evelayo-kunye nokwamkelwa kwayo ngokubanzi kwiminyaka yoo-'90s-abantu abenze i-Intanethi bakhetha ukungayimkeli okanye iimbono ezinkulu zangaphambili zika-Engelbart. Kwaye i-Apple, eyayinabantu abaninzi be-ARPA / Parc kwiphiko layo lophando, yenqaba ukubaphulaphula ngokubaluleka kwe-Intanethi kunye nendlela i-Hypercard eya kuba yinto enkulu ngayo ekuqaliseni inkqubo yokufunda-yokubhala i-symmetric. I-Apple yalile ukwenza isikhangeli ngexesha apho isikhangeli esilungileyo siya kuba luphuhliso olubalulekileyo, kwaye inokuba idlale indima enkulu kwindlela "ubuso bukawonkewonke" be-Intanethi bube yiyo.
Ukuba siqhubela phambili kwiminyaka embalwa sifumanisa into engekho ngqiqweni - ephantse ibe ngamanyala - yebhrawuza yewebhu engenankqubo yophuhliso yokwenyani (cinga indlela uphuhliso lweWiki olububudenge bekufanele ukuba lusebenze ngayo), kwaye njengomnye wemizekelo emininzi elula, inqaku leWikipedia. njenge LOGO , esebenza kwikhompyutheni, kodwa ayivumeli umfundi wenqaku ukuba azame ukucwangcisa i-LOGO kwinqaku. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba oko kwakubalulekile kwiikhomputha kwakuvaliwe kubasebenzisi ekukhuseleni ukuphunyezwa okwahlukeneyo kumajelo akudala.
Kufanelekile ukuqwalasela ukuba i-Wikipedia ibe kwaye iyindlela ephambili yokucinga, ukuyila, ukuphumeza, kunye nokubhala "uncwadi lwekhomputha" olufunekayo (kwaye oku ngokuqinisekileyo kubandakanya ukufunda nokubhala kwiintlobo ezininzi ze-multimedia, kuquka inkqubo).
Eyona nto ibaluleke ngakumbi kukuba andikwazi ukubhala inkqubo apha kule mpendulo yeQuora - ngo-2017! -oku kuya kunceda ukubonisa ukuba yintoni kanye kanye ndizama ukuyichaza, nangona amandla amakhulu ekhompyutheni aphantsi kombono obuthathaka wemidiya edibeneyo. Umbuzo obalulekileyo ngulo "kwenzeka ntoni?" ayihoywa kwaphela apha.
Ukufumana umbono wengxaki, nantsi inkqubo ka-1978 esathi sayivusa ngokuyinxenye kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo njengembeko kuTed Nelson kwaye ngokuyinxenye yolonwabo.
(Nceda ubukele apha ngo-2:15)
Yonke le nkqubo ilinge lokuqala koko ndithetha ngako ngoku kwiminyaka engama-40 eyadlulayo.
Umzekelo obalaseleyo unokubonwa ngo-9:06.
Ngaphandle kwe "izinto eziguquguqukayo", enye yeengqwalasela eziphambili apha kukuba "iimbono" - imidiya ebonakalayo kwiphepha - inokucutshungulwa ngokulinganayo kwaye ngokuzimeleyo kumxholo wabo (sibiza ngokuthi "iimodeli"). Yonke into "yifestile" (ezinye zinemida ecacileyo kwaye ezinye azibonisi imida yazo). Zonke zihlanganiswe kwiphepha leprojekthi. Olunye uluvo yayikukuba kuba kufuneka uyile kwaye udibanise ezinye izinto, qiniseka ukuba yonke into iyadityaniswa kwaye iyabhalwa.
Ndicinga ukuba abasebenzisi abangenalwazi banokuxolelwa ngenxa yokungakwazi ukugxeka ukuyila okubi. Kodwa abadwelisi benkqubo abenza imidiya esebenzisanayo kubasebenzisi, kwaye abangakhathaliyo ukufunda malunga nemidiya kunye noyilo, ngakumbi kwimbali yentsimi yabo, akufuneki babaleke ngokulula kwaye akufanele bavuzwe ngokwenza njalo. “babuthathaka”.
Ekugqibeleni, intsimi engenalo uncwadi lokwenene iphantse ilingane nesibakala sokuba intsimi asiyontsimi. Uncwadi yindlela yokugcina iingcamango ezintle kuhlobo olutsha, kunye nokucinga kwangoku nakwixesha elizayo kuloo ndawo. Oku, ngokuqinisekileyo, akukho kwizibalo nakweyiphi na indlela eluncedo. Njengenkcubeko ye-pop, i-computing isenomdla kakhulu kwinto enokwenziwa ngaphandle koqeqesho olubanzi, kwaye apho ukubulawa kubaluleke kakhulu kunemiphumo yeziphumo. Uncwadi lolunye lweendlela apho unokusuka kwizinto ezilula kwaye zikhawuleze ukuya kwezona zinkulu kwaye zibaluleke ngakumbi.
Siyayidinga!
Malunga neGoTo School
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