Ulonyulo: Kuphuhliso lwakhe lwethiyori yekhontrakthi kwi-neoclassical economics. Ulwalathiso lweneoclassical luthetha ukuba nengqiqo kwee-arhente zoqoqosho kwaye lusebenzisa ngokubanzi ithiyori yokulingana kwezoqoqosho kunye nethiyori yomdlalo.
Oliver Hart kunye Bengt HolmstrΓΆm.
Ikhontrakthi. Yintoni? Ndingumqeshi, ndinabasebenzi abaliqela, ndiyabaxelela ukuba umvuzo wabo uya kumiswa njani. Kweziphi iimeko yaye baya kufumana ntoni? Ezi meko zinokubandakanya indlela yokuziphatha koogxa babo.
Ndiza kunika imizekelo emihlanu. Ezintathu kuzo zibonisa indlela ukuzama ukungenelela okwakhokelela ngayo ekubeni imeko ibe mbi ngakumbi.
1. Abafundi banqumla isitrato besiya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Iimoto ziye zacotha, abafundi babaleka benqumla, itrafiki βyayilungelelanisiweβ ngandlelβ ithile. Isiphithiphithi, kodwa yonke into ilungile, ubomi buyaqhubeka.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo kwakukho ummiselo wokuba kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela indawo enye yokuwela abahambi ngeenyawo. Kukho i-200-300 yeemitha kwinqanaba lendlela. Kukho iingcingo ezijikelezileyo kwaye bonke abafundi baya kule paseji inye. Ngenxa yoko, abafundi bavala ngokupheleleyo izithuthi kangangemizuzu engama-25 ukusuka ku-8:45 ukuya ku-9:10. Akukho moto inokudlula. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo "wekhontrakthi engalunganga".
2. Andifumananga siqinisekiso siqinisekileyo. I-Factoid, into eyaziwa ngumntu wonke njengenyani, kodwa eneneni isenokungabi nasiqinisekiso.
Kwilizwe lasempuma baqalisa ukulwa neempuku. Baqala ukuhlawula impuku ebuleweyo ("iingqekembe ezili-10"). Emva koko yonke into icacile, wonke umntu wawushiya umsebenzi wakhe waza waqalisa ukuzala iimpuku. (Bakhwaza kubaphulaphuli ukuba esi siganeko senzeke e-Indiya kunye ne-cobras ().)
3. Kwakukho iifandesi ezimbini zokuthengiswa kwee-mobile frequency bands, eNgilani naseSwitzerland. ENgilani, inkqubo yayikhokelwa nguRoger Myerson, owawongwa ngewonga leNobel. Wayilawula ngendlela yokuba iindleko zekontraka zazimalunga neekhilogram ezingama-600 kumntu ngamnye oliNgesi. Kwaye eSwitzerland basilela ngokupheleleyo ifandesi. Benza iyelenqe kwaye kwaphuma kwi-20 francs kumntu ngamnye.
4. Andikwazi ukuthetha ngaphandle kweenyembezi, kodwa iinyembezi sele ziphelile. I-Uniified State Exam iyitshabalalisile imfundo yesikolo. Kwaqulunqwa ukulwa urhwaphilizo, ukuze yonke into ibe nobulungisa kwaye inobulungisa. Yaphela njani yonke le nto, ndingatsho ukuba kwizikolo ezininzi, ngaphandle kwezona zigqwesileyo, kukho uqeqesho lwe-Unified State Exam, izifundo zimisiwe, kwaye uqeqesho luyaqhubeka. Abafundisi-ntsapho baxelelwa ngokuthe ngqo oku: βUmvuzo wakho nobukho bakho esikolweni buxhomekeke kwindlela abafundi bakho abaluphumelela ngayo uViwo lweLizwe Olumanyeneyo.β
Kuyafana namanqaku kunye ne-scientometrics.
5. Umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu. Mininzi imizekelo eyimpumelelo kwaye mininzi engaphumeleliyo. Uninzi lwengxelo luya kunikezelwa kulo mba.
Uyilo lweMechinism
Ndibone amaqela amaninzi ahlukeneyo okunyuka intaba, kuquka namakhulu - 30-40-50 abantu. Ngenkqubo ehlelwe ngokufanelekileyo, le yiyunithi yokulwa ehlala njengento enye. Wonke umntu unendima yakhe, ishishini lakhe. Kwaye kwezinye iindawo yingxubakaxaka ekhululekileyo.
Indlela yokusombulula ingxaki yokulawula ukuba kukho abalawuli abambalwa kakhulu?
Le ngxaki idla ngokuvela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Bekungasoloko kusonjululwa ngempumelelo.
Umzekelo.
Kukho i-metro enenguqu ukuya koololiwe bombane. Iinguqu ezingama-20 kunye nonogada omnye. Kwaye kweli cala, malunga nemivundla ye-10 igcwele ekoneni. Uloliwe uyafika kwaye wonke umntu ubaleka ngokungathi uyalelwe. Umlindi ubamba enye, kodwa abanye baya kubaleka. Ukuba sijonga le meko ngokwembono ithiyori yomdlalo, yimeko apho kukho iimeko ezimbini zokulingana ngokupheleleyo.
Kwesinye, akukho mntu uhamba kwaye wonke umntu uyazi ukuba akukho mntu uhamba, akukho mntu uzama, le yimeko yokuzimela. Kukulingana, wonke umntu wenza into "elungileyo". Kwaye umntu omnye ubambe yonke isihlwele.
Kodwa kukho enye ibhalansi. Wonke umntu uyabaleka. Ukuba uyakholelwa ukuba wonke umntu uyasebenza, ngoko ke amathuba okuba ubanjwe yi-1/15, unokuthatha umngcipheko. Ukuba neenketho ezimbini ngumceli mngeni omkhulu kwiinzululwazi zethiyori yomdlalo. Mhlawumbi isiqingatha sethiyori yomdlalo sizinikele ekusingatheni iimeko ezinjalo. Indlela yokutshala ingcamango kwiingqondo zeehares ukwenzela ukuba bayesaba "ukutyibilika"?
Lo nguJohn Nash. Ubonakalise ithiyori ngokubanzi yobukho bokulingana kwimidlalo enezisombululo ezidibeneyo. Xa umphumo awuxhomekanga kuphela kwizigqibo zakho, kodwa nakwizigqibo zabo bonke abanye abathathi-nxaxheba.
Eminye imizekelo yokulinganisela.
into Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ? Unephetshana elingaqhelekanga epokothweni yakho. Usebenzile kwaye ezi ziqwenga zamaphepha (iidijithi kwi-akhawunti) ziye zaba ngaphezulu. Ngokwabo abathethi nto. Ungabasa umlilo uze wothe. Kodwa ukholelwa ukuba zithetha okuthile. Uyazi ukuba uza kuya evenkileni kwaye baya kwamkelwa. Lowo wamkelayo naye ukholwa ukuba wolwamkela nakuye; Inkolelo yendalo yonke yokuba ezi ziqwenga zephepha zinexabiso yi-equilibrium social, ethi, ngezikhathi ezithile, itshatyalaliswe xa i-hyperinflation isenzeka. Emva koko, ukusuka kwimeko apho wonke umntu ekholelwa kwimali, ijika ibe yimeko apho wonke umntu engakholelwa kwimali.
Ekunene nasekhohlo traffic. Kwahlukile kwamanye amazwe, kodwa ulandela le migaqo.
Kutheni abantu besiya kwifiziksi nakwitekhnoloji? Kuba kukho intembelo yokuba bafundisa kakuhle apho. Kukho ukuzithemba ukuba abanye abafundi abomeleleyo baya kuya apho. Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni weqela elithile labantwana besikolo abomeleleyo ngequbuliso lavuma laza laya kwiyunivesithi ethile ebuthathaka. Uya komelela ngoko nangoko.
Unogada unokulususa njani ulungelelwano olubi?
Kuyimfuneko ukubala zonke iihares ngokuvakalayo kwaye uxelele ukuba kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani oxhumayo, baya kubamba lowo unenani elincinci.
Masithi inkampani ethile ithatha isigqibo sokutsiba. Emva koko lowo unenani elincinci uyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uya kubanjwa kwaye akayi kuxhuma. Ibhalansi kuxa siqikelela ngokuchanekileyo izenzo zabanye abantu kunye nezenzo zethu, abathi abanye bacinge ngathi. Kwimeko "yoluhlu ngokuvakalayo", ukulingana kunepropati eyongezelelweyo yokuzinza. Iyaxhathisa "ulungelelwaniso/intsebenziswano". Okokuthi, kulo mlinganiso akunakwenzeka ukuba uvumelane ukuba ngelo xesha inani elithile labantu liya kutshintsha ukuziphatha kwabo ngendlela yokuba ngenxa yoko wonke umntu uya kuziva engcono.
Ukuba ubhala imithetho enzima kwaye inkampani ayikwazi ukuyiqonda, ngoko awukwazi ukulindela ukuba baziphathe ngokuhambelana ne-Nash equilibrium. Baya kwenza ukhetho oluqhelekileyo.
Masithi asivumelekanga (uthintelo lweziko) ukuba "sidwelise ngokuvakalayo." Izicwangciso zethu kufuneka zibe symmetric (ingaziwa). Kodwa sinokubhekisela kwi "ngqekembe". Ukuba kukho into eyenzekayo, ndenza enye into, ukuba kukho enye into eyenzekayo, ndenza enye.
Umsebenzi onzima. Yaqulunqwa kwaye yafundwa kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo. Akukho mntu wahlawula irhafu. Bazama ukuququzelela inkqubo ngale ndlela kwaye. Ingeniso eyi-Zero, izinyobo ... Abasemagunyeni berhafu baphendukela kwiziko apho ndisebenza khona kancinci, kumphathi wam. Sikunye siyiyile ingxaki ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Kukho n amashishini, ngamnye unomhloli wayo, kodwa kwezinye % iimeko yena colludes. % wonke umntu uyazikhethela. x1, x2... xn.
x=0 kuthetha ukuba umhloli wenze isigqibo sokunyaniseka. x=1 ithatha izinyobo kuzo zonke iimeko.
Ii-X zingabonwa ngobungqina obungathanga ngqo, kodwa asinakuzisebenzisa enkundleni. Ngokusekelwe kolu lwazi, kufuneka wakhe isicwangciso sokuqinisekisa.
Ingenziwa lula ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba kukho itshekhi enye kuphela, kodwa ngesohlwayo esikhulu kakhulu. Kwaye sinika ithuba kolu vavanyo. Amathuba okuba ndize kuni, nanku ke, ndize kuni. Kwaye le yimisebenzi esuka kwi-Xs. Kwaye isixa asidluli enye. Kuchanekile ngokweqhinga ukuba ungajongi kwaphela kwezinye iimeko kwaye ubathembise oku.
p yimephu yetyhubhu ene-n-dimensional kwiseti yazo zonke izinikezelo ezinokwenzeka. Kuyimfuneko ukuba babhalise lokuwina zabo, ukuqonda ukuba ngamnye wabo uya kufumana kangakanani xa besenza isigqibo kwi-% yamatyala ukuthatha izinyobo.
I-bi "bubunzulu bokunyoba" kushishino (ukuba uthabatha isinyobo endaweni yerhafu kuyo yonke indawo).
Isohlwayo sithatyathwe kumathuba okuba kuya kwenzeka ngawo. Kweyiphi? Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuyiqwalasela. Kodwa ayisiyiyo yonke loo nto, itshekhi inokungena kwiimeko apho yonke into yayicocekile. Ifomula elula, kodwa ubunzima bufihliwe kwi "p".
Sine slang engafumanekiyo kwamanye amasebe ezibalo: xi. Le yiseti yazo zonke iinguqu ngaphandle kweyam. Olu lukhetho olwenziwe ngumntu wonke. Olu luxanduva oluhlangeneyo.
Ngoku umbuzo: Yeyiphi ingqikelelo yolungelelwaniso esilindele ukuba babe kuyo?
Ngeminyaka yoo-90 kwakukho isiphithiphithi esikhulu apha. Abaququzeleli bolu hlolo baye babhengeza kuye wonke umntu ukuba abona bakrwada baza kohlwaywa. Itshekhi iya kuza kuye.
Luya kujongeka njani uqikelelo lwale meko?
Abantu abenze imithetho bacinga ukuba kuya kubakho unxibelelwano oluzimeleyo. I-equilibrium kuphela kukuba yonke into ingu-zero. Kodwa kubomi benene ibingu 100% Kutheni?
Impendulo kukuba i-equilibrium ayizinzile kwintsebenziswano.
Saqalisa ukuzonwaya iitheniphu zethu.
Umzekelo osisikhokelo luxanduva lomntu ngamnye. Makhe sicinge ngemeko embi: intlawulo esemthethweni ingaphantsi kwentlawulo yesinyobo. Ukuba umhloli usebenza kwishishini elineoyile kangangokuba umrhumo wakhe wokunyoba ungaphezulu kwesohlwayo, ngaba ikho into enokwenziwa? Isohlwayo asinakuthatyathwa ngaphezu kwesinye.
Ndiyazi ukuba umhloli uya kuhlawula kwaye uya kuba kumnyama. Kodwa ndingathembisa ukuba andizokukukhangela konke konke ukuba izinga lakho lorhwaphilizo alikho ngaphezulu kwama-30%. Yiyiphi eyona nzuzo?
Iiklasikhi zazisele zinayo le nto.
Kathathu izinga lorhwaphilizo liyancipha.
Imeko engabonakaliyo. 4 abantu. Umthamo wokunyoba ungaphantsi kunesohlwayo.
Ukuba uthembele kwiikhontrakthi zomntu ngamnye, awuyi "zero" wonke umntu. Kodwa ndingenza wonke umntu abe ku-zero ngesicwangciso soxanduva oluhlangeneyo.
Ndithumela ngokulinganayo itshekhi kunye namathuba alinganayo hayi kubuninzi, kodwa kwi-non-zero. Onke amasela anepesenti engekho zero aya kufumana itshekhi enokuba yi-1/4. Anditshintshi nethuba ngokuxhomekeke kuX.
Emva koko akukho lungelelwaniso ngaphandle kwe-zero. Kwaye akunakubakho kusebenzisana.
Kwaye ukuba akukho kuphela iyelenqe elithe cwaka, kodwa kunye nokudluliselwa kwemali, ke ithiyori yomdlalo iyasilela ngokupheleleyo. Kukho ubungqina obuqinileyo.
Kuye kwaphuhliswa udidi olupheleleyo lwezicwangciso eziphunyezwa ngolungelelwaniso oluqinileyo lweNash oluxhathisayo kwintsebenziswano.
Sinikezela ngamanqanaba aliqela okunyamezela urhwaphilizo. I-z1 - inqanaba lokunyamezela ngokupheleleyo, ukuphumla - izinga lokunganyangeki liyenyuka. Kwaye kwinqanaba ngalinye ligxininisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokuqinisekiswa. Ifomula ibonakala ngolu hlobo:
Ξ»1 - amathuba okukhangela kwinqanaba lokuqala lokunyamezela - lihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi komntu wonke ogqithise, ngaphezu koko, Ξ»2 ihlukaniswe phakathi komntu wonke ogqithise umyinge wesibini, njalo njalo.
Iminyaka eyi-15 eyadlulayo ndangqina le theorem ilandelayo.
Esi sicwangciso sisetyenziswe phambi kwam njengeqhinga lokwahlula iindleko.
Iikhontrakthi zibiza imali. Izikimu zentsebenziswano ezicingwe kakuhle zikonga imali enkulu, ngamanye amaxesha. Yonga ixesha.
Uxanduva oluqokelelweyo luyasebenza. Ukubophelela umntu kwiqela kuyasebenza.
Indlela endenze ngayo ingxelo kwiSebe leMicimbi yaNgaphakathi.
Ndafika, kukho amapolisa angama-40 amanqanaba ahlukeneyo, aphulaphula, ajongana, ahlebeza, emva koko oyena mkhulu weza kum wathi: "Alexey, enkosi, kunomdla ukuphulaphula umntu onomdla. malunga nesayensi yakhe ... kodwa oku akunanto yakwenza nobunyani. "
Amagosa arhwaphilizayo aseRashiya aqwalaselwe ngokuziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo kuneyaseMelika ebeyijongile. Uyawazi ukuba yintoni umahluko? Xa umRashiya eqala ukunyotywa, akasenguye ummeli wezoqoqosho owenza inzuzo yakhe ngokufanelekileyo. [Kwaqhwatywa]
Umntu uqala ukuthatha izinyobo kumda, engazange axoxe nantoni na. Kufuneka abanjwe kwaye afakwe entolongweni, yiloo nto isayensi ikhoyo.
Π‘ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎ.
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