Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaqabane, azaliswe ngononophelo, iimpawu zengqwalasela kunye novelwano, kuthiwa uthando ngeembongi, kodwa izazi zebhayoloji zibiza ngokuba ubudlelwane bezesondo ezijoliswe ekuphileni nasekuzaleni. Ezinye iintlobo zikhetha ukuthatha amanani - ukuvelisa kunye namaqabane amaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze kwandiswe inani lenzala, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa amathuba okuphila kweentlobo zonke. Abanye badala izibini ezitshatileyo, ezinokuthi ziyeke ukubakho kuphela emva kokufa komnye wamaqabane. Kangangeminyaka emininzi, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ukhetho lokuqala lunenzuzo ngakumbi, kodwa oku akunjalo ngokupheleleyo. Izibini ezitshatileyo, njengomthetho, ziphakamisa inzala yazo kunye, i.e. umkhusele kumarhamncwa, ufumane ukutya kwaye umfundise izakhono ezithile, ngelixa kubudlelwane besithembu konke oku kuwela kumagxa abuthathaka abasetyhini. Ewe, zikhona izinto ezingafaniyo, kodwa namhlanje asithethi ngazo. Iingcali zebhayoloji kudala zinomdla kwelinye inqaku elinomdla - amadoda aqhubeka ebonisa iimpawu zokuqwalaselwa kwabasetyhini, nangona isibini sabo sele senziwe kwaye sele sikhona iminyaka emininzi. Yintoni ebangela oku kuziphatha, luyintoni uncedo kuyo, kwaye zeziphi iinkalo zendaleko ezinxulunyaniswa nako? Siza kufumana iimpendulo kule mibuzo kwingxelo yeqela lophando. Hamba.
Isiseko sophando
Ukunikezelwa kwesihloko sophononongo, asiyi kugxininisa kwiintlobo zeentaka zesithembu, kodwa siya kugxininisa kwii-romantics ezinentsiba ezithandana kanye kunye.
Ukuthetha nge-monogamy, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba kukho iindidi ezininzi kuxhomekeke kwixesha: ixesha elilodwa, iminyaka emininzi kunye nobomi.
Phakathi kweentaka, i-seasonal monogamy yeyona ixhaphakileyo. Umzekelo obalaseleyo inokuba ngamarhanisi asendle. Iimazi zibandakanyeka ekufukameni nasekufukameni amaqanda, yaye inkunzi inoxanduva lokukhusela loo ndawo. Kusuku lwesibini emva kokuqanduselwa, intsapho iya kwichibi elikufuphi, apho amantshontsho amantshontsho afunda ukuzifunela ukutya. Kwimeko yengozi emanzini, imazi ikhusela ngokukrakra inzala, kodwa inkunzi, ngokucacileyo ikhumbula izinto ezibalulekileyo, idla ngokubaleka. Ayilulo olona lwalamano lufanelekileyo, nokuba ulujonga njani na.
Usapho lwamarhanisi asendle.
Ukuba sithetha ngobudlelwane, isiseko sayo sisisigxina, ke iingwamza zizona zilungileyo kulo mbandela. Badala isibini esitshatileyo ubomi babo bonke kwaye abatshintshi kwanendawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko. Enye indlwane yeengwamza, ezinobunzima obufikelela kwi-250 kg kwaye ifikelele kwi-1.5 m ububanzi, ibakhonza iminyaka emininzi ukuba iintlekele zendalo okanye ukungenelela kwabantu akuyi kutshabalalisa. Kukho indlwane kwiRiphabhliki yaseCzech eyakhiwa emva phayaa ngowe-1864.
Ubuchule bokwakha beengwamza akufuneki buxatyiswe xa ubona izakhiwo ezinjalo.
Ngokungafaniyo namarhanisi asendle, iingwamza zineembopheleleko ezilinganayo: omabini amaqabane aqandusela amaqanda, akhangele ukutya, afundise amantshontsho ukubhabha aze awakhusele kwiingozi. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezithethe zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kubudlelwane bengwamza: ukucula, ukudanisa, njl. Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kukuba ezi zithethe zenziwa kuphela ngexesha lokusekwa kwesibini (ngomhla wokuqala), kodwa kunye nobomi babo bonke kunye (nangona xa kutshintshwa ibhinqa ngexesha lokufukamela, indoda yenza umdaniso omncinci). Kuthi, oku kubonakala kukuhle kakhulu, kuthandana kwaye kungenangqondo ngokupheleleyo, kuba ngokwembono yebhayoloji akukho nzuzo ekuziphatheni okunjalo. Ngaba kunjalo? Kwaye apha sinokuqala ngokutyibilikayo ukuqwalasela isifundo ngokwaso, ebesifanele ukuphendula lo mbuzo.
Iingcali zeEthology* Bakholelwa ukuba ukubonakaliswa rhoqo kweemvakalelo zabo ngamadoda kuhambelana nokugcinwa kwemeko yokuzala kwabasetyhini.
I-Ethology* - isayensi efunda ukuziphatha okunqunywe ngokwemfuza, okt. ithuku.
Kwangaxeshanye, akukacaci ukuba kutheni le ndlela yokuziphatha ingapheli kuphela ngexesha lokukhwelana okuphambili, kodwa kubo bonke ubomi, kuba kuya kuba sengqiqweni ngakumbi ukuba amadoda atyale amandla kunye namandla ngakumbi kwinzala yawo, kunokuba abonise iimvakalelo zomntwana. ibhinqa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abaphandi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ukuqina kokubonakaliswa kothando kwibhinqa kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho wokukhwelana kwaye, ngenxa yoko, inzala (okt inani lamaqanda abekwe).
Inkunzi yentaka yaseparadesi ixhentsa phambi kwemazi. Njengoko sibona, inkunzi ibonakala iqaqambe ngakumbi kunemazi.
Le nkcazo-bungcali iqinisekiswa ngoqwalaselo. Imazi eneqabane eliyinzwana engabhalwanga kwaye ibhabhalaza lokuqala elalini lenza umgudu ongakumbi kwinzala yalo kunokuba inkunzi ingeyontlanzi okanye intaka. Kuvakala kumnandi kwaye kuhlekisa, kodwa amasiko aqhutywa ngamadoda phambi kwabasetyhini ajolise ekuboniseni ubuhle kuphela, kodwa namandla. Kwenzeka njalo ukuba iintsiba eziqaqambileyo, ukucula okumnandi kunye nokunye ukubonakaliswa kwengqwalasela evela kumadoda yimiqondiso nje yokuqonda kwabasetyhini, abayicacisa ngolwazi malunga nendoda.
Izazinzulu ezivela kwiidyunivesithi zaseNorth Carolina naseChicago, umsebenzi wazo esiwuqwalaselayo namhlanje, zikholelwa ukuba le ndlela yokuziphatha yamadoda ijolise ekuphuculeni indlela yokuziphatha kwabasetyhini ngokumalunga nenkqubo yokuzala.
Imodeli ecetywayo ngoososayensi isekelwe kwiimvavanyo ezininzi eziye zabonisa ukuba ukomeleza le miqondiso kumadoda kwandisa igalelo labasetyhini kwinkqubo yokuzala. Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba umthombo wemiphumo enjalo yokuvuselela ziimpendulo zokuqonda ezivela kwiipropati zendalo, iimpawu kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous ngokwayo. Okwangoku, malunga ne-100 yemizekelo enjalo "ukuphambuka" kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zoluvo (ukuva, umbono kunye nevumba) ziyaziwa.
Xa indoda iphinda ibonise inzuzo yayo ngaphezu kwamanye amadoda, oku kunokuba nefuthe elihle kwindoda ngokwayo (ibhinqa liya kumkhetha ngokuqinisekileyo). Kodwa kwisetyhini le nto ingaba yinto engafanelekanga, kuba iya kunciphisa imveliso yokuzala ezayo. Ngamanye amazwi, sinemeko "engaphezulu kokulindela". Indoda ebhetele kakhulu kunamanye amadoda kwaye ihlala ibonisa iimpawu zomdla kwimazi iya kufumana into ayifunayo - ukukhwelana kunye nokuzala, okanye kunoko uhlobo lwakhe. Ibhinqa elilindele ukuziphatha okufanayo kwamanye amadoda, kodwa lingafumani, linokuzifumanisa likwimeko emaxongo. Iingcali zenzululwazi zibhekisela kwimeko enjalo njengengxabano phakathi kwesondo: ukuzibonakalisa kwamadoda njengokwanda okuhle phakathi kwabemi, kwaye ukuchasana neli qhinga kukhula phakathi kwabasetyhini.
Olu ngquzulwano lwenziwa imodeli kusetyenziswa indlela yokubala (uthungelwano lwe-neural). Kwiimodeli ezibangelwayo, umbonakalisi (umthombo wesignali - indoda) usebenzisa ingqiqo yombono wommkeli (ummkeli wesignali - umfazi), ovuselela izibonakaliso ngokwazo kwingozi yokuqonda. Ngexesha elithile, utshintsho kwimbono yezibonakaliso kuluntu lwabasetyhini lwenzeka (uhlobo oluthile lokuguqulwa), ngenxa yoko amandla ezibonakaliso ezivela kumthombo (indoda) iya kuncipha kakhulu. Ukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kwiinguqu ezinjalo kuya kukhokelela ekubeni enye okanye olunye uhlobo lomqondiso aluyi kusebenza ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko utshintsho olunjalo lwenzeka, ezinye iimpawu ziyanyamalala, zilahlekelwa amandla, kodwa zivela ezintsha, kwaye inkqubo iqala ngokutsha.
Le nkqubo ijijekileyo ilula kakhulu ekusebenzeni. Khawucinge ukuba indoda ibonakala inentsiba eqaqambileyo (enye kuphela), ihluke kwabanye, kwaye iimazi zikhetha kuye. Emva koko indoda ibonakala ngeentsiba ezimbini ezikhanyayo, emva koko ezintathu, njl. Kodwa amandla omqondiso onjalo, ngenxa yokukhula kwayo kunye nokusasazeka, iqala ukuwa ngokulinganayo. Kwaye ngequbuliso kuvela inkunzi ekwaziyo ukucula kamnandi ize yakhe iindlwane. Ngenxa yoko, iintsiba ezintle njengophawu luyayeka ukusebenza kwaye luqala ukuwohloka.
Nangona kunjalo, kusoloko kukho ngaphandle komthetho - ezinye iingxabano zesini zinokukhula zibe yintsebenziswano epheleleyo kunye nesebenzayo kakhulu.
Inkqubo yokuvela kongquzulwano phakathi kwesini kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwesini.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba indoda enomqondiso ocacileyo inyanzelisa imazi ukuba ibeke amaqanda amathathu, kodwa amane. Oku kulungile kwindoda - iya kuba nenzala eninzi kunye ne-gene pool yayo. Kwibhinqa, kungekhona kakhulu, kuba kuya kufuneka achithe umgudu ongakumbi wokuqinisekisa ukuba yonke inzala iphila kwaye ifikelele kwiminyaka ezimeleyo. Ngenxa yoko, iimazi ziqala ukukhula ngokuhambelana namadoda ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nemiqondiso yazo. Umphumo unokuba ziindlela ezimbini: ungquzulwano okanye intsebenziswano.
Kwimeko yentsebenziswano, amabhinqa aguqukela ukubeka amaqanda ama-3, njengangaphambi kokubonakala komqondiso onamandla ovela kumadoda, kodwa aqhubeke nokuphendula le miqondiso. Kakhulu kumaqhinga abasetyhini kwihlabathi lendalo. Ngale ndlela, kungekhona nje isibini esakhiweyo, kodwa isibini esixhasana kwinqanaba elichanekileyo lokuzala ukusuka kwinqanaba lokujonga ukusebenzisana kwe-signal-response.
Iinkunzi azikwazi ukuvela emva, xa sithetha nje. Izibonakaliso zabo eziphuculweyo kwiimazi zivelisa i-clutch yamaqanda amathathu, i.e. hayi njengoko bekulindelekile. Nangona kunjalo, ukunciphisa umqondiso kwinqanaba langaphambili kuya kuba kungasebenzi, kuba kuya kukhokelela ekunciphiseni inani lamaqanda kwi-clutch ukuya kumabini. Kuvela ukuba isangqa esibi - amadoda akakwazi ukunciphisa amandla omqondiso kwaye akakwazi ukuwandisa, ekubeni abafazi kwimeko yokuqala baya kuzala abantwana abancinci, kwaye kwimeko yesibini abayi kuphendula.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, amadoda namabhinqa awanayo nayiphi na injongo engendawo okanye umnqweno wokwenza amakhoboka. Le nkqubo yonke yenzeka kwinqanaba lezofuzo kwaye ijolise kuphela kwinzuzo yenzalo yesibini somntu ngamnye kunye nenhlalakahle yendalo yonke.
Iziphumo zophando
Besebenzisa imodeli yemathematika, izazinzulu ziye zavavanya iimeko apho kungenzeka khona intsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu besini esinye. Uphawu lobungakanani kunye nexabiso eliphakathi zf ichaza igalelo elikhulu lebhinqa kwinzala yalo. Ekuqaleni, ixabiso eliphakathi livunyelwe ukuba liphuhlise ixabiso layo elifanelekileyo zopt, exhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini eziguquguqukayo: inzuzo evela kutyalo-mali (inani lenzala ephilayo) kunye neendleko zotyalo-mali lwabasetyhini (cf). Olu tshintsho lwamva luvavanywa emva kokuzala, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ezinye iimazi ziyasinda kwaye zinokuphinda zivelise inzala kwakhona kunyaka olandelayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwandeni kwenani lezizukulwana.
Kukho amagama aliqela aya kusetyenziswa rhoqo kulo lonke olu phononongo afanele ukuchazwa kancinci:
- imiqondiso - ukubonakaliswa kwengqwalasela kwicala lamadoda kumaqabane amabhinqa (ukucula, ukudansa kunye nezinye izithethe) ezenzeka kwizibini ezibunjiweyo;
- igalelo / Utyalo mali - impendulo yabasetyhini kule miqondiso, ebonakaliswe ngohlobo lwenani elikhulu lamaqanda kwi-clutch, ixesha elide lokunyamekela inzala ezayo, njl.;
- umphenduli - ibhinqa lisabela kwimiqondiso evela kwindoda;
- iindleko - iindleko zegalelo labasetyhini kwinzala (ixesha kwisidleke, ixesha lokukhangela ukutya, isimo sempilo ngenxa yenani elikhulu / elincinci lamaqanda kwi-clutch, njl.).
Iimpawu zenoveli zamadoda kunye neempendulo zabasetyhini kubo zamodareyithwa kusetyenziswa ukudibanisa ngokukhululekileyo izilungisi ze-diallelic single-locus, ngaloo ndlela kudityaniswa iindlela zobuninzi kunye nemfuzo yabemi. IN indawo*, elawula impendulo yowesifazane (A), ekuqaleni i-frequency ephezulu ye-allele ibonwa -umphenduli* (A2), ehambelana nombono okhoyo ngaphambili
Locus* - indawo yemfuza ethile kwimephu yemfuza yechromosome.
Alleles* - iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zejini enye ebekwe kwiloci enye yeechromosomes ezinehomologous. I-Alleles inquma indlela yokuphuhlisa uphawu oluthile.
Ijini yoMphenduli* (I-Rsp) i-gene esebenzayo ehambelana ne-segregation disorder factor (i-SD gene), i-allele esebenzayo apho (i-Rsp +) ikwazi ukucinezela intetho ye-SD.
I-locus yesignali (B) iqale igxininiswe kwi-allele engeyiyo yomqondiso (B1). Emva koko i-allele ye-B2 yaziswa, ebangela ukuba kubonakale iimpawu zesilisa.
Ukubonisa imiqondiso yamadoda nayo inexabiso layo (sm), kodwa kwandisa igalelo lomlingani wesifazane (A2) ngexabiso Ξ±. Umzekelo, u-Ξ± unokubonakaliswa njengeqanda elongezelelweyo kwi-clutch. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukwanda kwegalelo lowesifazane kunokuzibonakalisa kwakhona ngendlela yemiphumo emihle anayo kwinzala yakhe.
Ngoko ke, isibini apho indoda iphethe i-allele yomqondiso kunye nesetyhini ithwala i-allele ephendulayo (oko kukuthi i-A2B2 pairs) inegalelo elongezelelweyo elivela kumfazi kwaye ngoko ke i-fecundity ephezulu kunezinye i-3 indibaniselwano.
Ukwahluka kwendibaniselwano yamadoda nabafazi ngokomlinganiselo wemiqondiso kunye neempendulo kuzo.
Inani lenzala elisindileyo ukuzala kunyaka olandelayo liyachatshazelwa ukuxhomekeka koxinano* ngaphakathi kwinzala kunye nokuxhomekeka kuxinaniso lwenzala emva kokubaleka.
Ukuxhomekeka koxinano* Iinkqubo ezixhomekeke kuxinaniso lwenzeka xa izinga lokukhula kwabemi lilawulwa kukuxinana kwabo bantu.
Elinye iqela lezinto eziguquguqukayo linxulunyaniswa nokufa kwabasetyhini kunye namadoda emva kokuzalwa kwenzala. Ezi ziguquguqukayo zimiselwa ligalelo kwi-brood (cm - igalelo lamadoda, cf - igalelo labasetyhini), iindleko zemiqondiso yamadoda (sm) kunye nokufa okungakhethiyo (dm - amadoda kunye df - abafazi).
Abahlolokazi, abahlolokazi, abantwana kunye nabaphi na abantu ababengatshatanga bayadibana ukuze benze izibini ezitsha kwaye umjikelo wonyaka uyagqitywa. Kwimodeli ephantsi kophando, ugxininiso lukwi-genetic monogamy, ngoko ke zonke iintlobo zokhetho lwesondo (oko kukuthi ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kwiqabane) alubandakanywa kwizibalo.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kokuvela kwemiqondiso, abaphenduli kunye negalelo.
Imodeli ibonise ukuba ukulinganisela okuzinzile kufumaneka xa amadoda enika iimpawu kunye nabasetyhini abaphendula kubo. Ekulinganeni, lonke igalelo kwinzala libuyiselwa kwinqanaba elalikho ngaphambi kokubonakala kweempawu ezongezelelweyo zamadoda.
Kwitshathi Π Oku ngasentla kubonisa umzekelo we-evolutionary dynamics apho igalelo lobufazi kwinzala libuyela kwinqanaba elichanekileyo, elisisiphumo sokuvela kweempawu zobungakanani begalelo (umgca oluhlaza onamachaphaza ligalelo lokwenyani, kunye nomgca oluhlaza oqinileyo. ligalelo elingazange liphunyezwe ngenxa yokunqongophala kwempendulo yabasetyhini kwiimpawu ezongezelelweyo zamadoda). Kwitshathi Π Omnye umzekelo uboniswa xa impixano phakathi kwesini ikhokelela ekuphulukaneni nommangalelwa.
Kwaye kwigrafu Π‘ Iiparamitha ezimbini zichongiwe ezichaphazela esi siphumo: ukwanda kwegalelo elibangelwa yimiqondiso eyongezelelweyo (Ξ±), kunye neendleko zabasetyhini kolu tyalo-mali (cf). Kwindawo ebomvu kwitshathi, izibonakaliso azizange zinyuke, njengoko iindleko zabo ziya kudlula inzuzo. Kwiindawo eziphuzi kunye ezimnyama, ukuphindaphinda kwezibonakaliso kuyanda, okukhokelela ekunyukeni kweendleko zotyalo-mali kwicala labasetyhini. Kwindawo ephuzi, impendulo kule nto iyenzeka ngokunciphisa umlinganiselo wotyalo-mali, okhokelela ekulungiseni isigxina se-alleles zombini iimpawu kunye nabaphenduli. Kwingingqi emnyama, apho abafazi abaphendulayo banotyalo-mali oluthe kratya, i-allele ephendulayo ilahleka ngokukhawuleza, ilandelwa yimiqondiso, njengemodeli yemveli yongquzulwano phakathi kwabasetyhini (igrafu). Π).
Umda othe nkqo phakathi kwemimandla ebomvu netyheli imele indawo apho amadoda afumana utyalo-mali olongezelelweyo kwinzala ngenxa yamabhinqa alungelelanisa iindleko zokubonisa kwawo. Umda othe tye ohlula iindawo eziphuzi kunye nomnyama ukusuka ebomvu kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esicacileyo. Xa iindleko zotyalo-mali zabasetyhini (cf) ziphantsi, ngoko elona xabiso liphezulu lomnikelo (zopt) iya kuba phezulu, kwaye ngoko ke igalelo labasetyhini liya kuba likhulu kakhulu kwiimeko zokuqala. Isiphumo soku kukuba iisignali zibonelela indoda ngokulinganayo inzuzo encinane kutyalo-mali elucelayo, oluphinda luhlawulwe ziindleko zayo.
Indawo yeparameter, apho imiqondiso kunye neempendulo zilungiswa (ophuzi), ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kumandla okhetho kunye nokuhluka kofuzo lwe-allele yomphenduli. Ngokomzekelo, xa umphenduli wokuqala we-allele frequency ngu-0.9 endaweni ye-0.99 eboniswe kumfanekiso #2, ukuqaliswa kwezibonakaliso kubangela ukhetho olusebenzayo kubaphenduli (ukwahlukana kokuqala kofuzo kuphezulu) kwaye ummandla omnyama uyanda ngakwesobunxele.
Iimpawu zamadoda zingenzeka nokuba ziza neendleko ezinciphisa igalelo lendoda kwinzala yangoku (iparameterized i-sfec), ngaloo ndlela ichaphazela ngqo ukomelela* indoda nemazi, kunokunciphisa amathuba okuba indoda iphile.
Ukufaneleka* - ukukwazi ukuvelisa abantu abane-genotype ethile.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kweendleko ze-fecundity kunye neempawu (ekhohlo) kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kweendleko zokusebenza kunye neempawu.
Ngokuphathelele ukuzala, xa iimpawu zamadoda zilungisiwe (indawo etyheli), onke amadoda atyala imali encinci kwinzala kunangaphambi kokubonisa. Kule meko, igalelo labasetyhini liya kuba likhulu kunokuba lalinjalo ngaphambi kokubonakala kweempawu zesilisa.
Utyalo-mali olukhulu lwabasetyhini, xa iindleko zamadoda zilawulwa yi-fecundity (kunokuba zisebenze), zonyusa umyinge wenani lenzala ngesibini, kodwa alibuyiseli ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, igalelo elikhulu lababhinqileyo linyusa umndilili wenani lenzala elifikelela ekukhuleni kodwa linciphisa umndilili wokukwazi ukuphila kwabasetyhini. Oku kukhokelela ekubunjweni kolungelelwaniso olutsha phakathi kwale mikhosi mibini, apho umyinge wenani lenzala liphantsi kunokuba kwimeko yokusebenza okuqhelekileyo okanye kwiimeko zokuqala (ngaphambi kokubonakaliswa kwezibonakaliso).
Ukususela kumbono wezibalo, kubonakala ngathi: ukuba iimpawu zamadoda zandisa ukuzala nge-1% (kodwa azinyusi ukusebenza), ngoko iindleko zabasetyhini kwinzala zinyuka nge-1.3%, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ukufa kwabo kunyuka ngo-0.5 %, kwaye inani lenzala ngesibini liyancipha nge-0.16%.
Ukuba umyinge wexabiso lomrhumo wabasetyhini ekuqaleni uphantsi kunezinga eliphezulu (umzekelo, ngenxa yempembelelo yendalo), ngoko xa iimpawu ezikhuthaza ukukhula kweendleko zibonakaliswa, kuvela inkqubo yokulinganisela, oko kukuthi. intsebenziswano phakathi kwesini. Kwimeko enjalo, iimpawu zesilisa azigcini nje ukwandisa igalelo labasetyhini kwinzala, kodwa kunye nokufaneleka kwabo.
Ukuziphatha okunjalo kwamadoda nabasetyhini ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ngenxa yokutshintsha kwangaphandle (imozulu, indawo yokuhlala, isixa sokutya okukhoyo, njl.). Ngenxa yoku, izazinzulu zicebisa ukuba ukusekwa kweqabane elinye kwezinye iintlobo zale mihla, ngoxa ookhokho babo babenesithembu, kungenxa yokufuduka yaye, ngokufanelekileyo, kukutshintsha kwemekobume.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nee-nuances zophononongo, ndincoma ukujonga ΠΈ kuye.
Ipilo
Olu phononongo lubonise ubudlelwane phakathi kwesithembu kunye ne-monogamy ngokwembono yendaleko. Kwiintaka zeentaka, amadoda ahlala ezama ukugqithisa ukuze athathe ingqalelo yebhinqa: ngeentsiba ezikhanyayo, umdaniso omnandi, okanye umboniso wezakhono zabo zokwakha. Oku kuziphatha kungenxa yokhuphiswano phakathi kwamadoda, nto leyo edla ngokuba luphawu lweentlobo zesithembu. Ngokwembono yabasetyhini, yonke le miqondiso yenza kube lula ukuvavanya iimpawu zendoda eziza kuzuzwa yinzala yazo. Nangona kunjalo, ekuhambeni kwexesha, amadoda aqala ukuguquka ngendlela yokuba izibonakaliso zabo zikhanye ngakumbi kunezo zikhuphisana nazo. Iimazi, nazo, ziye zavela ukuxhathisa imiqondiso enjalo. Ngapha koko, kufuneka kusoloko kukho ukulungelelana. Ukuba iindleko zabasetyhini kwinzala azilingani kwiinzuzo, ngoko akukho sizathu sokunyusa iindleko. Kungcono ukubeka i-clutch yamaqanda ama-3 kwaye usinde kwinkqubo yokufukamela kunye nokukhulisa inzala kunokuba ubeke amahlanu kwaye ufe uzama ukuwakhusela.
Ungquzulwano lwemidla olunjalo lunokukhokelela ekwehleni kwentlekele kubemi, kodwa indaleko yathatha indlela enengqondo ngakumbi - kwindlela yentsebenziswano. Kwizibini ezitshatileyo, amadoda aqhubeka ezibonakalisa ngalo lonke uzuko lwazo, kwaye iimazi zisabela kule nto ngegalelo elifanelekileyo kwinzala.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuba ihlabathi lezilwanyana zasendle alikho mthwalo kwimigaqo yokuziphatha, imithetho kunye nemimiselo, kwaye zonke izenzo zigqitywa yindaleko, i-genetics kunye nokunxanelwa ukuzala.
Mhlawumbi kwi-romantics inkcazo yesayensi yothando olunamaphiko iya kubonakala i-prosaic, kodwa izazinzulu zicinga ngenye indlela. Emva koko, yintoni enokuba yinto enhle kunokuba iguquke ngendlela yokuba kukho ukulinganisela kunye nentsebenziswano yokwenene phakathi kwebhinqa kunye nendoda, ngokuqwalasela iimfuno zamaqela omabini kwaye ijolise kwinzuzo yezizukulwana ezizayo.
NgoLwesihlanu ukusuka phezulu:
Nangona ezi ntaka zingenalo elona gama lihle (Grebes), umdaniso wazo wokuhlangana kwakhona umhle nje.
Off-top 2.0:
Iintaka zeparadesi zingumzekelo obalaseleyo (ngokoqobo) weempawu ezahlukeneyo ezithunyelwa ngamadoda kwiimazi ngexesha lokuzalela (BBC Earth, voice-over by David Attenborough).
Enkosi ngokufunda, hlala unomdla kwaye ube nempelaveki emnandi bafana! π
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