Lwaqala usuku olulandelayo, njengoko lufanele usuku lwasebusika kwiveki nje emfutshane. Umphathi womsebenzi wayezaliswe yimisebenzi yakudala - "Izolo ndathumela ileta kuVasily Ivanovich ku-Sportloto, endaweni ka-Ivan Vasilyevich kwiLotto-million, apho ndabhala zonke izinto ezingcolileyo malunga noVasily Ivanovich, qiniseka ukuba akayifundi le leta."okanye"Apha kweli sebe kulo nyaka uphelileyo siye salungisa inkqubo, endaweni yomlawuli saqesha unyana womhlobo osenyongweni womlawuli, apho umhlobo kamqondisi wasiphathela isivumelwano, ngunyana wakhe kuphela owaphulukana nedatabase yethu kunye ne-SSD entsha ethengelwe ngexabiso eliphantsi. sivuyise njengoko kwakunjalo«.
Ndamamela ngendlebe enye , nakwabanye - ingxolo evela kwizahlulo zeplasterboard ezincinci ezivela kumphathi osebenzayo , xa ngequbuliso umfowunelwa endingamqhelanga wankqonkqoza kum %messenger.
TL:DR Okulandelayo malunga nemali, HR, kwaye, njengesiqhelo, umsinga wokuqonda.
Molo, uthe umfowunelwa, kodwa ndifumene inombolo yakho yefowuni kwi-hh, kwaye awunamdla omncinci emsebenzini?
Ewe ndavuma. Yazisa isiphakamiso sakho: yintoni, phi kwaye kangakanani?
Ndayingcwaba ngononophelo imbalelwano kunye no-HR, kodwa ndikholelwe, akukho nto intsha okanye inomdla apho. U-HR oselula wayengemncinci, emhle ngokuphakathi, kodwa wayengakwazi ngokupheleleyo ukuchaza ukuba ngawaphi amathuba anjalo anokubakho kumbutho apho ndandisele ndikhona kudliwano-ndlebe kwiminyaka eyi-1.5 eyadlulayo, kwaye nalapho banikezela ngomvuzo ofanayo kwaye ngokufanayo. iimeko njenganamhlanje.
Kangangonyaka onesiqingatha, umbutho omkhulu nothembisayo (TM) awukathengi matshini wekofu (500$), kwaye andizange ndisuke kwiofisi "yokuhamba isiqingatha seyure nje kuphela ngeenyawo kwiimfucumfucu zekhephu ukusuka kwisikhululo sikaloliwe esikufutshane". Asizange sigqibele sithandana, kodwa iileta ngokwazo zandenza ndacinga ngemibuzo endifanele ndiyibuze ngaphambi kokuba ndiye eofisini ndize kuqhuba udliwanondlebe neSkype. Sele ndibhalile, kodwa le miba isafuna ukuqwalaselwa.
Umbuzo wokuqala.
Ngokombono wam, umbuzo wokuqala olula ofanele ukubuza ukugcina ixesha lakho kunye nelabanye abantu ngumbuzo malunga nemali.
Ukuba u-HR akakwazi okanye akafuni ukuvakalisa uluhlu lwemivuzo, ngokubanzi, incoko eqhubekayo ayinangqiqo.
Kukho okungafaniyo, ngokuqinisekileyo: iinkampani ezinokuqashwa rhoqo kunye nodumo oluhle owaziwayo "ngokubanzi".
Kukho izizathu ezininzi zale ngxaki ibonakala ilula, kunye nokungathandi okubukhali kwe-HR ngobulula obunjalo.
Isizathu esinye.
ikhowuti: Ingxaki ephambili yeengcali ze-IT kwi-Russian Federation kukuba ayidingeki. Kukho ngokwenyani akukho mashishini anzulu e-IT kwiRussian Federation, kwaye ishishini ngokubanzi kwiRussian Federation linzima kancinci. Kwiiofisi zikarhulumente, indlela "iya kuyenza" iyinto yonke, ngoko
a) i nepotism iyonke (nepotism. Owl )
b) abakhathali ngenkqubela phambili (izatifikethi, izakhono, ulwazi).
Kwangaxeshanye, kukho iingcali ezininzi ze-IT kwiRussian Federation kunokuba zifuneka, kuba... ilizwe elinesikolo sezibalo esomeleleyo ngokwembali. Kodwa abanayo indawo yokusebenzela, ngoko ukhuphiswano lwendawo (kakhulu-njalo, ngokuqinisekileyo) luphezulu kunomyinge wamazwe aseNtshona.
Nangona kunjalo, i-IT ayidingeki kwezinye iindawo ngakumbi, kodwa kwezinye ngaphantsi. Apho i-HR ithunyelwa ukuba ikhangele ngaphandle kokuchaza imali, abasebenzi abafuneki kwaphela. Oku kuyenzeka-mhlawumbi kufuneka uxelise imisebenzi yokukhangela, mhlawumbi kufuneka ubonise ingcaphephe eshinyeneyo yokuqhubeka kwaye uthi jonga, Evgeniy V.! Baninzi abantu abanokuthatha indawo yakho.
Indlela ngokuqinisekileyo ayinyanisekanga kakhulu, kodwa malunga abaphathi banokusebenzisa into eyahlukileyo.
Isizathu sesibini.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba bazixelela ntoni kwiintetho ze-HR malunga ne-non-material motivation kwaye "imali ayiyona nto iphambili kwaye isebenza kuphela kwixesha elifutshane," nangona kunjalo, ukukhuthazwa okungenamsebenzi kusebenza kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezifaniswayo okanye ezingcono zokusebenza. Okokuqala, phantse rhoqo kwaye phantse wonke umntu, imali ikwigama elithi "akukho ngaphantsi" -
Abasebenzi beenkampani zaseRashiya bakhuthazwa "ngumvuzo wemali ohloniphekileyo", kwaye bachithwa "ngabasebenzi abangakwaziyo ukulawula". Eyona ndlela ilula yokugcina abantu kukubanyusela umvuzo, abahlalutyi beHays bafumene. Ubungakanani bomvuzo wemali yeyona nto iphambili ekhuthazayo kunye neyona nto iphambili yokukhuthaza uninzi lwabasebenzi baseRussia, ngokweziphumo zophononongo olwenziwe yinkampani eqesha iHays. Ukubaluleka okukodwa kwale nto kubonakaliswe yi-93% yabasebenzi be-3600 be-486 yaseRashiya kunye neenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezisebenza eRashiya, ngokukodwa eMoscow, uphando ngexesha lokufunda.
umthombo:
Kuba i-RBC ayinakuthatha isigqibo sokuba iyinqande nini na, nantsi .
Umbuzo wesibini.
Umbuzo wesibini ulula ngakumbi - ngubani kanye kanye abafunayo, kwaye ngaba umphathi wexesha elizayo uyifundile inkcazo yomsebenzi?
Ukuba u-HR akakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo wesibini konke konke, ngaphandle kokuba "kuhle, kukho iikhomputha, iiseva, i-DHCP, i-ReFS, i-Proxmox, i-NoSQL," okanye uphendule ngokuzithemba "hayi, ndenze yonke into ngokwam," ngoko umqeshwa akafunwa ngokwenene , kukho umfanekiso wokusebenza ngamandla.
Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukubuza malunga noqeqesho olukhethekileyo, i-inshurensi yezempilo ngokuzithandela, njl.
Kulula ukuthi (okanye ukubhala) “enkosi kakhulu, ndiza kusifunda ngocoselelo isindululo sakho kamva kwaye ukuba sibonakala sinomdla kum, ndiza kukuphendula.”
Igcina ixesha elininzi, lakho kunye ne-HR's.
Ewe, kukho umngcipheko wokuphela kuluhlu olumnyama "lweendlela kunye nabantu ababawayo" - kutshanje abo banjalo bapapashwa e-Ukraine, kwaye andithandabuzi konke malunga nobukho babo kwiRussian Federation, kodwa uluhlu olumnyama lokusasazwa phakathi kwemibutho apho. abasebenzi abadingeki banexabiso... kuphela phakathi kwemibutho efanayo.
Isiphelo.
I-PS Stream of consciousness malunga neefolokhwe ze-aluminium.
TL: DR Njengesiqhelo, ekupheleni kokubhaliweyo kukho umsinga wokuqonda ngaphandle kolwakhiwo.
Imarike yomsebenzi we-IT ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lwenkqubo eMoscow ikwimeko engaqhelekanga, okanye ngoko kubonakala kum, mhlawumbi andinayo nje ububanzi obaneleyo bokugubungela, kodwa ngokwenani lamakhonkco, umfanekiso ufana.
Izalathiso:
, , .
Ecaleni komqeshi, maxa wambi uYaroslavna (okanye kwanoNatasha Rostova) ukhala ngelithi “akukho basebenzi abanemfundo efunekayo.” Ngokubanzi, oku akunjalo, kukho abasebenzi, yinto nje yokuba umqeshi uthe cwaka ukuba ibinzana elipheleleyo livakala ngolu hlobo: "akukho basebenzi baneziqinisekiso ezifunekayo zomvuzo ochaziweyo, okanye uHR wethu wenza into engalunganga, kodwa asinakuvuma kuthi.". Elinye lamakhonkco liqulethe isikhalazo esinje "asikakulungeli ukuhlawula kangangoko bafuna."
Ukusuka kwicala labasebenzi, kubonakala ngathi akukho misebenzi kunye nomvuzo we-NNN (kule meko, akubalulekanga ngokukodwa ukuba i-NNN i-100 okanye i-500 eyiwaka elingange-ruble).
Oku akuyonyani, izithuba ezinjalo zikhona, kodwa phantse azifumaneki esidlangalaleni ngaphaya kwesixa esithile. Ngokomzekelo, izithuba ze-100-150 amawaka eeruble zifumaneka kwi-hh ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-2 edlulileyo, izithuba ze-200 + ziphantse zingabikho kwindawo yoluntu, nangona eneneni kukho izithuba ezinjalo, kwaye ezi azikho izikhundla zokuphatha. Kodwa, kwakhona, kufuneka usiqonde iSikhova. Isikhova
Ingxaki efanayo, “Ndifuna ukufumana, hayi umvuzo,” ngelishwa, nayo ayizange iphele.
Ukusuka kwicala lam lobuqu, kubonakala ngathi imarike yomsebenzi ekulawuleni inkqubo eMoscow (kunye neRussian Federation) iyonke iyancipha phantsi koxinzelelo lwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Le yimiba efana nale:
— Ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho, kubandakanywa nezo zikhatshwa yi-nepotism (nepotism).
- Ukonyuka kwemveliso yezixhobo, xa iingxaki zinokusonjululwa "ngokuthenga nje i-SSD."
- Ukuququzelela ukuthunyelwa kweenkqubo ze-virtualization. Indlela X-X (kunye nemveliso)
-Ukwanda kokufumaneka kwamafu kunye neenkonzo zamafu, ukusuka kwiOfisi 365 ukuya kwi-AWS.
- Ukukhutshwa kweendawo ezingezizo ezingundoqo kwiinkonzo zangoku zokubeka iliso kunye nolawulo lomsebenzi, akukho mahluko ukuba yiyiphi inani lamanqaku okubeka iliso-i-100 okanye i-500, eyenza kube lula ukunyusa abasebenzi (okanye kunoko, ukuyisusa eMoscow), kwaye kwezinye iindawo ade akhuphe umfazi afake umpu womatshini .
- Kroilovo isendaweni.
- Ukungafuni ukutyalomali kwingcali njenge-subspecies yaseKroilov (kunye neenguqu).
Ndiza kubhala ngokubanzi malunga neengongoma ezimbini zokugqibela.
- Kroilovo isendaweni.
Ukuphuhliswa kwemfuno ye-IT eMoscow yayingalingani. Ekuvukeni kwemali yeoli kunye nokungabikho kwamafu ahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo njengangoku, ngaphambi kwengxaki yehlobo-ekwindla ka-2008, imfuno yabasebenzi yayikhula. Ukususela kwintlekele, ukususela ekwindla ka-2008 ukuya ku-2012, imarike, ngokufanelekileyo, ibe phantsi koxinzelelo lwabasebenzi abaninzi, phakathi kwabo kwakukho abasebenzi abanobuchule kakhulu (abanamava kunye neziqinisekiso zangempela).
Ngenxa yoko, phakathi kweengcali ezithile zabasebenzi kunye ne-HR, kuye kwavela uluvo lokuba kukho ingcali ye-IT efanelekileyo kwimarike, ngokungabizi, kwaye akukho nto inzima ekufumaneni ingcali enjalo ngokukodwa, nakwi-IT ngokubanzi. Oko kukuthi, unokuqesha nabani na kwaye iziqinisekiso zakhe ziya kwanela.
Nangona kunjalo, kwangaxeshanye, kuye kwakho ukuhamba okwandisiweyo kweengcali ukusuka kulawulo lwe-IT ukuya kwiindawo ezinxulumeneyo (uphuhliso, uvavanyo, kwaye kwezinye iindawo nakwi-1C nakwi-accounting).
Ukongezelela, kwindawo ethile ukususela ngo-2008, ukuphuma kweengcali ezivela kwiRussian Federation ngokubanzi kuye kwanda (kwaye akuyekanga). Ngokwayo, kumakhulu abantu ngonyaka, oku kuphuma akubonakali, kodwa akukaze kube yi-enikey okanye abalawuli abancinci abahambayo - ngokuchaseneyo, iingcali ezinzulu zishiya uluntu lwase-IT oluthetha isiRashiya nesiRashiya. Oku kuqinisekiswa ngokungangqalanga luhlalutyo olwenziwe ngaphambili lweeblogi "ngesiRashiya", kunye nekamva elibuhlungu lendawo eyaziwayo ngaphambili, eyathi, ekulandeleni iimbono zentengiso, yadibanisa ukuthengisa, ukusebenzisana kunye namabali malunga nendawo, ukutya, kunye nee-headphones. ngesandi setyhubhu eshushu.
Ngelishwa, olo hlalutyo lukawonke-wonke (lwemisebenzi) alwenziwa yi-portal yomsebenzi eseleyo kuphela, HH. Ngelo xesha, i-portal ye-HH ibonelela nge-API yokulandelela ukunyaniseka kwabasebenzi, kwaye kukho amahemuhemu okuba i-database inokufumaneka ngendlela enye okanye enye, kodwa akukho zibalo zoluntu kuyo, njengoko kungekho zixhobo zabasebenzi vavanya izithuba.
Mhlawumbi izibalo zokuphuma kwabasebenzi zinokufumaneka kwiinkqubo zokubala zesatifikethi, ezifana neVUE.
Mhlawumbi ukuphuma kwabasebenzi kunokuvavanywa ngokungangqalanga ngoluhlu olupapashiweyo lweentlobo ngeentlobo zeengcali.
- Ukungafuni ukutyalomali kwingcali njenge-subspecies yaseKroilov (kunye neenguqu).
Omnye unkqonkqozo osuka ezantsi uvela kubaphathi kunye nabasebenzi, kwaye kubizwa ngokuba "akukho mfuneko yokufundisa, kungenjalo iya kubaleka."
Oku kunxulumene, ngokoluvo lwam, nenyaniso yokuba nokuba ingabizi kakhulu (500$) Uqeqesho lunokwenza ingcali iqonde ukuba ixabiseke ngakumbi kwimarike kunokuba inikwa "apha," kwaye ngenxa yoko, ingcali iyahamba emva koqeqesho. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi (kwiiyunithi) zemibutho alunalo uqeqesho, kwaye kukho ukuvinjelwa okungabonakaliyo (okungapapashwanga) koqeqesho lwasimahla—nokuba lukwi-intanethi okanye ngemincintiswano yokutya ipizza evulekileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha akukho nethuba lokuseta eyakho i-booth yoqeqesho, nokuba kukujonga uhlaziyo lweenkonzo ezithile. Utshintsho lubandakanya ixesha elongezelelweyo elinyanzelekileyo entolongweni, kumgca othi "nokuba usebenza uqeqesho okanye ubuyisele i-NNN% yeendleko," okanye utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kulawulo malunga nomsebenzi obonakala ethembisa, kuquka "phuhlisa iziqinisekiso zakho wedwa, iincwadi ndazifunda ndikwintanga yakho«.
Iziphumo.
Ngoku konke oku kungasentla kunika iziphumo ngendlela yokunkqonkqoza ezantsi kweentlobo:
"Owu, ndingumfundi, kuthiwe mandihlaziye utshintshiselwano ngexesha leseshoni yovavanyo, ngoko ke sayifaka kwi-torrents, sathenga i-SSD, kodwa ayikasebenzi njengoko kufanele, nceda uncede abantu abanobubele, kukho akukho mali yokuxhasa."
- oh, ingxaki kukuba, akukho basebenzi.
- oh, akucaci ukuba kufundwe ntoni, abakafaki imali yokuqinisekisa, abakahlawuli i-100 (200, 300) lamawaka.
- oh, kulungile, kukho umsebenzi owaneleyo wobomi bam, kwaye emva kweminyaka engama-65 kunye nomhlalaphantsi, siya kuphila!
— AKUKHO izakhelo kwaphela kwezinye iindawo. Ngaphezu koko, useMoscow, kwaye imisebenzi ikwimimandla, ke le ngxaki yakho, %igama lomsebenzisi%.
Inqaku lokugqibela (AKUKHO izakhelo kwaphela kwezinye iindawo) nazo kufuneka zihlalutywe ngokwahlukeneyo.
1. Ukuhlamba abasebenzi abavela kwimimandla.
Phantse bonke abantu abakrelekrele abavela kwimimandla sele sele behleli ngokuqhelekileyo, okanye bafudukela eMoscow (eSt. Petersburg) baza bakhwela itrektara. Kukho iinketho ezimbalwa, nangona zikhona.
2. Ukuphucula oko kwakusele kukhokelele ekubeni akukho basebenzi banokwenza into efunekayo kanye ngonyaka. Kukho uhlobo lokutshintshwa kwakhe ukuba kuyimfuneko, kodwa le "nto" ayiyona ingcali yakhe.
3. Kukwasebenza kwangokunjalo nasekugcinweni kwazo zonke izinto ezincinci, ezifana neerejista zemali, iikhompyutha, iimonitha, njalo njalo. Le yinto encinci, kodwa kufuneka uyazi kwaye uyenze, kunye nale **** touch kwaye akukho ngaphantsi kwenkqubo efanayo ye-*** yokurekhoda iimpahla zewayini kunye ne-vodka, i-EGAIS.
4. Imeko iyancipha kwi-spurts, kuba ukuthetha ngokubanzi, ufuna, uthi, iingcali ezili-10 "zizonke" ezilungileyo ngabantu abayi-100.000, malunga (kwimarike PP 3, apho kukho zonke iintlobo zezinto ezincinci). Kuya kubakho ukuphumelela okwangoku xa ingcali elandelayo ingaba nesifo senhliziyo okanye i-stroke, okanye ihambela eMoscow naseSt. Imeko iya kuhla ngokukhawuleza.
Umzekelo, makhe sithathe isixeko esincinci sabantu abangama-50 amawaka. Inevenkile yekhonkco eqhelekileyo, nayiphi na - iingqekembe - ezintlanu - oomazibuthe - Dixie - tape - crossroads - nabani na ongomnye. Kodwa kukho. Ivenkile ineerejista zemali, eneneni iiPC ezincinci ezinesixhobo sokushicilela esikrwelwe kwiteyiphu yombane kunye nekhadi lekhadi elithumela ngandlela thile iingxelo zokuthengisa. Kukho abafakeli be-SCS esixekweni.
Akusekho nabani na okwaziyo ukuqonda inqanaba lenqanaba elithi "print not printing" kunye nokudanyaza okanye ukuyilungisa, okanye ukwenza isigqibo sokutshintsha indibaniselwano ye-terminal ye-computer-printer-payment. Ngokubanzi, akukho nto inzima apho. Kodwa. Kodwa abona basebenzi basondeleyo bahlala kumgama oziikhilomitha ezili-100. Abakhathali ukuqhuba ezi khilomitha ezili-100 - kufuneka uqhube iimoto ezimbini kwiindlela ezikhohlakeleyo (kunye ezimbini - kuba ziqhuba imoto enye kuphela ehlotyeni, kwaye ebusika - ke, ingozi enjalo), kwaye ixabiso tag iinkonzo zabo * 10 - kuba ukuba iimoto ezimbini nabaqhubi ababini kunye nemingcipheko, kwaye oku usuku, kwaye nabo banomsebenzi wangoku kwindawo yabo yokuhlala.
Into efanayo nalo naliphi na ishishini kunzima ngakumbi “ukusarha ngesisi.” Ewe, ewe, kukho abasebenzi abathile bokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngoku, yonke enye into ayikho okanye incinci kakhulu. Ayifuneki.
Yintoni enokuyenza ngale nto, umntu unokubuza, indlela yokuphila, Ndingavuya, kodwa...
Akukho nto intsha yenziweyo apha.
-Ukuqinisekiswa kweVUE (iPrometric, njl.
- IELTS (TOEFL, CELPIP)
-LinkedIn (irhamncwa, njl.njl)
— Iindawo ezintathu ezaziwayo zokuphuma.
Kwabo bagqiba ukufunda.
Kwabaninzi, kukufumanisa ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-Intanethi igcwele kungekhona nje izifundo kwi-YouTube, kodwa iikhosi ezilungiselelwe, iilebhu kunye ne-simulators, konke ngaphandle kweendleko, oko kukuthi, akukho nto.
Ngaphandle kweSMS kunye nesantya esiphezulu.
Ndiza kudwelisa eyona idumileyo:
AWS kunye neAzure. Ngokukhawuleza, zombini apha naphaya banikela ukusuka kwinyanga ukuya kunyaka "mahhala", nangona kunjalo, baya kubhala okanye i-ruble okanye idola kwi-Azure, kwaye bathi baya kuyibuyisela kamva.
MS
kunye ne-MS Hands-on lab -
Iipizzeda ezikhankanywe ngasentla: Microsoft 365 Intelligent Communications Global Azure Bootcamp 2019 Russia
vmware
kunye nezabo
kunye nezabo ezisandula ukucaphuka
Inkqubo yokugcina
Uluhlu loGcino lweVSA olubonakalayo
Ezinye ii-simulators ziyi-GUI okanye i-CLI nje, ezinye ngoomatshini abapheleleyo abapheleleyo.
Uthungelwano.
Ii-simulators zeNethiwekhi zichazwe apha - ukusuka kwi-packet tracer ukuya kwi-GNS3, apho i-ASA inokufakwa kunye namaqhinga aziwayo.
Ingaba konke oku kunxulumana njani nesihloko sokuqala?
Elula ngokwaneleyo.
Imarike yomsebenzi kwihlabathi jikelele kunye neRussian Federation ngokukodwa ekulawuleni inkqubo iyancipha, kwaye ukuqeqeshwa kwakhona kuba nzima ngakumbi. Ngenxa yoko, kunokwenzeka ukuba akukho kukhetha umsebenzi, ubuncinci kukho, kwaye kulungile - kodwa, ngokombono wam, imeko enjalo kufuneka igwenywe, kwaye ngenxa yoko, beka iliso kuzo zombini iindlela "ngokubanzi" kunye nethemba lakho malunga nokukhula (kokubini umvuzo kunye neziqinisekiso) kunye nozinzo. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka uchithe ixesha elincinci kudliwano-ndlebe kwiindawo ezicacileyo ezingathembisiyo, kwaye nangaphantsi emsebenzini kwiindawo ezinjalo, ngaphandle kokuba, ngokuqinisekileyo, ufuna ukuzifumana ngokukhawuleza uneminyaka engama-50 kunye nolwazi lwe-2005-style ukwenza udliwano-ndlebe. indawo apho abasebenzi bengekho kakuhle kakhulu kwaye befuneka.
Ngokombono wam, kungcono kakhulu xa uthatha isigqibo sokuba ubuyise umnxeba okanye hayi, %username%
Ngabasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo kuphela abanokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando. , ndiyacela.
Ngaba ukhe wadibana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zabasiki kwiifreyimu, kwaye ukhe waya kwiindawo apho iifreyimu zingafunwa?
32.1%Ewe, bendiyi-72
24.1%Yenzekile kwaye ayizange ibe njalo54
13.8%Ebengekho31
11.6%Ngubani uEvgeniy V?26
17.8%Umbhali! Bhala malunga neekati, akunakwenzeka ukufunda40
0.4%Okunye kwizimvo1
224 abasebenzisi bavoti. Abasebenzisi aba-103 abakhange.
umthombo: www.habr.com
